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==Page 436==
'''Newark'''<br>
Newark was founded by Scots-Irish and Welsh settlers in 1694.  The town was officially established when it received a charter from George II of Great Britain in 1758.  Schools have played a significant role in the history of Newark.  A grammar school, founded by Francis Alison in 1743, moved from New London, Pennsylvania to Newark in 1765, becoming the Newark Academy.  Among the first graduates of the school were three signers of the Declaration of Independence:  George Read, Thomas McKean, and James Smith.  From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newark,_Delaware WIKI]

[[C#Chew|'''Mr. Chew''']]<br>
One of the Commissioners appointed by Lord Baltimore to settle the boundary dispute between Maryland and Pennsylvania.  Also, see pages [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_30:_296-301#Page_297 297] & [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_33:_327-340#Page_327 327]. 

Note the varied meanings of "chew": taffy, chaw (tobacco), masticate ("crushing"), ponder (chew over).

[[B#\bird|'''John Bird''']]<br>
The creater of many astronomical instruments at Greenwich and a member of the Royal Society.  He recommended Dixon for the surveying of the Pennsylvania/Maryland line, built the sector used by M&D, and made Darkening Nozzles for M&D's telescope.  See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bird_(astronomer) WIKI]

[[M#maskelyne, nevil|'''Maskelyne''']]<br>
English astronomer who was appointed Astronomer Royal in 1765; he was also an ordained minister; his sister Margaret married [[C#clive|Baron Robert Clive of Plassey]] (aka "Clive of India") in 1753.  [[Reverend Maskelyne|Biography of Maskelyne]]; [http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Maskelyne.html History of Mathematicians] - See page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_7:_58-76#Page_74 74].

Maskelyne and Mason, as you recall, were on [[S#helena|St. Helena]] together  (see [[Chapter 13: 125-145]]).

'''H.M. Astronomer'''<br>
H.M. -- His (or Her, though in this case, His) Majesty's

'''At the very moment he was elevated, I lay flat upon a Back that for all I knew was broken, in a desert place in New Jersey'''<br>
"i.e. after his fall from his horse at 408.18." -- [http://waste.org/mail/?list=pynchon-l&month=9712&msg=22312&sort=author Pynchon-L: Dinn's Notes]

[[B#bliss|'''Bliss''']]<br>
The Reverend Nathaniel Bliss (28 November 1700 – 2 September 1764) was a noted English astronomer of the 18th century, serving as Astronomer Royal between 1762 and 1764.  Bliss was born in the Cotswolds village of Bisley in Gloucestershire and studied at Pembroke College, Oxford.  He graduated B.A. in 1720 and M.A. in 1723.Rector of St Ebb's church in Oxford, he succeeded Edmond Halley as professor of geometry at Oxford University in 1742 and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society the same year.  He succeeded James Bradley to become the fourth Astronomer Royal in 1762.  From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Bliss Wikipedia].

==Page 437==
'''slither'd'''<br>
On page 135, Maskelyne, speaking to Mason on St. Helena: "Serpent, Worm, or Dragon, 'tis all the same to It, for It speaketh no tongue but it own. It Rules this Island, whose ancient Curse and secret Name, is Disobedience."

Note that Mason also calls Maskelyne "windy" on p. 437 -- Chambers Dictionary gives a choice of the disparaging senses Mason may intend: 'insubstantial, changeable, boastful, conceited, or wordy; frightened, nervous'.

'''Cambridge'''<br>
The University of Cambridge (informally Cambridge University), located in the City of Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom, is the second oldest university in the English-speaking world and the fourth oldest in Europe.  From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_university WIKI]

'''Clive'''<br>
See page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_7:_58-76#Page_74 74].

[[W#wrangler|'''this seventh Wrangler''']]<br>
At Cambridge University, a wrangler is a student who placed in the first class of the mathematical tripos (18th c.). So, Maskelyne only obtained the 7th highest marks in his year. A senior wrangler is one who attains the highest marks in his year.

