Thomas Pynchon Wiki - User contributions [en]

Chapter 22: 215-227

2016-06-06T22:38:20Z

Tetrys: /* Page 215 */

==Page 215==
'''Fr. Boscovich''' [[Image:Boscovich.gif|thumb|Father Boscovich|right]]
Roger Joseph Boscovich (Ruđer Josip Bošković or Ruggiero Giuseppe Boscovich; 18 May 1711 – 13 February 1787) was a physicist, astronomer, mathematician, philosopher, diplomat, poet, Jesuit, and according to some a polymath from Ragusa (today Dubrovnik), who lived for a time in France, England and some Italian states. He is famous for his atomic theory and made many important contributions to astronomy, including the first geometric procedure for determining the equator of a rotating planet from three observations of a surface feature and for computing the orbit of a planet from three observations of its position. In 1753 he also discovered the absence of atmosphere on the Moon... Note: like Maskelyne, there is a lunar crater named after him. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boscovich WIKI]

'''Loyolan Image... Stiletto-Waver... which distinguishes ''El Autentico''''' 
Saint Ignatius of Loyola (Basque: Loiolako Inazio, Eneko Loiolakoa, Spanish: Ignacio de Loyola), (1491 – July 31, 1556) was a Spanish knight, who became a hermit and priest, founding the Society of Jesus and becoming its first Superior General. Ignatius and the Jesuits became major figures in the Counter-Reformation, where the Catholic Church worked to reform itself from within and countered the theology of Protestantism. After his death he was beatified and then on March 12, 1622, was canonized. The feast day of Ignatius is celebrated on July 31 — he is the patron saint of soldiers, the Society of Jesus, the Basque Country, the provinces of Guipúzcoa and Biscay, among other things. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola WIKI]. Think of an upside down stilleto knife, viz. a cross.

'''Hob Headless''' 
A hobgoblin. More info on this particular one in history, [http://hypnogoria.blogspot.com/2015/11/folklore-on-friday-headless-hobgoblin.html here]

==Page 216==
'''Haggis''' 
n. A Scottish dish consisting of a mixture of the minced heart, lungs, and liver of a sheep or calf mixed with suet, onions, oatmeal, and seasonings and boiled in the stomach of the slaughtered animal.

'''William Emerson a Wizard''' 
William Emerson (14 May 1701 - 20 May 1782), English mathematician, was born at Hurworth, near Darlington... He had a small estate in Weardale called Castle Gate situated not far from Eastgate where he would repair to work throughout the Summer on projects as disparate as stonemasonry and watchmaking. Unsuccessful as a teacher, he devoted himself entirely to studious retirement. Possessed of remarkable energy and forthrightness of speech, Emerson published many works which are singularly free from errata. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Emerson_(mathematician) WIKI].

[I know that Emerson has already been noted, but for flow of use, wanted to annotate again here, it being the first time the reader "sees" Emerson]

'''Dr. Mesmer''' 
Franz Anton Mesmer (born Friedrich Anton Mesmer; May 23, 1734 – March 5, 1815) was a German physician and astrologist, who discovered what he called magnétisme animal (animal magnetism) and other spiritual forces often grouped together as mesmerism. The evolution of Mesmer's ideas and practices led Scottish surgeon James Braid to develop hypnosis in 1842. Mesmer's name is the root of the English verb "mesmerize". From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Mesmer WIKI].

==Page 218==
'''Ley-Lines''' 
Anachronism: The concept of ley lines was first proposed by Alfred Watkins. On 30 June 1921, Watkins visited Blackwardine in Herefordshire, and went riding a horse near some hills in the vicinity of Bredwardine, when he noted that many of the footpaths there seemed to connect one hilltop to another in a straight line. He was studying a map when he noticed places in alignment. "The whole thing came to me in a flash", he later told his son. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley_line WIKI]

'''Palatine Residence at Bishop Auckland''' 
Now known as the Auckland Castle, it [http://www.englandsnortheast.co.uk/BishopAuckland.html dates to 1183]. Location [https://goo.gl/maps/RWg1pyVCvUN2 here].

'''Bisley Church''' 
Not to be confused with the Bisley in Surrey, or the church there associated with St. John the Baptist. Mason is from Gloucestershire county, where there is also a Bisley.

This Bisley church here is the same one where Mason references [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_11:_105-115#Page_114 Pearse falling into the well] on Page 114. More information about the history of that church [http://www.bisleybenefice.org.uk/All%20Saints%20Bisley.pdf here.]

'''"switched corpes"''' 
A reference to the theory that Queen Elizabeth I died at the age of 10 in Bisley, only to have her body hidden and replaced with a young boy from the town, known as the Bisley Boy. Bram Stoker endorsed and promoted the story [https://archive.org/stream/famousimposters00stokrich#page/282/mode/2up in his book Famous Imposters]

'''"each night the stones were removed and transported in a right line, through the air, at brisk speed, to the church's present site"''' 
Pynchon probably took this from a [https://archive.org/stream/transactionsbris05bris#page/6/mode/2up speech given by the president of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society in 1880]. That speech contains a telling of how the saying about [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_11:_105-115#Page_114 Pearse] came about, just before the tale of the church being moved:

<blockquote>Whatever meets our enquiring attention as a relic of old time, however insignificant it may be, if it is a construction, however quaint and odd, or, if it is a story, however absurd it may sound, it may, perhaps, upon investigation, repay some trouble or even, possibly, merit the distinction of being inserted in the pages of our journal.

As an illustration of my meaning, I may mention that I heard, long ago, a tradition attaching to my parish church of Bisley which seemed to be one of those old wives' tales to which it was unnecessary to attach any sense or importance. It was to the effect that the church was originally not intended to have been built where it now stands, but at a spot nearly two miles off. However, the builders were entirely frustrated in their intentions, for every night the devil, or some agency, removed all the building materials and deposited them afresh in another place, until at last the architect, yielding to inexorable necessity, built the church on the spot thus indicated, which is where it now stands. Now, when the church was restored a few years back we found that this story had a meaning and an origin, for the place where tradition said the church was to have been built is the spot where a Roman villa formerly stood, and in the course of the repairs portions of the materials of that villa were found in the church walls, including the altars of the Penates removed from the Roman shrines.

Here, then, was a tradition which had been handed on regularly from mouth to mouth for between fifteen and sixteen hundred years, and to which the nineteenth century has been able to assign a fair and reasonable interpretation : viz., that the Romans' gods had supplied the materials for the Christian temple. </blockquote>

'''"draw a line straight from the Barrow near Great Badminton we call the Giant's Caves, to the Long Barrow near The Camp, and you'll observe it passes directly over Bisley"''' 
[https://www.google.com/maps/d/edit?mid=zE6SdJAW9HRY.kTWU3INIBqEU&usp=sharing Here is a Google map illustrating such a line exists.] Coordinates come from [http://www.themodernantiquarian.com/ The Modern Antiquarian] website.

'''Great Badminton''' 
Badminton House is a large country house in Gloucestershire, England, and has been the principal seat of the Dukes of Beaufort since the late 17th century, when the family moved from Raglan Castle, which had been ruined in the English Civil War. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton_House WIKI]

'''Giant's Caves''' 
Pictures and coordinates of this burrow [http://www.themodernantiquarian.com/site/1972/giants_cave.html here] and a map and pictures [http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=5074 here].

'''Long Barrow near The Camp''' 
A long barrow is a prehistoric monument dating to the early Neolithic period. They are rectangular or trapezoidal earth mounds traditionally interpreted as collective tombs. Long barrows are also typical for several Celtic, Slavic, and Baltic cultures of Northern Europe of the 1st millennium AD. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_barrow WIKI]. More information about the Long Barrow Mason is referencing is available [http://www.themodernantiquarian.com/site/4644/camp.html here]. Wiki entry on The Camp, a hamlet near Gloucestershire [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Camp,_Gloucestershire here].

==Page 219==
'''Wearside''' 
Northeast England region including Hurworth. Refers to cities on the River Wear.

'''Roman Palimpsest''' 
A palimpsest is a manuscript page from a scroll or book that has been scraped off and used again. The word "palimpsest" comes through Latin from Greek παλιν + ψαω = (palin "again" + psao "I scrape"), and meant "scraped (clean and used) again." Romans wrote on wax-coated tablets that could be smoothed and reused, and a passing use of the rather bookish term "palimpsest" by Cicero seems to refer to this practice. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palimpsest WIKI]. Also appears in GR.

'''Brigantum''' 
Isurium Brigantum was a town in the Roman province of Britannia. Today it is known as Aldborough, in North Yorkshire, England. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isurium_Brigantum WIKI].

'''Mithras''' 
The Mithraic Mysteries or Mysteries of Mithras (also Mithraism) was a mystery religion which became popular among the military in the Roman Empire, from the 1st to 4th centuries AD. Information on the cult is based mainly on interpretations of monuments. These depict Mithras as born from a rock and sacrificing a bull. His worshippers had a complex system of 7 grades of initiation, with ritual meals. Little else is known for certain. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithras WIKI].

'''Chaldrons''' 
A chaldron (also chauldron or chalder) was a dry English measure of volume, not a weight, mostly used for coal; the word itself is an obsolete spelling of cauldron. It was used from the 13th century until 1963 when it was abolished by the Weights and Measures Act.

==Page 220==
'''Euler''' 
Leonhard Paul Euler (15 April 1707 – 18 September 1783) was a pioneering Swiss mathematician and physicist who spent most of his life in Russia and Germany. He made important discoveries in fields as diverse as calculus and graph theory. He also introduced much of the modern mathematical terminology and notation, particularly for mathematical analysis, such as the notion of a mathematical function. He is also renowned for his work in mechanics, fluid dynamics, optics, and astronomy. The asteroid 2002 Euler was named in his honor. He was a devout Christian (and believer in biblical inerrancy) who wrote apologetics and argued forcefully against the prominent atheists of his time. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler WIKI].

'''The first book he publish'd was upon Fluxions.''' 
Newton's name for the form of differential calculus he developed was the "Method of Fluxions", see [http://www.archive.org/details/methodoffluxions00newt].

==Page 221==
'''Dodman''' 
The 'inventor' of ley lines, Alfred Watkins (see above, p.218 re: Ley-Lines), thought that in the words "dodman" and the builder's "hod" there was a survival of an ancient British term for a surveyor. Watkins felt that the name came about because the snail's two horns resembled a surveyor's two surveying rods. Watkins also supported this idea with an etymology from 'doddering ' along and 'dodge' (akin, in his mind, to the series of actions a surveyor would carry out in moving his rod back and forth until it accurately lined up with another one as a backsight or foresight) and the Welsh verb 'dodi' meaning to lay or place. He thus decided that The Long Man of Wilmington was an image of an ancient surveyor. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodman WIKI].

==Page 222==
'''St. Omer''' 
City in Northwest France, home to a Jesuit college and prep school. [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13365c.htm history here.]

'''De Litteraria Expeditions et Soforthia''' 
A reference to Christopher Maire and Roger Boscovitch's book, ''De Litteraria Expeditione Per Pontificiam Ditionem Ad Dimetiendos Duos Meridiani Gradus'' (A report on the expedition to measure through the dominions of the Pope two degrees of the meridian). The 'et Soforthia' is an elaborate ''et cetera'', an acknowledgement of the rest of the long title.

