Difference between revisions of "B"

Revision as of 10:12, 24 December 2006

B. of L.
728; Bank of London

600; one of the most famous cities of antiquity. It was the capital of southern Mesopotamia (Babylonia) from the early 2nd millennium to the early 1st millennium BC and capital of the Neo-Babylonian (Chaldean) Empire in the 7th and 6th centuries BC, when it was at the height of its splendour. Its extensive ruins on the Euphrates River about 55 miles (88 kilometres) south of Baghdad lie near the modern town of al- Hillah. Babylon gets a lot of bad press from a Judeo-Christian perspective. The Tower of Babel, in the Old Testament, was located there, and the Mother of all Harlots in the Book of Revelation. The evil twin of Jerusalem.

Bacchus
339; The Roman god of wine and intoxication, equated with the Greek Dionysus. His festival was celebrated on March 16 and 17. The Bacchanalia, orgies in honor of Dionysus, were introduced in Rome around 200 BCE. These infamous celebrations, notorious for their sexual and criminal character, got so out of hand that they were forbidden by the Roman Senate in 186 BCE. Bacchus is also identified with the old-Italian god Liber. Encyclopedia Mythica

Bad Hats
198

Baker, William
672; M-D Line crewman killed by falling tree

Baker's Peel
653; Crannarain ("Baker's Peel") is an Irish name for Ursa Major

Baltimore, Lord
257

Banks, Joseph (1743-1820)
770; president of the Royal Society, 1778-1820; made his name by going on the expedition to Tahiti with Captain Cook - the expedition ostensibly being to observe the 1769 transit of Venus. His accounts of the voyage and the botany of the Pacific gave him prominence and he rose to be President of the Royal Society, friend (initially) of George III and general government scientific fix-it of the late eighteenth century.

Barcarole
56; a gondoliers song, or a piece of music with a similar rhythm

Barkley
577;

Barnes, Moses
7; overseer of the axmen on M-D Line crew; 323; 435; 445; "Camp-Lawyer" 611

Barnett
577;

Bas-mondaine
668

Batavia
77; present-day Jakarta, the capital of Indonesia

Bathsheba
147; From the Bible: "It happened, late one afternoon, when David arose from his couch and was walking upon the roof of the king's house, that he saw from the roof a woman bathing; and the woman was very beautiful. And David sent and inquired about the woman. And one said, 'Is not this Bathsheba, the daughter of Eliam, the wife of Uriah the Hittite?' So David sent messengers, and took her; and she came to him, and he lay with her .... And the woman conceived; and she sent and told David, 'I am with child.' (2 Samuel 11:2-5 RSV)

Of all of the troubles that King David faced during his lifetime, the incident of adultery with Bathsheba was the most grave. Bathsheba's husband was Uriah, a loyal soldier of the king. When attempts failed to make it appear that Uriah was the father of the child that his wife was expecting (2 Samuel 11:6-13), David resorted to making her a widow so that he could take her as his own wife. God forgave David, not only because David repented (2 Samuel 12:13), but moreover for the sake of the assigned role that The Chosen People were given in God's plan of salvation for all humans, all sinners. David then married Bathsheba, but the child from the adulterous incident died. Later Bathsheba had a second son, Solomon, who succeeded David as King of Israel. Solomon was the first king of Israel born to a reigning king, and was the last king of the united kingdom of Israel.

Battery, The
399; Battery Park (to New Yorkers, The Battery) is a 21-acre (8.5 ha) public park located at the southern tip of Manhattan in New York City. The park is named for the artillery that was stationed there at various times by the Dutch and British.

536; The Battle of Leuthen was a battle fought on December 5, 1757 during the Seven Years' War. More from Wikipedia

564; decisive battle, fought on Jan. 22, 1760, in the Anglo-French struggle in So. India during the Seven Years' War; See also Coote, Eyre

Bay of All Saints
161;

Bayley
738

Beacon Line
712

Beck, Zepho
618

Beck, Rhodie
619; wife of Zepho

becoach-and-six
329

Bedlamite
314; aka "Madman" or "Fool," named for Bedlam which is a contraction of Bethlehem Royal Hospital, the first insane asylum in England, est. 1247; 440; 729