[[H#Harrison|'''Mr. Harrison, and his Chronometer''']]<br>
English horologist who invented a timekeeper (chronometer) capable of compensating for errors due to variations of climate, thus solving the problem of determining longitude at sea and finally claiming the huge prize offered by the government.  See page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_20:_199-206#Page_201 201].

'''the order of Aberration, nor Nutation'''<br>
Aberration:
*"The first successful parallax measurements of a star other than our sun were made in the early 19th century.  The effort to do so had been going on since at least Galileo's day. [[B#bradley|Bradley]] was using a zenith sector back in 1729 to measure parallax.  He at first thought he had succeeded, but when he noticed that all the stars he checked had the identical parallax, he was suspicious, and concluded that it was something else, to wit, aberration." -- [http://waste.org/mail/?list=pynchon-l&month=9706&msg=16050&sort=date Pynchon-L: Dinn's Notes]
*"3. (astronomy) A small periodical change of position in the stars and other heavenly bodies, due to the combined effect of the motion of light and the motion of the observer; called annual aberration, when the observer's motion is that of the earth in its orbit, and daily or diurnal aberration, when of the earth on its axis; amounting when greatest, in the former case, to 20.4"&quot;, and in the latter, to 0.3"". Planetary aberration is that due to the motion of light and the motion of the planet relative to the earth." -- [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aberration Wiktionary]

Nutation: "an oscillation of the axis of a spinning body. Now usu spec a variation in the inclination of an axis from the vertical,esp that which makes the precession of the Earth's poles follow a wavy rather than a circular path." [http://www.waste.org/mail/?list=pynchon-l&month=9708&msg=19295&sort=date Pynchon-L: Dinn's Notes]

'''Eeeh, City Matters'''<br>
Dixon is referring back to Mason's comment about 'a woman' with a comic inversion of a well-known vulgar pun:
 HAMLET - Lady, shall I lie in your lap? OPHELIA No, my lord. 
 H. I mean, my head upon your lap? O. Ay, my lord.
 H. Do you think I meant country matters? O. I think nothing, my lord.
 H. That's a fair thought to lie between maids' legs. 
Shakespeare is using the embedded 'cunt' sound in 'country' for suggestive effect. 'Nothing' was also Elizabethan slang for female genitalia. 'Country Matters' was and is a synonym for sex, but so inoffensive that H.E. Bates used it as a title for a collection of romantic short stories.

'''Octagon Room'''<br>
[[Image:Greenwich Observatory Octagon Room.jpg|thumb|The Octagon Room of Greenwich Observatory]]"The Octagan [sic] Room in the Royal Observatory Greenwich was designed by Christopher Wren. A high ceiling was placed on top of this room so that Thomas Tompion's pendulum clocks could fit in. The building was finally finished in the 1670s" ([http://www.portcities.org.uk/london/server/show/conMediaFile.5742/The-Octagon-Room.html  Port Cities London]). See [http://atschool.eduweb.co.uk/bookman/library/ROG/ROG05.HTM The Royal Observatory Greenwich] for more detail.

Christopher Wren was, of course, an interesting fellow: "Sir Christopher Wren, (20 October 1632 – 25 February 1723) was a 17th century English designer, astronomer, geometer, and the greatest English architect of his time. Wren designed 53 London churches, including St Paul's Cathedral, as well as many secular buildings of note. He was a founder of the Royal Society (president 1680–82), and his scientific work was highly regarded by Sir Isaac Newton and Blaise Pascal." -- [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Wren Wikipedia]

Note that a couple of deadly devices are described in similar ("Octagon") terms: the [[O#Octuple|Octuple Gloucester]] (big cheese on page 137) and "The octagonal Barrel" of the rifle that M&D consider swapping for a Tub on p. 428.