'''Rome to Rimini''' 
The Via Flaminia was a Roman road leading from Rome to Ariminum (Rimini), and was the most important route to the north. It was constructed by Gaius Flaminius during his censorship (220 BC)... The importance of the ancient Via Flaminia is twofold: during the period of Roman expansion in the 3rd century BC and 2nd century BC, the Flaminia became, with the cheaper sea route, a main axis of transportation by which wheat from the Po valley supplied Rome and central Italy; during the period of Roman decline, the Flaminia was the main road leading into the heartland of Italy: it was taken by Julius Caesar at the beginning of the civil war, but also by various barbarian hordes, Byzantine generals, etc. A number of major battles were therefore fought on or near the Via Flaminia, for example at Sentinum (near the modern Sassoferrato) and near Tadinum (the modern Gualdo Tadino). In the early Middle Ages, the road, controlled by the Eastern Empire, was a civilizing influence, and accounted for much of what historians call the "Byzantine corridor". From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_Flaminia WIKI]

'''Father Boscovich's long poem of the Tale at first Hand, that he wrote, as you went...?''' 
Dixon may be sarcastic here, as at least one review says the poem stinks. From the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica:
<blockquote>During his stay in England he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society. He soon after paid this society the compliment of dedicating to it his Latin poem, entitled De Solis et Lunae Defectibus (London, 1764). This prolix composition, one of a class which at that time was much in vogue—metrical epitomes of the facts of science—contains in about five thousand lines, illustrated by voluminous notes, a compendium of astronomy. It was for the most part written on horseback, during the author's rides in the country while engaged in his meridian measurements. The book is characterized by G. B. J. Delambre as " uninstructive to an astronomer and unintelligible to any one else."</blockquote>

==Page 223==
'''mio caro Ruggiero''' 
my dear Roger (Italian)

'''Ragusa''' 
Republic of Ragusa - present-day Dubrovnik, Croatia. See [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik WIKI].

==Page 224==
'''Maria Theresa... our last Protector''' 
Maria Theresa (13 May 1717 – 29 November 1780) was the only female ruler of the Habsburg dominions and the last of the House of Habsburg. She was the sovereign of Austria, Hungary, Croatia, Bohemia, Mantua, Milan, Lodomeria and Galicia, the Austrian Netherlands, and Parma. By marriage, she was Grand Duchess of Tuscany, Duchess of Lorraine, German Queen and Holy Roman Empress. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria WIKI].

Though originally the Jesuits' "protector", it wouldnt be for long: Her relationship with the Jesuits was of complex nature. Members of this order educated her, served as her confessors and supervised the religious education of her eldest son. The Jesuits were powerful and influential in the early years of Maria Theresa's reign. However, the queen's ministers managed to convince her that they pose danger to her monarchical authority. Not without much hesitation and regret, she issued a decree which removed them from all the institutions of the monarchy and carried it out thoroughly. She forbade the publication of Pope Clement XIII's bull which was in favour of the Jesuits and promptly confiscated their property when Pope Clement XIV suppressed the order.

'''Bourbons''' 
The French royal family that ruled from 1589, were ousted in the revolution, restored after Napoleon's abdication, and finally removed in the July revolution of 1830. A cadet branch, the House of Orléans, ruled for a further 18 years (1830–1848), until it too was overthrown. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Bourbon#The_Bourbon_Restoration MORE AT WIKIPEDIA]

==Page 225==
'''Calvert''' 
Frederick Calvert, 6th Baron Baltimore (February 6, 1731–September 4, 1771) was an English nobleman and last in the line of Barons Baltimore. When his father died in 1751, he inherited the Proprietary Governorship of the Province of Maryland. The province was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Calvert,_6th_Baron_Baltimore WIKI].

'''Raby Castle''' 
A castle built by John Neville starting about 1367. Purchased from the Crown by Sir Henry Vane the Elder in 1626. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raby_Castle WIKI].

'''Tale of Sir Henry Vane the younger''' 
Sir Henry Vane (1613 – June 14, 1662), son of Henry Vane the Elder, served as a statesman and Member of Parliament in a career spanning England and Massachusetts. A constant theme of his life was religious tolerance. He was a leading Parliamentarian during the English Civil War. Vane served on the Council of State during the Interregnum, but refused to take the oath which expressed approval of the king's execution. At the Restoration in 1660, after much debate in Parliament, he was exempted from the Indemnity and Oblivion Act. In 1662, he was tried for high treason, found guilty, and beheaded on Tower Hill. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Vane_the_Younger WIKI].

==Page 226==
'''Jacobites''' 
Jacobitism was (and, to a limited extent, remains) the political movement dedicated to the restoration of the Stuart kings to the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland. The movement took its name from the Latin form Jacobus of the name of King James II and VII. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobitism WIKI].

'''Cromwell''' 
Richard Cromwell (4 October 1626 – 12 July 1712) was the third son of Oliver Cromwell, and was the second Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland, for just under nine months, from 3 September 1658 until 25 May 1659. Cromwell's enemies dubbed him Tumbledown Dick or Queen Dick for his indecisive character. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Cromwell WIKI]

'''Restoration''' 
The English Restoration, often shortened to the Restoration, began in 1660 when the English, Scottish and Irish monarchies were all restored under Charles II after the Commonwealth of England that followed the English Civil War... The Protectorate, which had preceded the English Restoration and followed the Commonwealth, might have continued if Oliver Cromwell's son Richard had been capable of carrying on his father's policies. Richard Cromwell's main weakness was that he did not have the confidence of the army. After seven months the army removed him and on 6 May 1659 it reinstalled the Rump Parliament. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Restoration WIKI].

'''William of Orange''' 
William III (14 November 1650 – 8 March 1702) was a sovereign Prince of Orange by birth. From 1672 he governed as Stadtholder William III of Orange over Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Guelders, and Overijssel of the Dutch Republic. From 1689 he reigned as William III over England and Ireland, and as William II over Scotland. He is informally known in Northern Ireland and Scotland as "King Billy". A member of the House of Orange-Nassau, William won the English, Scottish and Irish crowns following the Glorious Revolution, in which his uncle and father-in-law James II was deposed. In England, Scotland and Ireland, William ruled jointly with his wife, Mary II, until her death on 28 December 1694. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_III_of_England WIKI].

'''Hanovers''' 
The House of Hanover (the Hanoverians) is a Germanic royal dynasty which has ruled the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg, the Kingdom of Hanover, the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland. It succeeded the House of Stuart as monarchs of Great Britain and Ireland in 1714 and held that office until the death of Victoria in 1901. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Hanover WIKI]

'''Stuart Charters''' 
The practice in Stuart charters of specifying by name the members of the governing body and holders of special offices opened the way to a "purging" of the hostile spirits when new charters were required. There were also rather vaguely worded clauses authorizing the dismissal of officers for misconduct, though as a rule the appointments were for life. When under the Stuarts and under the Commonwealth political and religious feeling ran high in the boroughs, use was made of these clauses both by the majority on the council and by the central government to mould the character of the council by a drastic "purging." Another means of control first used under the Commonwealth was afforded by the various acts of parliament, which subjected all holders of municipal office to the test of an oath. Under the Commonwealth there was no improvement in the methods used by the central government to control the boroughs. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_borough_status_in_England_and_Wales#Charters WIKI].

'''Pym''' 
John Pym (1584 – 8 December 1643) was an English parliamentarian, leader of the Long Parliament and a prominent critic of James I and then Charles I. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pym WIKI]

Regarding the convo they are having here: Sir Henry Vane Jr. was instrumental in the impeachment of the Earl of Strafford. He passed to John Pym some copied notes of his father's, of a Privy Council meeting. He claimed that these demonstrated that Strafford had an intention to use the Irish Army to subjugate England. The evidence, when examined, turned out to be second-hand, ambiguous, and hotly disputed. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Vane_the_Younger WIKI]

==Page 227==
'''Jansenists''' 
Jansenism was a branch of Catholic thought (condemned by Pope Innocent X in 1655) that arose in the frame of the Counter-Reformation and the aftermath of the Council of Trent (1545-1563). It emphasized original sin, human depravity, the necessity of divine grace, and predestination. Originating in the writings of the Dutch theologian Cornelius Otto Jansen, Jansenism formed a distinct movement within the Catholic Church from the 16th to 18th centuries, and found its most important stronghold in the Parisian convent of Port-Royal, haven of many important theologians and writers (Antoine Arnauld, Pierre Nicole, Blaise Pascal, Jean Racine, etc.).

The term itself was coined by its Jesuit opponents, who accused them of being close to Calvinists, as Jansenists identified themselves as rigorous followers of Augustinism. Several propositions supported by Jansenists, in particular concerning the relationship between human's free will and "efficacious grace", were condemned by the Pope, and the movement thus deemed heretical. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jansenists WIKI].

'''Ramillies Wig''' 
See this [http://www.umich.edu/~ece/student_projects/self-improvement/men'sdress.htm#midM LINK] for a pic of our boy David Garrick wearing a Ramillies wig.

==Annotation Index==

{{MD PbP}}

Chapter 22: 215-227

2016-06-06T22:36:54Z

Tetrys: /* Page 223 */

==Page 215==
'''Fr. Boscovich''' [[Image:Boscovich.gif|thumb|Father Boscovich|right]]
Roger Joseph Boscovich (18 May 1711 – 13 February 1787) was a physicist, astronomer, mathematician, philosopher, diplomat, poet, Jesuit, and according to some a polymath from Ragusa (today Dubrovnik, in Croatia), who lived for a time in France, England and some Italian states. He is famous for his atomic theory and made many important contributions to astronomy, including the first geometric procedure for determining the equator of a rotating planet from three observations of a surface feature and for computing the orbit of a planet from three observations of its position. In 1753 he also discovered the absence of atmosphere on the Moon... Note: like Maskelyne, there is a lunar crater named after him. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boscovich WIKI]

'''Loyolan Image... Stiletto-Waver... which distinguishes ''El Autentico''''' 
Saint Ignatius of Loyola (Basque: Loiolako Inazio, Eneko Loiolakoa, Spanish: Ignacio de Loyola), (1491 – July 31, 1556) was a Spanish knight, who became a hermit and priest, founding the Society of Jesus and becoming its first Superior General. Ignatius and the Jesuits became major figures in the Counter-Reformation, where the Catholic Church worked to reform itself from within and countered the theology of Protestantism. After his death he was beatified and then on March 12, 1622, was canonized. The feast day of Ignatius is celebrated on July 31 — he is the patron saint of soldiers, the Society of Jesus, the Basque Country, the provinces of Guipúzcoa and Biscay, among other things. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola WIKI]. Think of an upside down stilleto knife, viz. a cross.

'''Hob Headless''' 
A hobgoblin. More info on this particular one in history, [http://hypnogoria.blogspot.com/2015/11/folklore-on-friday-headless-hobgoblin.html here]

==Page 216==
'''Haggis''' 
n. A Scottish dish consisting of a mixture of the minced heart, lungs, and liver of a sheep or calf mixed with suet, onions, oatmeal, and seasonings and boiled in the stomach of the slaughtered animal.