270; Written by John Gay (1685-1732), The Beggar's Opera debuted in 1728 in London. It was an immediate success, breaking all previous records and was performed more than any other play during the 18th century.(1) It was a complete departure from the popular Italian operas of its time. The Beggar's Opera used both dialogue and music to further the story. Gay took music from whereever he could find them. Forty-one of the sixty-nine airs were broadside ballads of the time. The other tunes were borrowed from contemporary composers (including Handel). To these tunes he wrote lyrics to fit his play. Instead of taking his plot from myth he wrote a story focused on the underbelly of society - thieves, whores, fences and jailers. The world of the Beggar's opera is gritty and real, it's end optimistic only because of the popular insistence that Operas must end happily

Despite its grim reality, The Beggar's Opera is a comedy. It is a period romp that comments with brilliant satire on life. It's satire was on both society and politics. The populace and critics of the time understood [./w.html#walpole">Sir Robert Walpole], a whig and considered England's first Prime Minister, to be the subject of many of the scenes, and his play Polly was banned by Walpole for the fact. [More from The Contemplator's Short History of John Gay and The Beggar's Opera]

Bellezza, che chiama
416; Italian: "A beauty that beckons..."

Bencoolen
33; aka Benkulen; (aka Fort Marlborough to the East India Co, during M&D's time) On the West coast of Sumatra, approx half way between the equator and Krakatoa. According to J Keay in The Hon. Company "It was not a popular destination. Only the disgraced and the truly desperate found their way [there]." 41; 44; 47; 270-71

135; Swiss mathematician who was the first to use the term integral. He studied the catenary, the curve of a suspended string. He was an early user of polar coordinates and discovered the isochrone; More]

Besozzi, Alessandro (1702-93)
Composer who created several works for oboe, including 'Divertimenti in E Minor for Oboe and Violincello' and 'Sonata, Opus. VII, No. 6; several members of the family were composers;'"oboick reveries of" 413; 668

Betts
438; in the running for Astronomer Royal

Bevis, John (1695-1771)
438; This physician and amateur astronomer was the discoverer of the "Crab Nebula" in Taurus, M1 (1731). In 1769 he observed the Transit of Venus from just along the road from King George at Richmond, and published his observations in Philosophical Transactions. He described the initial turbulence to Venus as "a black wafer on the surface of a drum." Bevis was also a Commissioner of Longitude under which the Nautical Almanac was produced and which included Maskelyne's instructions for observing the Transit.

Garden in Genesis, 134; "an Israelite in whom there is no guile" 278 (Washington says John 1:49, but it's actually John 1:47); reference to Exodus 4:14 (should be Exodus 3:14--that Cherrycoke sure knows his bible, eh?), 486; Lost Tribes of Israel, 485; Infancy Gospel of Thomas, 486; "Revelation exists as a Fact" 487; Adam & Eve, 615

Bienville, Céléron de
285

Big Dipper
652; Bear's Tail, 652; Ursa Major, 653

Birch, Mr. Tom
75; 247; 270; 603

12; was the creater of many astronomical instruments at Greenwich and a member of the Royal Society. He recommended Dixon for the surveying of the Pennsylvania/Maryland line, and he built the sector used by M&D; 13; 17; Quaker, 43; 73; 75; made Darkening Nozzles for M&D's telescope, 98; 120; 298

Bishop of Durham
43; Clause, 282

Bisley
Bisley is five miles east of Stroud. Chalford is about four miles slightly west of due south from Bisley, but the line to Stonehenge runs east of Stroud passing through Oakridge which neighbors Chalford, continuing over the river and up the valley on the other side and on to Stonehenge. Near Calne, the line passes a smaller stone circle and an image of a horse carved into the chalky ground of a hillside; Church, 218; 292; Parish, 504

Blapsia
492

Black Boys
490; 601

Black Dog
494; ("the mandrake, which, when tied to the tail of a black dog, shrieks when it is torn out of the earth" - The Philosophical Tree in Alchemical Studies (Coll. Works, Vol. 13, p. 311)

Blackner, Mr.
117; Landlord of The Moon tavern

152; 404; 483; The Black Hole of Calcutta, or, The Peevish Wazir, 562; 665

Black Joke, The
583; fiddle tune play'd at Hynes/Wheat wedding

Black-Powder
402; "thick-set Irishman" on Long Island; 564

Black Watch Plaid
490; The Black Watch or Royal Highland Regiment, was a Scottish infantry regiment. It was formed (1739-40) to guard against Scottish rebels and keep the peace. It became known as the Black Watch because of the dark colors of its plaid regimental tartan.