'''Let him fear to stay up for stars that culminate too late'''<br>
culminate: "The attainment of the highest point of altitude reached by a heavenly body; passage across the meridian; transit." -- [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/culmination Wiktionary]

Note that there are three astronomical terms used on this page; consider, with a grain of salt, these possible double entendres, all reflecting Mason's thoughts regarding Maskelyne's appointment:
*Aberration -- Mason considers Maskelyne's appointment an aberration?
*Nutation -- "The action of nodding the head, esp. as a sign of drowsiness" (OED); Maskelyne is a drowsy (slow-witted) nut?
*"culminate too late" -- Does Mason consider himself a star who will eventually culminate via an appointment to H.M. Astronomer; hence, Masekelyn will fear "staying up too late" upon his post since Mason is clearly the man for the job?

[[M#morton|'''Morton''']]<br>
Secretary of the Royal Society at time of M-D Line.

Actually, I think he was President of the R.S., see page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_27:_266-274#Page_270 270].

'''The last three A.R.'s were all Oxford men'''<br>
List of Astronomer Royals (A.R.s) (per [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomer_Royal Wikipedia]):

*1675 – 1719: Rev'd John Flamsteed [1st A.R., educated at Cambridge]
*1720 – 1742: Professor Edmond Halley [an Oxford man]
*1742 – 1762: Dr James Bradley [an Oxford man]
*1762 – 1764: Nathaniel [[B#bliss|Bliss]] [an Oxford man]
*1765 – 1811: Rev'd Nevil Maskelyne [Cambridge] 

The University of Oxford (informally Oxford University, or simply Oxford), located in the UK city of Oxford, is the oldest surviving university in the English-speaking world.  It is also regarded as one of the world's leading academic institutions.  Although the exact date of foundation remains unclear, there is evidence of teaching there as far back as the 11th century.  The University grew rapidly from 1167 when Henry II banned English students from attending the University of Paris.  From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford WIKI]

'''Sizar'''<br>
A sizar was one of a body of students in the universities of Cambridge and Dublin, who, having passed a certain examination, were exempted from paying college fees and charges.  A sizar corresponded to a servitor at Oxford.  The sizar paid nothing for food and tuition, and very little for lodging.  They were probably so called from being thus employed in distributing the size, or provisions.  From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sizar Wikipedia]

==Page 438==
'''another bonny mess'''<br>
Reference to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Another_Fine_Mess Laurel and Hardy] ("That's another fine mess you've gotten us into!")?

'''a Page, enclos'd with the letter, clipp'd from the ''Gentlemen's Magazine'' of the December previous'''<br>
Dixon is holding a poem entitled "GREENWICH HOY! ''Or, the'' ASTRONOMIC RACERS" authored by "C.P." and published on pages 594-595 of the 1764 volume (December section) of ''The Gentleman's Magazine'' (i.e., "man" not "men") was "the first general-interest magazine, and the most influential periodical of its time" ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman%27s_Magazine Wikipedia]). 

A transcription of the poem can be found on [[Greenwich Hoy!]].

'''there were, it seems, ten, competing for the job,- Betts, Bevis, Short...so on'''<br>
Note the alphabetical listing.
*[[B#betts|Betts]]???
*[[B#bevis|Bevis, John (1695-1771)]]--This physician and amateur astronomer was the discoverer of the "Crab Nebula" in Taurus, M1 (1731). In 1769 he observed the Transit of Venus from just along the road from King George at Richmond, and published his observations in Philosophical Transactions. He described the initial turbulence to Venus as "a black wafer on the surface of a drum." Bevis was also a Commissioner of Longitude under which the Nautical Almanac was produced and which included Maskelyne's instructions for observing the Transit.
*[[S#short|Short, Mr]]--of the Royal Society; made Gregorian reflector for M&D's telescope; 270; in the running for Astronomer Royal (see, also, p. 98).
*seven others???

'''Flamsteed was a Maltster's Son'''<br>
Flamsteed - see page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_21:_207-214#Page_211 211].