'''William Emerson a Wizard''' 
William Emerson (14 May 1701 - 20 May 1782), English mathematician, was born at Hurworth, near Darlington... He had a small estate in Weardale called Castle Gate situated not far from Eastgate where he would repair to work throughout the Summer on projects as disparate as stonemasonry and watchmaking. Unsuccessful as a teacher, he devoted himself entirely to studious retirement. Possessed of remarkable energy and forthrightness of speech, Emerson published many works which are singularly free from errata. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Emerson_(mathematician) WIKI].

[I know that Emerson has already been noted, but for flow of use, wanted to annotate again here, it being the first time the reader "sees" Emerson]

'''Dr. Mesmer''' 
Franz Anton Mesmer (born Friedrich Anton Mesmer; May 23, 1734 – March 5, 1815) was a German physician and astrologist, who discovered what he called magnétisme animal (animal magnetism) and other spiritual forces often grouped together as mesmerism. The evolution of Mesmer's ideas and practices led Scottish surgeon James Braid to develop hypnosis in 1842. Mesmer's name is the root of the English verb "mesmerize". From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Mesmer WIKI].

==Page 218==
'''Ley-Lines''' 
Anachronism: The concept of ley lines was first proposed by Alfred Watkins. On 30 June 1921, Watkins visited Blackwardine in Herefordshire, and went riding a horse near some hills in the vicinity of Bredwardine, when he noted that many of the footpaths there seemed to connect one hilltop to another in a straight line. He was studying a map when he noticed places in alignment. "The whole thing came to me in a flash", he later told his son. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley_line WIKI]

'''Palatine Residence at Bishop Auckland''' 
Now known as the Auckland Castle, it [http://www.englandsnortheast.co.uk/BishopAuckland.html dates to 1183]. Location [https://goo.gl/maps/RWg1pyVCvUN2 here].

'''Bisley Church''' 
Not to be confused with the Bisley in Surrey, or the church there associated with St. John the Baptist. Mason is from Gloucestershire county, where there is also a Bisley.

This Bisley church here is the same one where Mason references [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_11:_105-115#Page_114 Pearse falling into the well] on Page 114. More information about the history of that church [http://www.bisleybenefice.org.uk/All%20Saints%20Bisley.pdf here.]

'''"switched corpes"''' 
A reference to the theory that Queen Elizabeth I died at the age of 10 in Bisley, only to have her body hidden and replaced with a young boy from the town, known as the Bisley Boy. Bram Stoker endorsed and promoted the story [https://archive.org/stream/famousimposters00stokrich#page/282/mode/2up in his book Famous Imposters]

'''"each night the stones were removed and transported in a right line, through the air, at brisk speed, to the church's present site"''' 
Pynchon probably took this from a [https://archive.org/stream/transactionsbris05bris#page/6/mode/2up speech given by the president of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society in 1880]. That speech contains a telling of how the saying about [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_11:_105-115#Page_114 Pearse] came about, just before the tale of the church being moved:

<blockquote>Whatever meets our enquiring attention as a relic of old time, however insignificant it may be, if it is a construction, however quaint and odd, or, if it is a story, however absurd it may sound, it may, perhaps, upon investigation, repay some trouble or even, possibly, merit the distinction of being inserted in the pages of our journal.

As an illustration of my meaning, I may mention that I heard, long ago, a tradition attaching to my parish church of Bisley which seemed to be one of those old wives' tales to which it was unnecessary to attach any sense or importance. It was to the effect that the church was originally not intended to have been built where it now stands, but at a spot nearly two miles off. However, the builders were entirely frustrated in their intentions, for every night the devil, or some agency, removed all the building materials and deposited them afresh in another place, until at last the architect, yielding to inexorable necessity, built the church on the spot thus indicated, which is where it now stands. Now, when the church was restored a few years back we found that this story had a meaning and an origin, for the place where tradition said the church was to have been built is the spot where a Roman villa formerly stood, and in the course of the repairs portions of the materials of that villa were found in the church walls, including the altars of the Penates removed from the Roman shrines.

Here, then, was a tradition which had been handed on regularly from mouth to mouth for between fifteen and sixteen hundred years, and to which the nineteenth century has been able to assign a fair and reasonable interpretation : viz., that the Romans' gods had supplied the materials for the Christian temple. </blockquote>

'''"draw a line straight from the Barrow near Great Badminton we call the Giant's Caves, to the Long Barrow near The Camp, and you'll observe it passes directly over Bisley"''' 
[https://www.google.com/maps/d/edit?mid=zE6SdJAW9HRY.kTWU3INIBqEU&usp=sharing Here is a Google map illustrating such a line exists.] Coordinates come from [http://www.themodernantiquarian.com/ The Modern Antiquarian] website.

'''Great Badminton''' 
Badminton House is a large country house in Gloucestershire, England, and has been the principal seat of the Dukes of Beaufort since the late 17th century, when the family moved from Raglan Castle, which had been ruined in the English Civil War. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton_House WIKI]

'''Giant's Caves''' 
Pictures and coordinates of this burrow [http://www.themodernantiquarian.com/site/1972/giants_cave.html here] and a map and pictures [http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=5074 here].

'''Long Barrow near The Camp''' 
A long barrow is a prehistoric monument dating to the early Neolithic period. They are rectangular or trapezoidal earth mounds traditionally interpreted as collective tombs. Long barrows are also typical for several Celtic, Slavic, and Baltic cultures of Northern Europe of the 1st millennium AD. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_barrow WIKI]. More information about the Long Barrow Mason is referencing is available [http://www.themodernantiquarian.com/site/4644/camp.html here]. Wiki entry on The Camp, a hamlet near Gloucestershire [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Camp,_Gloucestershire here].

==Page 219==
'''Wearside''' 
Northeast England region including Hurworth. Refers to cities on the River Wear.

'''Roman Palimpsest''' 
A palimpsest is a manuscript page from a scroll or book that has been scraped off and used again. The word "palimpsest" comes through Latin from Greek παλιν + ψαω = (palin "again" + psao "I scrape"), and meant "scraped (clean and used) again." Romans wrote on wax-coated tablets that could be smoothed and reused, and a passing use of the rather bookish term "palimpsest" by Cicero seems to refer to this practice. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palimpsest WIKI]. Also appears in GR.

'''Brigantum''' 
Isurium Brigantum was a town in the Roman province of Britannia. Today it is known as Aldborough, in North Yorkshire, England. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isurium_Brigantum WIKI].

'''Mithras''' 
The Mithraic Mysteries or Mysteries of Mithras (also Mithraism) was a mystery religion which became popular among the military in the Roman Empire, from the 1st to 4th centuries AD. Information on the cult is based mainly on interpretations of monuments. These depict Mithras as born from a rock and sacrificing a bull. His worshippers had a complex system of 7 grades of initiation, with ritual meals. Little else is known for certain. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithras WIKI].

'''Chaldrons''' 
A chaldron (also chauldron or chalder) was a dry English measure of volume, not a weight, mostly used for coal; the word itself is an obsolete spelling of cauldron. It was used from the 13th century until 1963 when it was abolished by the Weights and Measures Act.

==Page 220==
'''Euler''' 
Leonhard Paul Euler (15 April 1707 – 18 September 1783) was a pioneering Swiss mathematician and physicist who spent most of his life in Russia and Germany. He made important discoveries in fields as diverse as calculus and graph theory. He also introduced much of the modern mathematical terminology and notation, particularly for mathematical analysis, such as the notion of a mathematical function. He is also renowned for his work in mechanics, fluid dynamics, optics, and astronomy. The asteroid 2002 Euler was named in his honor. He was a devout Christian (and believer in biblical inerrancy) who wrote apologetics and argued forcefully against the prominent atheists of his time. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler WIKI].

'''The first book he publish'd was upon Fluxions.''' 
Newton's name for the form of differential calculus he developed was the "Method of Fluxions", see [http://www.archive.org/details/methodoffluxions00newt].

==Page 221==
'''Dodman''' 
The 'inventor' of ley lines, Alfred Watkins (see above, p.218 re: Ley-Lines), thought that in the words "dodman" and the builder's "hod" there was a survival of an ancient British term for a surveyor. Watkins felt that the name came about because the snail's two horns resembled a surveyor's two surveying rods. Watkins also supported this idea with an etymology from 'doddering ' along and 'dodge' (akin, in his mind, to the series of actions a surveyor would carry out in moving his rod back and forth until it accurately lined up with another one as a backsight or foresight) and the Welsh verb 'dodi' meaning to lay or place. He thus decided that The Long Man of Wilmington was an image of an ancient surveyor. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodman WIKI].

==Page 222==
'''St. Omer''' 
City in Northwest France, home to a Jesuit college and prep school. [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13365c.htm history here.]

'''De Litteraria Expeditions et Soforthia''' 
A reference to Christopher Maire and Roger Boscovitch's book, ''De Litteraria Expeditione Per Pontificiam Ditionem Ad Dimetiendos Duos Meridiani Gradus'' (A report on the expedition to measure through the dominions of the Pope two degrees of the meridian). The 'et Soforthia' is an elaborate ''et cetera'', an acknowledgement of the rest of the long title.

'''Rome to Rimini''' 
The Via Flaminia was a Roman road leading from Rome to Ariminum (Rimini), and was the most important route to the north. It was constructed by Gaius Flaminius during his censorship (220 BC)... The importance of the ancient Via Flaminia is twofold: during the period of Roman expansion in the 3rd century BC and 2nd century BC, the Flaminia became, with the cheaper sea route, a main axis of transportation by which wheat from the Po valley supplied Rome and central Italy; during the period of Roman decline, the Flaminia was the main road leading into the heartland of Italy: it was taken by Julius Caesar at the beginning of the civil war, but also by various barbarian hordes, Byzantine generals, etc. A number of major battles were therefore fought on or near the Via Flaminia, for example at Sentinum (near the modern Sassoferrato) and near Tadinum (the modern Gualdo Tadino). In the early Middle Ages, the road, controlled by the Eastern Empire, was a civilizing influence, and accounted for much of what historians call the "Byzantine corridor". From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_Flaminia WIKI]

'''Father Boscovich's long poem of the Tale at first Hand, that he wrote, as you went...?''' 
Dixon may be sarcastic here, as at least one review says the poem stinks. From the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica:
<blockquote>During his stay in England he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society. He soon after paid this society the compliment of dedicating to it his Latin poem, entitled De Solis et Lunae Defectibus (London, 1764). This prolix composition, one of a class which at that time was much in vogue—metrical epitomes of the facts of science—contains in about five thousand lines, illustrated by voluminous notes, a compendium of astronomy. It was for the most part written on horseback, during the author's rides in the country while engaged in his meridian measurements. The book is characterized by G. B. J. Delambre as " uninstructive to an astronomer and unintelligible to any one else."</blockquote>

==Page 223==
'''mio caro Ruggiero''' 
my dear Roger (Italian)

'''Ragusa''' 
Republic of Ragusa - present-day Dubrovnik, Croatia. See [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik WIKI].

==Page 224==
'''Maria Theresa... our last Protector''' 
Maria Theresa (13 May 1717 – 29 November 1780) was the only female ruler of the Habsburg dominions and the last of the House of Habsburg. She was the sovereign of Austria, Hungary, Croatia, Bohemia, Mantua, Milan, Lodomeria and Galicia, the Austrian Netherlands, and Parma. By marriage, she was Grand Duchess of Tuscany, Duchess of Lorraine, German Queen and Holy Roman Empress. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria WIKI].