Bland, Margaret "Meg"
751; Dixon's live-in lover in later years

Blinky
35

Bliss
436;

Blondelle, S.
518; at Jesuit College; 534

Blue Jamaica, The
268; Ben Franklin's local tavern

Blue Mountain
513; a range in SE Pennsylvania, part of Kittatinny Mountain.

Boatswain's Pipe
26; (pronounced "Bo's'n")

Bob's Your Uncle
145; this is British slang that means, basically, "no problem" or "there you are"

Bocsánat
591; Hungarian: "excuse me" or "I'm sorry"

bodice-ripper
Slang for a romantic-erotic novel, especially one with a historical plot; Vrou Vroom, 86; "Bodices are for ripping, and there's an end upon it." 419

21; Foretopman on Seahorse; 28; 55; 566; his "Bi-Lunar Exhibition" at Ft. George, 570; Bodine's descendant, Pig Bodine, in Gravity's Rainbow and V.

Bodkin
75; the stilletto pin worn by ladies in their hair

Bodley, Mr.
558

Boet
155; type of Dutch clock

Boggs, Robert
441; on M-D Line crew; 492

Bombazine
251; One of the oldest fabrics known, this was a fine silk or wool fabric of plain or twill weave for formal dresses. In black, it was the traditional mourning cloth. Now made from silk warp and worsted weft with imitations made from viscose or cotton. May be fairly crisp. Used mainly for evening and wedding-gowns, if silk or viscose it is lustrous. The name comes from Latin "bombycinum" which means a silky in texture. ^[1]

Bongo
37

Bonhomie
558

59; of the V.O.C.; 102; in drag, 154; 183

Boötes
653; Greek: "the ploughman"; the constellation which contains the bright star, Arcturus

Boppdörfer, Baron von
724; author of Über Bernouillis Brachistochronsprobleme, 1702; "brachistochrone" is the curve providing the quickest descent (for an object sliding down the curve) between two given points. Over the course of three generations, the Bernoulli family produced many of the leading 18th century mathematicians.

Boscovich, Father Roger Joseph (1711-87)
44; Croatian mathematician and astronomer; 215; 222; 223; 269; 450; De Solis et Lunae Defectimus, 474; 546; Theory of Repulsion, 604; Much More

718; a Scottish writer born in Edinburgh. Although he studied law and was a member of both the Scottish and English bars, he devoted his life primarily to literary pursuits. He met Dr. Samuel Johnson in 1763 and from 1772 to 1784 was his close friend and biographer. He became a member of Johnson's literary club in 1773; 744

Botha Brothers
60

Pierre Bouguer succeeded his father Jean Bouguer at the age of 15 as royal professor of hydrography. He was a scientist who was the first to attempt to measure the density of the Earth using the deflection of a plumb line due to the attraction of a mountain. Bouguer, together with [c.html#condamine">La Condamine], made measurements in Peru in 1740 publishing his results in La Figure de la terre (1749). A more successful use of this method by the astronomer Maskelyne placed the density between 4.5 and 5. In mathematics Bouguer studied pursuit curves in 1732. He also wrote on naval manoeuvres and navigation and, in ship design, derived a formula for calculating the metacentric radius (a measure of ship stability); LeMaire in Lapp-Land with, 544

boundaries
"all boundaries shall be erased" 406; 429; Schuylkill, 433; Susquehanna, 467; 512-13; Susquehanna, 639

Bouquet, General Henry (1719-65)
Took part in 1758 attack on Fort Duquesne, and crushed Chief Pontiac's 1763 rebellion; his "Proclamation" 277; 307; his "Edict" 616; Colonel, 617; his Scheme, 617; "Success at Bushy Run" 661

Bourbons
224; French Royal house, who at this time also ruled Spain. Was on the wane under Louis 15th (1715-1774) and 16th (1774 to 1793 when he was beheaded). They were heavily influenced by the Calvinist Huguenots, hence their dislike for the Jesuits.