Maltster - "A person whose occupation is making malt" - the OED online

Surely, with angst, maltster is one of few words in the English language with four back-to-back consonants?*  Borsch ties, but it's Russian, technically?  See, also, [http://64.233.167.104/search?q=cache:gF646r_lv0oJ:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadriliteral+four+consonants&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=2&gl=us Quadriliteral in Wikipedia] and [http://members.aol.com/gulfhigh2/words8.html A Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia].

(*Especially if you conveniently ignore compound nouns (i.e., watchstrap), pluralized words, proper-nouns, and [http://www.firstschoolyears.com/literacy/word/phonics/digraphs/digraphs.htm digraphic] words (i.e., diphthong, length and twelfth).)

'''Halley was  a Soap-boiler's Son'''<br>
Halley, Dr. Edmund (1656-1742) - English astronomer & mathematician; in 1676 he went to St. Helena to make the first catalogue of the stars in the southern hemisphere; he was the first to recommend observing the Transit of Venus to determine the sun's parallax; he predicted the return of the comet that was thereafter named for him (see, also, page 131).  [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Halley WIKI]

'''And I'd friends in the Company [...] roughly how Sam Peach and Clive of India might sort out upon the Company's own Chain of Being'''<br>
"The East India Company, that is. and although Mason was Sam Peach's 'parrtickular Friend' (203.30) certain gloating commentators might have argued that the position of Mason relative to Peach was equally as influential on the outcome" -- ([http://waste.org/mail/?list=pynchon-l&month=9712&msg=22312&sort=author ''Dinn's Notes'' on the Pynchon-L])

And if you haven't already done so, see [[C#chain|Chain of Being, Great]].  Also, see page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_41:_410-421#Page_417 417].

==Page 439==
'''"Why are you trying to get me to re-live this?" "So as to avoid it m'self, of course."'''<br>
"Those who do not study History..." --([http://waste.org/mail/?list=pynchon-l&month=9712&msg=22312&sort=author ''Dinn's Notes'' on the Pynchon-L])

'''Were I thee, I should'''<br>
Is Dixon switching to a formal tone here?

'''Sinister Alfonso...  Giuseppe...  here is the true Italian Art'''<br>
Opera:  During the eighteenth century artistic and cultural life in Italy was heavily influenced by the aesthetic and poetic ideals of the members of the Accademia dell'Arcadia.  The Arcadian poets introduced many changes to serious music drama in Italian, including:

1.  the simplification of the plot<br> 
2.  the removal of comic elements<br> 
3.  the reduction of the number of arias<br> 
4.  a predilection for plots drawn from ancient Classical or modern French tragedy, in which the values of loyalty, friendship and virtue were extolled and the absolute power of the sovereign was celebrated.  From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_opera WIKI]<br> 

Not sure if the names used here are referring to a specific opera, or not.  The names are fairly general in the field.

'''born in a Drift, a Corf for my cradle, and nought but the Back-shift for Schoolmasters there''' 
*drift -- "a place driven to reach coal" ([http://www.geordielee.co.uk/home/Geordie_stuff/Dictionary_A_to_E/dictionary_a_to_e.html Geordie Dictionary])
*corf -- "a basket made of hazel, with an iron bow by which it was attached to the winding rope; corves and trains were formerly used for the same purpose as tubs are now, viz.: for conveying coals from the working-places to the surface" [http://www.indigogroup.co.uk/durhamdialect/mining1888.htm MINING TERMS (1888)]
*back-shift —- "there are two shifts normally worked down the pit. The first is the fore-shift, the second is the back-shift" ([http://www.geordielee.co.uk/home/Geordie_stuff/Dictionary_A_to_E/dictionary_a_to_e.html Geordie Dictionary])
Dixon is reminding Mason, the "Miller's Son," of his own humble origins (p. 438)?

==Annotation Index==

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