Though originally the Jesuits' "protector", it wouldnt be for long: Her relationship with the Jesuits was of complex nature. Members of this order educated her, served as her confessors and supervised the religious education of her eldest son. The Jesuits were powerful and influential in the early years of Maria Theresa's reign. However, the queen's ministers managed to convince her that they pose danger to her monarchical authority. Not without much hesitation and regret, she issued a decree which removed them from all the institutions of the monarchy and carried it out thoroughly. She forbade the publication of Pope Clement XIII's bull which was in favour of the Jesuits and promptly confiscated their property when Pope Clement XIV suppressed the order.

'''Bourbons''' 
The French royal family that ruled from 1589, were ousted in the revolution, restored after Napoleon's abdication, and finally removed in the July revolution of 1830. A cadet branch, the House of Orléans, ruled for a further 18 years (1830–1848), until it too was overthrown. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Bourbon#The_Bourbon_Restoration MORE AT WIKIPEDIA]

==Page 225==
'''Calvert''' 
Frederick Calvert, 6th Baron Baltimore (February 6, 1731–September 4, 1771) was an English nobleman and last in the line of Barons Baltimore. When his father died in 1751, he inherited the Proprietary Governorship of the Province of Maryland. The province was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Calvert,_6th_Baron_Baltimore WIKI].

'''Raby Castle''' 
A castle built by John Neville starting about 1367. Purchased from the Crown by Sir Henry Vane the Elder in 1626. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raby_Castle WIKI].

'''Tale of Sir Henry Vane the younger''' 
Sir Henry Vane (1613 – June 14, 1662), son of Henry Vane the Elder, served as a statesman and Member of Parliament in a career spanning England and Massachusetts. A constant theme of his life was religious tolerance. He was a leading Parliamentarian during the English Civil War. Vane served on the Council of State during the Interregnum, but refused to take the oath which expressed approval of the king's execution. At the Restoration in 1660, after much debate in Parliament, he was exempted from the Indemnity and Oblivion Act. In 1662, he was tried for high treason, found guilty, and beheaded on Tower Hill. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Vane_the_Younger WIKI].

==Page 226==
'''Jacobites''' 
Jacobitism was (and, to a limited extent, remains) the political movement dedicated to the restoration of the Stuart kings to the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland. The movement took its name from the Latin form Jacobus of the name of King James II and VII. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobitism WIKI].

'''Cromwell''' 
Richard Cromwell (4 October 1626 – 12 July 1712) was the third son of Oliver Cromwell, and was the second Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland, for just under nine months, from 3 September 1658 until 25 May 1659. Cromwell's enemies dubbed him Tumbledown Dick or Queen Dick for his indecisive character. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Cromwell WIKI]

'''Restoration''' 
The English Restoration, often shortened to the Restoration, began in 1660 when the English, Scottish and Irish monarchies were all restored under Charles II after the Commonwealth of England that followed the English Civil War... The Protectorate, which had preceded the English Restoration and followed the Commonwealth, might have continued if Oliver Cromwell's son Richard had been capable of carrying on his father's policies. Richard Cromwell's main weakness was that he did not have the confidence of the army. After seven months the army removed him and on 6 May 1659 it reinstalled the Rump Parliament. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Restoration WIKI].

'''William of Orange''' 
William III (14 November 1650 – 8 March 1702) was a sovereign Prince of Orange by birth. From 1672 he governed as Stadtholder William III of Orange over Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Guelders, and Overijssel of the Dutch Republic. From 1689 he reigned as William III over England and Ireland, and as William II over Scotland. He is informally known in Northern Ireland and Scotland as "King Billy". A member of the House of Orange-Nassau, William won the English, Scottish and Irish crowns following the Glorious Revolution, in which his uncle and father-in-law James II was deposed. In England, Scotland and Ireland, William ruled jointly with his wife, Mary II, until her death on 28 December 1694. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_III_of_England WIKI].

'''Hanovers''' 
The House of Hanover (the Hanoverians) is a Germanic royal dynasty which has ruled the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg, the Kingdom of Hanover, the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland. It succeeded the House of Stuart as monarchs of Great Britain and Ireland in 1714 and held that office until the death of Victoria in 1901. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Hanover WIKI]

'''Stuart Charters''' 
The practice in Stuart charters of specifying by name the members of the governing body and holders of special offices opened the way to a "purging" of the hostile spirits when new charters were required. There were also rather vaguely worded clauses authorizing the dismissal of officers for misconduct, though as a rule the appointments were for life. When under the Stuarts and under the Commonwealth political and religious feeling ran high in the boroughs, use was made of these clauses both by the majority on the council and by the central government to mould the character of the council by a drastic "purging." Another means of control first used under the Commonwealth was afforded by the various acts of parliament, which subjected all holders of municipal office to the test of an oath. Under the Commonwealth there was no improvement in the methods used by the central government to control the boroughs. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_borough_status_in_England_and_Wales#Charters WIKI].

'''Pym''' 
John Pym (1584 – 8 December 1643) was an English parliamentarian, leader of the Long Parliament and a prominent critic of James I and then Charles I. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pym WIKI]

Regarding the convo they are having here: Sir Henry Vane Jr. was instrumental in the impeachment of the Earl of Strafford. He passed to John Pym some copied notes of his father's, of a Privy Council meeting. He claimed that these demonstrated that Strafford had an intention to use the Irish Army to subjugate England. The evidence, when examined, turned out to be second-hand, ambiguous, and hotly disputed. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Vane_the_Younger WIKI]

==Page 227==
'''Jansenists''' 
Jansenism was a branch of Catholic thought (condemned by Pope Innocent X in 1655) that arose in the frame of the Counter-Reformation and the aftermath of the Council of Trent (1545-1563). It emphasized original sin, human depravity, the necessity of divine grace, and predestination. Originating in the writings of the Dutch theologian Cornelius Otto Jansen, Jansenism formed a distinct movement within the Catholic Church from the 16th to 18th centuries, and found its most important stronghold in the Parisian convent of Port-Royal, haven of many important theologians and writers (Antoine Arnauld, Pierre Nicole, Blaise Pascal, Jean Racine, etc.).

The term itself was coined by its Jesuit opponents, who accused them of being close to Calvinists, as Jansenists identified themselves as rigorous followers of Augustinism. Several propositions supported by Jansenists, in particular concerning the relationship between human's free will and "efficacious grace", were condemned by the Pope, and the movement thus deemed heretical. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jansenists WIKI].

'''Ramillies Wig''' 
See this [http://www.umich.edu/~ece/student_projects/self-improvement/men'sdress.htm#midM LINK] for a pic of our boy David Garrick wearing a Ramillies wig.

==Annotation Index==

{{MD PbP}}

Chapter 28: 275-288

2016-06-06T22:32:05Z

Tetrys:

==Page 275==
'''Mount Vernon''' 
located [http://maps.google.com/maps?ie=UTF8&om=1&z=15&ll=38.710563,-77.08643&spn=0.016509,0.028582&t=h here.]

==Page 276==
'''Gershom''' 
In the novel, this is the Washington's house slave. According to the Bible, Gershom was the firstborn son of Moses and Zipporah. The name appears to mean a sojourner there, which the text argues was a reference to Moses' flight from Egypt; biblical scholars regard the name as being essentially the same as Gershon, and it is Gershom rather than Gershon who is sometimes listed by the Book of Chronicles, as a founder of one of the principal Levite factions... The passage in Exodus concerning Moses and Zipporah reaching an inn, contain four of the most ambiguous and awkward sentences in Biblical text; the text appears to suggest that something, possibly God or an angel, attacks either Gershom or Moses, until a circumcision is carried out by Zipporah on whichever of the two men it was that was being attacked. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gershom WIKI]

'''Pontiac''' 
Pontiac or Obwandiyag (c. 1720 – April 20, 1769), was the Ottawa tribe leader who became famous for his role in Pontiac's Rebellion (1763–1766), an American Indian struggle against the British military occupation of the Great Lakes region following the British and Iroquois victory in the French and Indian War. Historians disagree about Pontiac's importance in the war that bears his name. Nineteenth century accounts portrayed him as the mastermind and leader of the revolt, while some subsequent interpretations have depicted him as a local leader with limited overall influence. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Pontiac WIKI]

==Page 277==
'''General Bouquet's Proclamation''' 
Henry Bouquet (1719 – September 2, 1765) was a prominent British Army officer in the French and Indian War and Pontiac's War: Bouquet then moved his army from the Tuscarawas River to the Muskingum River at modern-day Coshocton, Ohio. This placed him in the heart of tribal lands and would allow him to quickly strike the natives' villages if they refused to cooperate. As part of the peace treaty, Bouquet demanded the return of all white captives in exchange for a promise not to destroy the Indian villages or seize any of their land. The return of the captives caused much bitterness among the tribesmen, because many of them had been forcibly adopted into Indian families as small children, and living among the Native Americans had been the only life they remembered. Some 'white Indians' managed to escape back into the native villages; many others were never exchanged. Bouquet was responsible for the return more than 200 white captives to the settlements back east. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Bouquet WIKI]

'''Mr. Cresap''' 

Cresap was a ferry operator in the disputed territory claimed by both Maryland and Pennsylvania.

Sometime in late October, 1730, Cresap was attacked on his ferry boat by two Pennsylvanians. According to Cresap's Maryland deposition, Cresap and one of his workmen were hailed by the Pennsylvanians and began rowing the two men from the east to the west. Sixty yards into the trip, the Pennsylvanians turned their guns on the Marylanders and a fight ensued with Cresap attempting to use the oars to defend himself. After a short struggle, both Marylanders ended up in the water, holding on to the boat to keep from drowning. The Pennsylvanians tried to force Cresap to let go of the boat, and when Cresap asked if they intended to murder him, one swore that he did. Cresap eventually escaped when the boat drifted to shallow water near a large rock where Cresap was stranded for several hours until rescued by a friendly Indian. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cresap%27s_War Cresap's War WIKI]

'''as he was not offering his Services out of love for those inexpensive Tokens with which he is synonymous.''' 
[https://www.waste.org/mail/?list=pynchon-l&month=0201&msg=64297&keywords=cresap From WASTE-L]: "the "inexpensive Tokens" line is a reference to a bouquet, as in a compliment or show of praise (i.e. "bouquets and brickbats"). So, Bouquet "was not offering his Services" just for the greater glory of colonial America at all, according to George."

'''Lord ever Merciful, as in Bengal, sent us a Deliverer''' 
Reference to Robert Clive, Maskelyne's brother-in-law. He effectively conquered Bengal at the [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey Battle of Plassey]

'''Ulster Scots''' 
Refers to a Scottish people who settled in Ireland in the early 17th century and who later migrated to America in the early 18th century. Ulster Scots fought with Williamite forces against the Jacobites in the Williamite War in Ireland (1689-91). Many (Presbyterian) Ulster Scots then migrated to the British Colonies in America.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people WIKI]

'''Mr. Grenville''' 
George Grenville (14 October 1712 – 13 November 1770), was a British Whig statesman who served in government for the relatively short period of seven years, reaching the position of Prime Minister of Great Britain. He was one of the few prime ministers (others include William Pitt the Younger, Sir Winston Churchill, George Canning, Spencer Percival, and William Gladstone) who never acceded to the peerage. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Grenville WIKI]

==Page 278==
'''Lancaster County Rifles''' 
The Longrifle (or alternately Pennsylvania or "Kentucky" Rifle) is a type of rifle used in early America by both the military and civilians. It is characterized by an unusually long barrel, sometimes more than four feet in length, which is felt to be in large part a unique development of American rifles... Although experts argue the fine points of origin and lineage, it is accepted that the long rifle was the product of German gunsmiths who immigrated to new settlements in Pennsylvania and Virginia as early as the 1740s. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_rifle WIKI]

'''Male and Fimble''' 
Fimble is the male plant of hemp, which makes 'Male and Fimble' a rare error. It should be 'Carl and Fimble' - because the female plant is bushier and stronger, it is perversely considered to have male properties, therefore 'Carl' from Kerl (German, a man) while the weaker, early flowering male plant is considered 'female' or Fimble. As a plant breeder, Washington would be well aware of the actual sex of the plants.