Bourquelet
236

Braddock, Edward (1695-1755)
309; a Scottish soldier who came to America; he was Commander-in-Chief of the British-American forces when he led the attack Fort Duquesne (now Pittsburgh), on July 9, 1755, where he was ambushed and slain; George Washington was on that expedition, and it was supposedly there where he learned to not wear a redcoat; 330; 501; his Vistoe, 613; 697; Mason's Journal Entry

45; Astronomer Royal at the time a request for an English surveying team to determine the Pennsylvania/Maryland border was made. Bradley was the director of the the Greenwich Observatory. He recommended Charles Mason who had been his assistant observer from 1756 to 1760, working closely with Bradley on a catalogue of positions of the moon. In 1729 he published his discovery of the aberration of light, providing the first observational proof of the Copernican hypothesis that the Earth revolved around the Sun and not vice versa); 75; Astronomer Royal (A.R.), 137; 141; 173; 181; 182; death of, 184; 209 213; 437; 557; Star Catalogue, 461; 772

Bradley, Miss
143; only child of James Bradley & Susannah Peach; infatuated with Rebekah, 186

Brain, Mr.
228; proprietor of Cudgel & Throck

Brain, Mrs.
235

Brannon's
564; where Dixons with dancing girls in New York

Break-Neck Valley
174; on St. Helena

Breech-clout
520; clout is an Olde English word for a piece of cloth. Breech is an mid-16th Century word for the buttocks, otherwise archaic except in the sense of a baby's buttocks before or at birth

Breguet's Palsy
122; Frenchman Breguet (1747-1823) designed a clock with a hairspring ending in an overcoil, i.e., raised and bent in towards the center to improve timekeeping (a hair spring is not the main spring which drives the clock — it regulates the motion of the balance wheel which serves to control the speed of the clock).

27; town located on the northwest tip of France and still the site of a French naval station; "Brest fleet" refers to the French fleet under the command of Count de [c.html#conflans">Conflans] that was trapped in Quiberon Bay and destroyed by Admiral Hawke's fleet

Bridgeport Dagger
15

Briget
129; St. Helena prostitute

Brilliant
49; Frigate traveling with the Seahorse to Tenerife

Brum Kiddy
767

Bryant, Alexander
333; farmer; 441; 460

Brynjolf, Bishop
612; his gift of ancient Vellum Manuscript to Frederick the Third:

"This Gudbrand was born in 1639 (ob. 1719), and was thus forty-three years of age when Jon Eggertsson secured the manuscript of our story in Iceland. Gudbrand's father was in his day by a long way the most learned man in Iceland, his great rival, Bishop Brynjolf, appearing on the scene first towards the close of Arngrim's life. He was a collector of manuscripts and author of standard works upon the history and antiquities of his country." ^[2]

113; aka Baron Melcombe; friend of Florinda's; famous for his Machiavellian political diary (publ. 1784), and for being the patron of a number of poets and writers, chiefly James Thomson, Edward Young and Henry Fielding. Pope hated him, and immortalised him in the "Epistle to Arbuthnot": But still the great have kindness in reserve/He help'd to bury whom he helped to starve" (ll.247-248); his name became a byword for aristocratic hauteur, tactless arrogance and amorality (c.f., Pope's 4th Moral Essay and the first Epilogue to the Satires); thus the irony in Mason's comments on him on p.114 is quite overt.

Buddhists
543; 615

Bukhara
669

Bull's Eye
87; a crown-piece (coin); 91; 99

Bumboats
403(a) a scavenger's boat removing rubbish and filth from ships moored in the River Thames (and also bearing provisions) (b) a boat bearing fresh provisions to the ships.

Burgesses
395

Bush
132; "from Bush to Oast unmediated"; this would refer to the brewing of beer, from the hops to the oast which is a conical kiln used for drying hops, malt or tobacco.

Bushy Run
307

Bute, John Stuart, 3rd Earl of (1713-92)
367; Bute, a Scotsman, had tutored young George since childhood, and was appointed secretary of state in 1761 when George ascended to the throne. He was George's confidant and constant companion until he was essentially cut off from the king in 1765 by those who did not approve of the consequences of his influence.

Butter-Bag Castle
69; "butter-bag" is slang for "female breast" and was, like "butter-box", in the 16th-18th centuries, somewhat derogatory slang for a Dutchman

Byrd, Colonel
395; surveyor who kept detailed Field-Book; "running the Line 'twixt Virginia and Carolina" 671

References

1. ↑ The Online Textile Dictionary
2. ↑ The Online Medievel and Classical Library