==Parge 279==
'''''Kasha Varnishkies''''' 
Kasha varnishkas or kasha varnishkes is a traditional Jewish dish that combines kasha (buckwheat groats) with noodles, typically with bow-tie pasta. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasha_varnishkas WIKI]

'''Joe Miller''' 
Joe Miller (Joseph or Josias) (1684 - August 16, 1738), English actor, first appears in the cast of Sir Robert Howard's Committee at Drury Lane in 1709 as Teague. Trinculo in The Tempest, the First Grave-digger in Hamlet and Marplot in The Busybody, were among his many favourite parts. He is said to have been a friend of Hogarth. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Miller_(actor) WIKI]

'''Dismal Swamp Land Company''' 
The Great Dismal Swamp is a marshy area on the Coastal Plain of southeastern Virginia and northeastern North Carolina between Norfolk, Virginia, and Elizabeth City, North Carolina in the United States... George Washington visited the swamp and then formed the Dismal Swamp Land Company in 1763, which proceeded to drain and harvest timber from part of the area. A five-mile (8 km) ditch on the west side of the current refuge there still bears his name. In 1805, the Dismal Swamp Canal began serving as a commercial highway for timber coming out of the swamp. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp WIKI]

==Page 280==
'''mee-shugginah''' 
Mashugana - From Yiddish משוגענער ‎(meshugener) - nonsense, someone who is nuts.

==Page 281==
'''Ohio Company''' 
The Ohio Company, formally known as the Ohio Company of Virginia, was a land speculation company organized for the colonization of the Ohio Country. The activities of the company helped to provoke the outbreak of the French and Indian War. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Company WIKI]

==Page 282==
'''Bishop-of-Durham Clause''' 

Contextually, The "Bishop-of-Durham Clause" refers to the great powers given to the proprietors of proprietary colonies. From http://www.answers.com/topic/proprietary-colony :

"Proprietary Colonies were grants of land in the form of a charter, or a license to rule, for individuals or groups. They were used to settle areas rapidly with British subjects at the proprietors' expense during the costly settlement years. Also, they could be used by the Crown to repay a debt to, or bestow a favor upon, a highly placed person. Charters replaced the trading company as the dominant settlement device, beginning with Maryland's royal grant in 1632.

The land was titled in the proprietors' name, not the king's. The proprietors could appoint all officials; create courts, hear appeals, and pardon offenders; make laws and issue decrees; raise and command militia; and establish churches, ports, and towns. Proprietors had the opportunity to recoup their investment by collecting quitrents—annual land fees—from the settlers who had purchased land within these colonies. These vast powers were encapsulated in the Bishop of Durham clause, so-called because they were reflective of powers granted to the Lord Bishop of Durham when Scots invaders threatened his northern lands in fourteenth-century England. Proprietary colonies were the predominant form of colony in the seventeenth century, when the Carolinas, the Jerseys, Maine, Maryland, New Hampshire, New York, and Pennsylvania were handed down through hereditary proprietorship."

[[B#BishopOfDurhamClause|Alphabetical Entry]]

'''a likeness... between your Indians West of the Allegheny Ridge... and their Scots beyond Hadrian's Wall''' 

The Bishop of Durham was granted powers in his northern lands in exchange for his defense from hostile Scots (see above, "Bishop of Durham Clause")

'''the 'Forty-five''' 
See page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_23:_228-237#Page_232 232].

'''Monongahela''' 
The Monongahela River is a river on the Allegheny Plateau in North-Central West Virginia and southwestern Pennsylvania in the United States. At Pittsburgh, it meets the Allegheny River to form the Ohio River. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monongahela_River WIKI]

'''Glaucon''' 
Glaucon (born circa 445 BC) son of Ariston, was the philosopher Plato's older brother. He is primarily known as a major conversant with Socrates in the Republic, and the questioner during the Allegory of the Cave. He is also referenced briefly in the beginnings of two dialogues of Plato: Parmenides and the Symposium. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaucon WIKI]

==Page 283==
'''Cilial Excursion''' 
A fluttering of eyelashes.

'''Pelhams''' 
See page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_21:_207-214#Page_209 209].

==Page 285==
'''Celeron de Bienville''' 
Pierre-Joseph Céloron de Blainville (also known as Celeron de Bienville, or Céleron or Céloron, etc.) was a French Canadian officer. In 1739-1740 he led a detachment to Louisiana to fight the Chickasaw in the abortive Chickasaw Campaign of 1739. In 1749 he led the 'Lead Plate Expedition' to advance France's territorial claim on the Ohio Valley. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celeron_De_Bienville WIKI]

'''Battoe''' 
A bateau or batteau is a shallow-draft, flat-bottomed boat which was used extensively across North America, especially in the colonial period and in the fur trade. It was traditionally pointed at both ends but came in a wide variety of sizes. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateau WIKI]

==Page 286==
'''Torpedo''' 
See Alphabetical Entry [[T#torpedo|Torpedo]]

==Page 287==
'''Masonick Password''' 
The exchange between Washington and Dixon is apparently a pre-arranged code by which Freemasons recognize each other. Freemasonry is a secretive fraternity whose regional groupings are classified as lodges. George Washington was a member of a lodge in Virginia. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemasonry WIKI]

'''Report ev'rything to the Lodge''' 
The Roman Catholic church opposed Freemasonry from the eighteenth century onwards. Pynchon alludes to this in imparting anti-Jesuit sentiments to Washington and the local Lodge.

'''Jesuit Telegraph''' 
An anachronism if taken technically: the telegraph didnt appear until the late 18th century, invented by Claude Chappe, who along with his brother, had been educated at what USED to be the Jesuit College (Jesuits were expelled from the university a number of years before).

HOWEVER, the first telegraphs came in the form of optical telegraphs, including the use of smoke signals, beacons or reflected light, which have existed since ancient times. A semaphore network invented by Claude Chappe operated in France from 1792 through 1846. It helped Napoleon enough to be widely imitated in Europe and the U.S. The Prussian system was put into effect in the 1830s. The last commercial semaphore link ceased operation in Sweden in 1880. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraph WIKI]

A friend suggested a name meaning a far writer, telegraph. In 1792, the first messages were successfully sent between Paris and Lille. In 1794 the semaphore line informed Parisians of the capture of Condé-sur-l'Escaut from the Austrians less than an hour after it occurred. Other lines were built, including a line from Paris to Toulon. The system was widely copied by other European states, and was used by Napoleon to coordinate his empire and army. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Chappe WIKI]

See page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_53:_511-524#Page_515 515].

==Page 288==
'''Sino-Jesuit''' 
The first missionaries of the Society of Jesus arrived in China in 1565. The Jesuits were men whose vision went far beyond the Macau status quo, priests serving churches on the fringes of a pagan society. They were possessed by a dream - the creation of a Sino-Christian civilization that would match the Roman-Christian civilization of the West. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuit_China_missions WIKI]

==Annotation Index==

{{MD PbP}}

Chapter 28: 275-288

2016-06-06T22:27:15Z

Tetrys: /* Page 283 */

==Page 275==
'''Mount Vernon''' 
located [http://maps.google.com/maps?ie=UTF8&om=1&z=15&ll=38.710563,-77.08643&spn=0.016509,0.028582&t=h here.]

==Page 276==
'''Gershom''' 
In the novel, this is the Washington's house slave. According to the Bible, Gershom was the firstborn son of Moses and Zipporah. The name appears to mean a sojourner there, which the text argues was a reference to Moses' flight from Egypt; biblical scholars regard the name as being essentially the same as Gershon, and it is Gershom rather than Gershon who is sometimes listed by the Book of Chronicles, as a founder of one of the principal Levite factions... The passage in Exodus concerning Moses and Zipporah reaching an inn, contain four of the most ambiguous and awkward sentences in Biblical text; the text appears to suggest that something, possibly God or an angel, attacks either Gershom or Moses, until a circumcision is carried out by Zipporah on whichever of the two men it was that was being attacked. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gershom WIKI]

'''Pontiac''' 
Pontiac or Obwandiyag (c. 1720 – April 20, 1769), was the Ottawa tribe leader who became famous for his role in Pontiac's Rebellion (1763–1766), an American Indian struggle against the British military occupation of the Great Lakes region following the British and Iroquois victory in the French and Indian War. Historians disagree about Pontiac's importance in the war that bears his name. Nineteenth century accounts portrayed him as the mastermind and leader of the revolt, while some subsequent interpretations have depicted him as a local leader with limited overall influence. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Pontiac WIKI]

==Page 277==
'''General Bouquet's Proclamation''' 
Henry Bouquet (1719 – September 2, 1765) was a prominent British Army officer in the French and Indian War and Pontiac's War: Bouquet then moved his army from the Tuscarawas River to the Muskingum River at modern-day Coshocton, Ohio. This placed him in the heart of tribal lands and would allow him to quickly strike the natives' villages if they refused to cooperate. As part of the peace treaty, Bouquet demanded the return of all white captives in exchange for a promise not to destroy the Indian villages or seize any of their land. The return of the captives caused much bitterness among the tribesmen, because many of them had been forcibly adopted into Indian families as small children, and living among the Native Americans had been the only life they remembered. Some 'white Indians' managed to escape back into the native villages; many others were never exchanged. Bouquet was responsible for the return more than 200 white captives to the settlements back east. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Bouquet WIKI]

'''Mr. Cresap''' 

Cresap was a ferry operator in the disputed territory claimed by both Maryland and Pennsylvania.

Sometime in late October, 1730, Cresap was attacked on his ferry boat by two Pennsylvanians. According to Cresap's Maryland deposition, Cresap and one of his workmen were hailed by the Pennsylvanians and began rowing the two men from the east to the west. Sixty yards into the trip, the Pennsylvanians turned their guns on the Marylanders and a fight ensued with Cresap attempting to use the oars to defend himself. After a short struggle, both Marylanders ended up in the water, holding on to the boat to keep from drowning. The Pennsylvanians tried to force Cresap to let go of the boat, and when Cresap asked if they intended to murder him, one swore that he did. Cresap eventually escaped when the boat drifted to shallow water near a large rock where Cresap was stranded for several hours until rescued by a friendly Indian. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cresap%27s_War Cresap's War WIKI]

'''as he was not offering his Services out of love for those inexpensive Tokens with which he is synonymous.''' 
[https://www.waste.org/mail/?list=pynchon-l&month=0201&msg=64297&keywords=cresap From WASTE-L]: "the "inexpensive Tokens" line is a reference to a bouquet, as in a compliment or show of praise (i.e. "bouquets and brickbats"). So, Bouquet "was not offering his Services" just for the greater glory of colonial America at all, according to George."

'''Lord ever Merciful, as in Bengal, sent us a Deliverer''' 
Reference to Robert Clive, Maskelyne's brother-in-law. He effectively conquered Bengal at the [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey Battle of Plassey]

'''Ulster Scots''' 
Refers to a Scottish people who settled in Ireland in the early 17th century and who later migrated to America in the early 18th century. Ulster Scots fought with Williamite forces against the Jacobites in the Williamite War in Ireland (1689-91). Many (Presbyterian) Ulster Scots then migrated to the British Colonies in America.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people WIKI]

'''Mr. Grenville''' 
George Grenville (14 October 1712 – 13 November 1770), was a British Whig statesman who served in government for the relatively short period of seven years, reaching the position of Prime Minister of Great Britain. He was one of the few prime ministers (others include William Pitt the Younger, Sir Winston Churchill, George Canning, Spencer Percival, and William Gladstone) who never acceded to the peerage. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Grenville WIKI]

==Page 278==
'''Lancaster County Rifles''' 
The Longrifle (or alternately Pennsylvania or "Kentucky" Rifle) is a type of rifle used in early America by both the military and civilians. It is characterized by an unusually long barrel, sometimes more than four feet in length, which is felt to be in large part a unique development of American rifles... Although experts argue the fine points of origin and lineage, it is accepted that the long rifle was the product of German gunsmiths who immigrated to new settlements in Pennsylvania and Virginia as early as the 1740s. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_rifle WIKI]

'''Male and Fimble''' 
Fimble is the male plant of hemp, which makes 'Male and Fimble' a rare error. It should be 'Carl and Fimble' - because the female plant is bushier and stronger, it is perversely considered to have male properties, therefore 'Carl' from Kerl (German, a man) while the weaker, early flowering male plant is considered 'female' or Fimble. As a plant breeder, Washington would be well aware of the actual sex of the plants.

==Parge 279==
'''''Kasha Varnishkies''''' 
Kasha varnishkas or kasha varnishkes is a traditional Jewish dish that combines kasha (buckwheat groats) with noodles, typically with bow-tie pasta. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasha_varnishkas WIKI]

'''Joe Miller''' 
Joe Miller (Joseph or Josias) (1684 - August 16, 1738), English actor, first appears in the cast of Sir Robert Howard's Committee at Drury Lane in 1709 as Teague. Trinculo in The Tempest, the First Grave-digger in Hamlet and Marplot in The Busybody, were among his many favourite parts. He is said to have been a friend of Hogarth. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Miller_(actor) WIKI]

'''Dismal Swamp Land Company''' 
The Great Dismal Swamp is a marshy area on the Coastal Plain of southeastern Virginia and northeastern North Carolina between Norfolk, Virginia, and Elizabeth City, North Carolina in the United States... George Washington visited the swamp and then formed the Dismal Swamp Land Company in 1763, which proceeded to drain and harvest timber from part of the area. A five-mile (8 km) ditch on the west side of the current refuge there still bears his name. In 1805, the Dismal Swamp Canal began serving as a commercial highway for timber coming out of the swamp. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp WIKI]

==Page 281==
'''Ohio Company''' 
The Ohio Company, formally known as the Ohio Company of Virginia, was a land speculation company organized for the colonization of the Ohio Country. The activities of the company helped to provoke the outbreak of the French and Indian War. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Company WIKI]

==Page 282==
'''Bishop-of-Durham Clause''' 

Contextually, The "Bishop-of-Durham Clause" refers to the great powers given to the proprietors of proprietary colonies. From http://www.answers.com/topic/proprietary-colony :

"Proprietary Colonies were grants of land in the form of a charter, or a license to rule, for individuals or groups. They were used to settle areas rapidly with British subjects at the proprietors' expense during the costly settlement years. Also, they could be used by the Crown to repay a debt to, or bestow a favor upon, a highly placed person. Charters replaced the trading company as the dominant settlement device, beginning with Maryland's royal grant in 1632.

The land was titled in the proprietors' name, not the king's. The proprietors could appoint all officials; create courts, hear appeals, and pardon offenders; make laws and issue decrees; raise and command militia; and establish churches, ports, and towns. Proprietors had the opportunity to recoup their investment by collecting quitrents—annual land fees—from the settlers who had purchased land within these colonies. These vast powers were encapsulated in the Bishop of Durham clause, so-called because they were reflective of powers granted to the Lord Bishop of Durham when Scots invaders threatened his northern lands in fourteenth-century England. Proprietary colonies were the predominant form of colony in the seventeenth century, when the Carolinas, the Jerseys, Maine, Maryland, New Hampshire, New York, and Pennsylvania were handed down through hereditary proprietorship."

[[B#BishopOfDurhamClause|Alphabetical Entry]]

'''a likeness... between your Indians West of the Allegheny Ridge... and their Scots beyond Hadrian's Wall''' 

The Bishop of Durham was granted powers in his northern lands in exchange for his defense from hostile Scots (see above, "Bishop of Durham Clause")

'''the 'Forty-five''' 
See page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_23:_228-237#Page_232 232].

'''Monongahela''' 
The Monongahela River is a river on the Allegheny Plateau in North-Central West Virginia and southwestern Pennsylvania in the United States. At Pittsburgh, it meets the Allegheny River to form the Ohio River. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monongahela_River WIKI]

'''Glaucon''' 
Glaucon (born circa 445 BC) son of Ariston, was the philosopher Plato's older brother. He is primarily known as a major conversant with Socrates in the Republic, and the questioner during the Allegory of the Cave. He is also referenced briefly in the beginnings of two dialogues of Plato: Parmenides and the Symposium. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaucon WIKI]

==Page 283==
'''Cilial Excursion''' 
A fluttering of eyelashes.

'''Pelhams''' 
See page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_21:_207-214#Page_209 209].

==Page 285==
'''Celeron de Bienville''' 
Pierre-Joseph Céloron de Blainville (also known as Celeron de Bienville, or Céleron or Céloron, etc.) was a French Canadian officer. In 1739-1740 he led a detachment to Louisiana to fight the Chickasaw in the abortive Chickasaw Campaign of 1739. In 1749 he led the 'Lead Plate Expedition' to advance France's territorial claim on the Ohio Valley. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celeron_De_Bienville WIKI]

'''Battoe''' 
A bateau or batteau is a shallow-draft, flat-bottomed boat which was used extensively across North America, especially in the colonial period and in the fur trade. It was traditionally pointed at both ends but came in a wide variety of sizes. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateau WIKI]

==Page 286==
'''Torpedo''' 
See Alphabetical Entry [[T#torpedo|Torpedo]]

==Page 287==
'''Masonick Password''' 
The exchange between Washington and Dixon is apparently a pre-arranged code by which Freemasons recognize each other. Freemasonry is a secretive fraternity whose regional groupings are classified as lodges. George Washington was a member of a lodge in Virginia. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemasonry WIKI]

'''Report ev'rything to the Lodge''' 
The Roman Catholic church opposed Freemasonry from the eighteenth century onwards. Pynchon alludes to this in imparting anti-Jesuit sentiments to Washington and the local Lodge.

'''Jesuit Telegraph''' 
An anachronism if taken technically: the telegraph didnt appear until the late 18th century, invented by Claude Chappe, who along with his brother, had been educated at what USED to be the Jesuit College (Jesuits were expelled from the university a number of years before).

HOWEVER, the first telegraphs came in the form of optical telegraphs, including the use of smoke signals, beacons or reflected light, which have existed since ancient times. A semaphore network invented by Claude Chappe operated in France from 1792 through 1846. It helped Napoleon enough to be widely imitated in Europe and the U.S. The Prussian system was put into effect in the 1830s. The last commercial semaphore link ceased operation in Sweden in 1880. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraph WIKI]

A friend suggested a name meaning a far writer, telegraph. In 1792, the first messages were successfully sent between Paris and Lille. In 1794 the semaphore line informed Parisians of the capture of Condé-sur-l'Escaut from the Austrians less than an hour after it occurred. Other lines were built, including a line from Paris to Toulon. The system was widely copied by other European states, and was used by Napoleon to coordinate his empire and army. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Chappe WIKI]

See page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_53:_511-524#Page_515 515].

==Page 288==
'''Sino-Jesuit''' 
The first missionaries of the Society of Jesus arrived in China in 1565. The Jesuits were men whose vision went far beyond the Macau status quo, priests serving churches on the fringes of a pagan society. They were possessed by a dream - the creation of a Sino-Christian civilization that would match the Roman-Christian civilization of the West. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuit_China_missions WIKI]

==Annotation Index==

{{MD PbP}}

Chapter 26: 257-265

2016-06-05T19:08:58Z

Tetrys: /* Page 262 */

==Page 257==
'''[[1763#November|November]] 15, 1763''' 

'''Aviating swine''' 
Flying pigs are featured in ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'', The Beatles' ''I Am the Walrus'', Pink Floyd's stage shows and the album ''Animals'', and many more. [See Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_pig]

==Page 258==
'''Whorekill Road''' 
In 1672, Lord Baltimore declared Maryland included the settlement of Whorekills on the west shore of the Delaware Bay, an area under the jurisdiction of the Province of New York. A force was dispatched which attacked and captured this settlement. New York could not immediately respond because New York was soon recaptured by the Dutch. Maryland feared the Dutch would use their Iroquois allies to recapture the settlement. This settlement was restored to the Province of New York when New York was recaptured from the Dutch in November, 1674. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Maryland WIKI]

'''Cape Henlopen''' 
Cape Henlopen is the southern cape of the Delaware Bay along the Atlantic coast of the United States. It lies in the state of Delaware, near the town of Lewes, Delaware. Off the coast on the bay side are two lighthouses, called the Harbor of Refuge Light and the Delaware Breakwater East End Light. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Henlopen WIKI]

See [http://vineland.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_14#Page_316 ''Vineland'', pg. 316-317]: Harbor of Refuge & Delaware Bay similarity

'''New Castle''' 
New Castle, Delaware was originally settled by the Dutch West India Company in 1651, under Peter Stuyvesant on the site of a former Indian village, "Tomakonck" ("Place of the Beaver"). The original name of New Castle was Fort Casimir. This was changed to Fort Trinity following its capture by New Sweden on Trinity Sunday, 1654. After its recapture by the Dutch the following year, the name was changed to Nieuw Amstel. Under Sir Robert Carr, the British routed the Dutch in 1664 and changed the name to New Castle. The Dutch again seized the town in 1673 but it was returned to Great Britain the next year under the Treaty of Westminster. In 1680 it was conveyed to William Penn by the Duke of York and was Penn's landing place when he first set foot on American soil in 1682. This transfer to Penn was contested by Lord Baltimore and the boundary dispute was not resolved until the survey conducted by Mason and Dixon, now famed in history as the Mason-Dixon Line. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Castle,_Delaware WIKI]

'''Dock Creek''' 
Society Hill district is named after the 18th century Free Society of Traders, which had its offices at Front Street on the hill above Dock Creek. Located close to both the Delaware River and Philadelphia's civic buildings, including the Independence Hall, the neighborhood soon became one of the city's most populous areas. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_Hill,_Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania WIKI]

<div id="single_up_all_lines">'''as they single up all lines...'''</div>
Pynchon was in the Navy for a spell and "single up all lines" is a common nautical term. Ships are docked with lines doubled that is, with two sets of ropes or chains holding the vessel to the dock. To "single up all lines" is to remove the redundant second lines in preparation to make way.

"single up all lines" also appears in [http://v.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_1#single_up_all_lines ''V.'', p.11]; [http://cl49.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_2#single_up_all_lines ''The Crying of Lot 49'', p.31]; [http://gravitys-rainbow.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Pages_488-491#single_up_all_lines ''Gravity's Rainbow'', p.489]; [http://against-the-day.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=ATD_1-25#Page_3 ''Against the Day'', p.3]; and [http://inherent-vice.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_8#Page_119 ''Inherent Vice'', p. 119].

'''Swab''' 
A nautical term for a yarn mop, while also a term for the lowest form of sailor, since the most inexperienced members of a ship's company were assigned to this task. From WIKI.

==Page 259==

'''Pills Balsamic and Universal''' 
The promotion of patent medicines was one of the first major products highlighted by the advertising industry, and many advertising and sales techniques were pioneered by patent medicine promoters. Patent medicine advertising often talked up exotic ingredients, even if their actual effects came from more prosaic drugs. One memorable group of patent medicines — liniments that allegedly contained snake oil, supposedly a universal panacea — made snake oil salesman a lasting synonym for a charlatan. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_medicine WIKI]

'''the Spadger hops''' 
A sparrow, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spadger WIKI]

==Page 260==
'''Old Q, the Star of Picadilly''' 
William Douglas, 4th Duke of Queensberry KT (16 December 1724 – 23 December 1810) was a Scottish nobleman. Queensberry was a liberal patron of Italian opera, although, it was said, more out of interest in the prima donnas and dancers than in the music. Latterly known as Old Q., he was notorious for his escapades and dissolute lifestyle and was a member of the Hellfire Club. Raikes, in his Journal, said of 'Old Q': ''He was a little sharp-looking man, very irritable, and swore like ten thousand troopers''. Mackenzie, in ''Anecdotes and Egotisms'' claimed that ''he was a disciple of Epicurus but without the virtue of the Epicurean system; and he had none of the hypocrisy of pretending to virtue or disinterestedness''. Although he had a number of illegitimate children, he never married, and his titles were dispersed on his death. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Douglas,_4th_Duke_of_Queensberry WIKI]

'''Graziana... Daughter of Naples''' 
Graziana is a genus of gastropod (snails/slugs) in the Hydrobiidae family. Seems like the kind of woman a "Dodman" may fall for.

'''''Scamozz'''''' 
Scamorza is a type of cheese, similar to mozzarella, that can be used in the pizza Graziana is demonstrating her skill at creating.

'''single up all lines''' 
''See [[#Page 258|p.258, above]]

'''Whitefield''' 
George Whitefield, also known as George Whitfield, (December 16, 1714 - September 30, 1770), was an Anglican itinerant minister who helped spread the Great Awakening in Great Britain and, especially, in the British North American colonies. His ministry had tremendous impact on American ideology. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Whitefield WIKI] Also, see page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_3:_14-29#Page_14 14].

==Page 261==
'''The New Religion''' 
A reference to the
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Great_Awakening 'First Great Awakening'].

'''Hermits in the desert''' 
Reference to the Desert Fathers: Hermits, Ascetics and Monks who lived mainly in the Scetes desert of Egypt, beginning around the third century. They were the first Christian hermits, who abandoned the cities of the pagan world to live in solitude. These original desert hermits were Christians fleeing the chaos and persecution of the Roman Empire's Crisis of the Third Century. They were men who did not believe in letting themselves be passively guided and ruled by a decadent state. Christians were often scapegoated during these times of unrest, and near the end of the century, the Diocletianic Persecution was more severe and systematic. In Egypt, refugee communities formed at the edges of population centers, far enough away to be safe from Imperial scrutiny. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_fathers WIKI]

==Page 262==
'''Dithyrambists''' 
The dithyramb was an ancient Greek hymn sung and danced in honour of Dionysos, the god of wine and fertility; the term was also used as an epithet of the god: Plato, in The Laws, while discussing various kinds of music mentions "the birth of Dionysos, called, I think, the dithyramb." Plutarch contrasted the dithyramb's wild and ecstatic character with the paean. According to Aristotle, the dithyramb was the origin of Athenian tragedy. A wildly enthusiastic speech or piece of writing is still occasionally described as dithyrambic. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dithyramb WIKI]

'''''the way ev'rything, suddenly, has begun to gravitate towards B-flat major''''' 
B flat major is the easiest key for many wind instruments and therefore very popular for hymns and anthems, as well as later on for jazz.

'''To Anacreon in Heaven''' 
'The Anacreontic Song' - then a British drinking song; later to become "The Star-Spangled Banner". [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_Anacreon_in_Heaven] Listen to a rendition [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3l-n64NWHS4 here].

==Page 263==
'''''Ritornelli''''' 
In Baroque music, ritornello was the word for a recurring passage for orchestra in the first or final movement of a solo concerto or aria (also in works for chorus). In ritornello form, the tutti opens with a theme called the ritornello (refrain). This theme, always played by the tutti (i.e. all voices), returns in different keys throughout the movement. However, it usually returns in incomplete fragments. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritornelli WIKI]

'''"As to journey west...grow older, and die...to turn Eastward...defy death"''' 
Journeying westward as following the "Stream of the Day" makes turning eastward a turning "Against the Day", as it were. The Reverend's story, as a means of travelling into the past, is also bound "against the wind".

==Page 264==
'''surrender of Cornwallis''' 
In March 1781, in response to the threat of Cornwallis, General Washington had dispatched Marquis de Lafayette to defend Virginia. The young Frenchman had 3,200 men at his command, but British troops in the state now totaled 7,200. Lafayette skirmished with Cornwallis, avoiding a decisive battle while gathering reinforcements. It was during this period that Cornwallis received orders from Clinton to choose a position on the Virginia Peninsula - referred to in contemporary letters as the "Williamsburg Neck" - and construct a fortified naval post to shelter ships of the line. In complying with this order, Cornwallis put himself in a position where it would be easy to become trapped. With the arrival of the French fleet under the Comte de Grasse and General George Washington's combined French-American army, Cornwallis found himself cut off. After the Royal Navy fleet under Admiral Thomas Graves was defeated by the French at the Battle of the Chesapeake, and the French siege train arrived from Newport, Rhode Island, his position became untenable. He surrendered to General Washington and the French commander, the Comte de Rochambeau, on 19 October 1781. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwallis WIKI]

'''''portamenti''''' 
Portamento (plural: portamenti, literally "carried") is a musical term originated from Italian, originally denoting a chromatic vocal slide between two pitches, and its emulation by instruments such as the violin, and is sometimes used interchangeably with glissando, in which the pitch change is smooth rather than stepped in semitones, and in this sense is also applied to the "note slide" functions of synthesizers. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portamento WIKI]

'''Percussion''' 
First recorded in 1544, "a striking, a blow," from L. percussionem (nom. percussio), from percussus, pp. of percutere "to strike," from per- "through" + quatere "to strike, shake." Reference to musical instruments is first recorded 1776.
[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=percussion]

==Annotation Index==

{{MD PbP}}

Chapter 1: 5-11

2016-05-25T18:31:25Z

Tetrys: /* Page 10 */

==Page 3==

'''Latitudes and Departures''' 
Portmanteau of 'latitudes and longitudes' with 'arrivals and departures'.

==Page 5==
'''Snow-Balls have flown their Arcs''' 
In [http://gravitys-rainbow.pynchonwiki.com/wiki ''Gravity's Rainbow''], the arc - or the parabola - always had a sinister implication. In the title alone, the "Rainbow" of "Gravity" is the trajectory of a rocket. An arc is the precursor to utter destruction. Here, Pynchon's first image is again the image of a projectile, flying in a parabolic trajectory -- only this time, it is a snowball thrown by a child. This sets the tone of the whole novel, in the first sentence.

One possible interpretation of this beautiful opening, concerning the 'snow-balls', is that it is a sly reference to the recent (assumed) ending of the Cold War, i.e. that the Cold War is over now ("snow-balls have flown their Arcs"), and that it was all a game, a charade.

'''[capitalization]''' 
At first there seems to be no discernible pattern: caps seem accented to be rhythmically stressed, as in reading poetry.

Uncapitalised nouns in the first paragraph include: shoes, slaps, afternoon, rear, years, table, side-benches, branch, family.

Capitalised abstract nouns include: Arcs, Sides, Descent, Dither, Fly.

The pattern: Significant nouns, reflective of the Germanic roots of Old English. To this day all nouns are capitalized in German, and it was still normal to capitalise nouns in early 18th century English writing - Robinson Crusoe contains a bare handful of uncapitalised nouns, apparently overlooked by the typographer.

By the later 18th century the more familiar nouns - household and familiar objects, indeterminate nouns and those requiring less emphasis when read aloud - were left uncapitalised.

There is a tangential grammatical advantage in that it helps discriminate homonyms - secret is an adjective, Secret is a noun, venture is a verb, Venture is a noun.

'''mis-matche'd side-benches....Lancaster County" 
Lancaster County is one place where wood craftsmen like the Shakers and the Amish settled. Suggests handmade individual pieces?

'''a sinister and wonderful Card Table [which has a grain called] Wand’ring Heart, causing an illusion of Depth into which for years children have gaz’d as into the illustrated Pages of Books.''' 
Obviously, with this simile, Pynchon links the table to books. This invites the reader to see the entire description of the table as an example of the common postmodernist technique of ''mise-en-abyme'', (literally, “placing into infinity”). Basically, a writer uses this technique to summarise or encapsulate a theme or aim of the entire novel. Thus, in this instance, the reader is invited to see ''Mason & Dixon'' itself as possessing “an illusion of Depth […] with so many hinges, sliding Mortises, hidden catches, and secret compartments that neither the twins nor their Sister [nor the reader] can say they have been to the end of it.” That it is specifically a ''card'' table suggests the ludic or playful quality so often recognised in Pynchon’s fiction. The text of ''Mason and Dixon'' itself, perhaps, is a table upon which the reader plays.

==Page 6==
'''Christmastide of 1786''' 
sometime between December 25 and January 6. 'This Advent' further down the page, suggests before Christmas Day.

'''City today might be an Isle upon an Ocean''' 
Cf. the Earth in [http://against-the-day.pynchonwiki.com/wiki ''Against the Day'']: World-Island.

'''and the Nation bickering itself into fragments''' 
America then was, politically, a "Nation" of states, each with their own laws, agendas and even currency. In the following year, 1787, a "national" convention was called for. That convention was gathered merely to revise the earlier Articles of Confederation but chose instead to abandon the articles in favor of a completely new document. The Constitution, of course. On [[1787#September|September]] 17, 1787, the Constitution was finished in Philadelphia and Benjamin Franklin urged unanimous acceptance by all the states.

'''"Mischianza"''' 
From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mischianza Wikipedia]:

The Mischianza (Italian for a medley or mixture), or Meschianza, was an elaborate fête given in honor of British General Sir William Howe in Philadelphia on May 18, 1778. Howe, the commander-in-chief of the British forces in America during the early years of the Revolution, had resigned his post and was about to return to England. The ball was thrown by his corps of officers, who put up a sum of 3,312 guineas to pay for it. The events, which were planned by Captain John André and John Montresor, included a regatta along the Delaware River, accompanied by three musical bands and a 17-gun salute by British warships, a procession, a tournament of jousting knights, and a ball and banquet with fireworks display. The site was Walnut Grove, the rural seat of Joseph Wharton of the great Philadelphia Whartons.

The crowd of over 400 guests included Admiral of the Fleet Richard Lord Howe, the general's brother; General Henry Clinton, commandant at New York and Howe's replacement; Peggy Shippen, future wife of Benedict Arnold; Peggy Chew, daughter of Benjamin Chew; Rebecca Franks, daughter of loyalist David Franks; Lord Cathcart; Banastre Tarleton; and Wilhelm von Knyphausen, Hessian general.

'''Nerve-Lines''' 
1. A line or place at which two things are joined. 2. Anatomy- a. A tract of nerve fibers passing from one side to the other of the spinal cord or brain. b. The point or surface where two parts, such as the eyelids, lips, or cardiac valves, join or form a connection. 3. Botany- The surface or place along which two structures, such as carpels, are joined. Also "commissure". American Heritage Dictionary

'''Northern Liberties''' 
located north of Center City (specifically, Old City) and is bordered by Girard Avenue to the north and the Delaware River to the east.
The district first gained limited autonomy from the township by an Act of Assembly on March 9, 1771. The Act provided for the appointment of persons to regulate streets, direction of buildings, etc. By March 30, 1791 a second Act enabled the inhabitants of a portion of the Northern Liberties to lay taxes for the purpose of lighting, watching and establishing pumps within those bounds. Wikipedia, excerpted.

'''Spring Garden''' 
Spring Garden District is a defunct district that was located in Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania. The district ceased to exist and was incorporated into the City of Philadelphia following the passage of the Act of Consolidation, 1854. Spring Garden appears in Varie’s map of 1796 as a small settlement between Vine Street and Buttonwood Lane.

'''Germantown''' 
Germantown was originally the Borough of Germantown, a town in Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania and is today a neighborhood in Philadelphia, about six miles northwest from the center of the city. The neighborhood has been fully built up as a part of an urban city, but is rich in historic sites and buildings that have been preserved. Many of these are open to the public. Germantown stretches for about two miles along Germantown Avenue northwest "though there is no universally recognized exact boundary".

'''as impossible to calculate... as the Distance to a Star''' 
Because of the very small changes in parallax involved, start distances were not calculable until 1838, by which time the instruments were sensitive enough to measure it . 
The statement ignores that Sun is also a star; from the Transit of Venus data from 1761 and 1769, Lalande got a figure of 153 million kilometres (±1 million km), only 2.27% off the correct value of 149,597,870,691 ± 30 metres

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transit_of_Venus Transit of Venus]
[http://www.astro.virginia.edu/~rjp0i/museum/astrometry History of Astrometry]

'''Wicks Cherrycoke''' 
An ancestor of Gravity's Rainbow's Ronald Cherrycoke perhaps?

==Page 7==

'''Boppo''' 
Just a descriptive word like "Bam!" or "Pow!"

'''Winter's Block and Blade''' 
Block and Blade could just as well be synecdoche, alluding to the Guillotine [more likely execution by beheading with an axe, the guillotine has no block], and implying that the harsh Winter would mean Cherrycoke's death. A 'block' is also the heavy composite wooden table used by butchers.

Compare 'the knives of the seasons', used twice as a metaphor for decay in GR (first on p5).

'''An Herodotic Web of Adventures and Curiosities selected''' 
The density and web-like nature of Herodotus’s The ''Histories'' closely resembles Pynchon’s ''Mason & Dixon''. Herodotus lived in a time of transition, and would have composed his history before Socrates, Plato and Aristotle interrogated commonplace assumptions about the world and asserted their own unifying (and totalising) philosophies. His status as pre-Socratic perhaps mirrors Pynchon’s own as post-Enlightenment. Herodotus's method is to present numerous truths which, according to J. Evans, would probably have been composed from memory (''Herodotus''. 17). This led to him being demonised in the ancient (and, following their example, modern) world as being a greater writer of fiction than non-fiction, first implicitly (though transparently) by Thucydides in ''The Peloponnesian Wars'', and second explicitly (though clumsily) by Plutarch in ''The Malice of Herodotus''.

Plurality, multiplicity, heterogeneity are epithets commonly applied to both Pynchon and Herodotus. Herodotus also mirrors Pynchon in his use of the fantastic. As mentioned above, his fabulist anecdotes, such as the "great ants, in size somewhat less than dogs, but bigger than foxes" that dig gold and eat camels (Herodotus 3. 102-4), have led to Herodotus being branded the father of lies rather than the father of history, the label given to him by Cicero. A more rigorous reading of the two texts side by side will undoubtedly uncover greater and deeper associations.

'''Tenebrae''' 
Darkness (Latin). It also refers to a Christian church ritual commemorating Christ’s death. It begins with light and ends in total darkness – perhaps like the novel? It is certainly reminiscent of theories of entropy, prominent in The Crying of Lot 49, and used so often by critics to elucidate Pynchon's novels. In some versions of the service, the Church is gradually stripped of icons, ending in total plainness.

'''A piece whose size and difficulty are already subjects of Discussion in the House.''' 
Needlework is also use self-referentially in [http://cl49.pynchonwiki.com/wiki ''The Crying of Lot 49''].

'''Jabot''' 
A Jabot is a ruffle on the front of a woman's blouse or a man's shirt.

'''Darby and Cope''' 
These are the actual names of the Mason and Dixon's "chainmen" on the expedition. Darby is a character name repeated in [http://against-the-day.pynchonwiki.com/wiki ''Against the Day''].

==Page 8==

'''Secret Relation''' 
His private journal. (relation = narrative or account [http://www.answers.com/relation&r=67 def])

==Page 9==
'''The crime of "Anonymity"...Gaol...Exile''' 
With this description of the Rev's 'crime' of exposing power with the intention of being anonymous, and seeking exile as a way of avoiding prison, there is an implication that Cherrycoke's voice is Pynchon himself.

It also a very Foucauldian statement. In "What is an Author", Foucault points out that “In our culture […] discourse was not originally a product, a thing […] it was essentially an act.” Literary texts used to be valorised without there being any question of an author; rather, in the middle ages it was the medical texts that were given the status of authorship. This state of affairs was reversed around the 17th-18th centuries, contemporary to Cherrycoke's supposed misdemeanours, which perhaps helps us explain Pynchon's inclusion of the story here.

==Page 10==

'''my name had never been my own''' 
Bestowed by 'Authorities', there is the implication in the following lines that one is "owned"---like a collar around one's neck---by those authorities.

'''entire loss of Self, perfect union with All''' 
Satirizing certain Eastern religious beliefs? Or embracing them?

'''Captain (John) Smith, of The Seahorse''' 
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Seahorse_%281748%29 HMS Seahorse] was a 24-gun sixth-rate frigate of the Royal Navy, launched in 1748. She is perhaps most famous as the ship on which a young Horatio Nelson served as a midshipman in 1773. Captain James Smith took command of it in October 1758.

A Captain John Smith wrote An Accidence, or the Path-Way to Experience(1626) and offered elemenatary instruction on seamanship in Sea Grammar (1627) an enlarged version of the first book. Cited in a footnote to The Tempest, Arden edition. A different Captain Smith (Captain Edward John Smith) was at the helm of the RMS Titanic on its only voyage.

'''Keep away from harmful Substances, in particular Coffee, Tobacco, and Indian Hemp. If you must use the latter, do not inhale.''' 
A clear reference to Bill Clinton's oft-quoted statement that he had tried marijuana in his youth, but "did not inhale."

==Page 11==

'''midwatch''' 
Under the naval watch system, the middle watch or midwatch is between 0000 and 0400.

'''Jean Crapaud''' 
Literally, John Toad - but in British parlance 'Johnny Frog'.

==Annotation Index==

{{MD PbP}}

Chapter 3: 14-29

2016-05-25T18:30:35Z

Tetrys: /* Page 21 */

==Page 14==

'''''Spiritual Day-Book''''' 
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Whitefield George Whitefield] (1714-1770) was a preacher in the Church of England and one of the leaders of the Methodist movement. He was a pioneer in the commercialization of religion and seen by many as the most powerful leader of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Awakening Great Awakening] in America. Whitefield popularized the concept of a spiritual day-book:

:Whitefield's familiary with a shopkeeper's daybook provided another metaphor for his faith. He urged his followers to take an accounting of their spiritual lives. "I think a good tradesman whether he deals largely or not, will take care to keep his day-book well," Whitefield explained, adding, "if a man will not keep his day-book well it is ten to one but he loses a good deal when he comes to count up his things at Christmas." Then applying the lesson to converts, the evangelist continued, "now I take it for granted, a good spiritual tradesman will keep his spiritual day-book well." A good Christian will be able to look at his accounts at the end of a day and proclaim, "I have died a little more to the world than yesterday, [and] this day I hope that I have been a little more alive to God than I was yesterday." <ref>''Pedlar in Divinity: George Whitefield and the Transatlantic Revivals, 1737-1770'', Frank Lambert, Princeton University Press, 1994, p.50</ref>

'''Day's Fatigue''' 
Foreshadows the leitmotif of [http://against-the-day.pynchonwiki.com/wiki ''Against the Day'']. The working day against which, etc., etc.

'''waking Traverse was done''' 
Not sure if the meaning has held constant, but modern day surveyors use the noun TRAverse (with the emphasis on the 1st syllable) to refer not to a line, but to a loop or geometric figure created by measuring the angle & distance from one point to another. By closing the loop and measuring the angle & distance back to the original point, the surveyor can determine the accuracy of the measurements (the loop should close completely, without any deviation from the measurements) and apply a correction, if necessary. Use of the word in this way describes each day as a forward progress (traVERSE) in addition to a circular return (TRAverse) --incredibly poignant.

Traverse is the main family name in [http://against-the-day.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/ ''Against the Day'']. Descendants of Webb Traverse appear in [http://vineland.pynchonwiki.com/wiki ''Vineland''].

'''yet another Term in the Contract between the City and oneself''' 
A reference to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_contract Social Contracts], the implied agreements by which people form nations and maintain a social order. This means that the people give up some rights to a government in order to receive social order. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes Thomas Hobbes] (1588-1679), [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke John Locke] (1632-1704), and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau Jean-Jacques Rousseau] (1712-1778) are the most famous philosophers of contractarianism, which formed the theoretical groundwork of democracy.

Pynchon has always been wary of cities, crushing the individual (the charismatic, the Life Force) in the pursuit of a rationalized and efficient system. Cf. the [http://gravitys-rainbow.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=C#dactylic City Dactylic in ''Gravity's Rainbow''] ""the city of the future where every soul is known, and there is noplace to hide." Cf., also, the [http://gravitys-rainbow.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Routinization_of_Charisma Routinization of Charisma in ''Gravity's Rainbow''].

==Page 15==

'''Wapping High Street''' 
The area was first settled by Saxons, from whom it takes its name (meaning literally "[the place of] Wæppa's people"). It developed along the embankment of the Thames, hemmed in by the river to the south and the now-drained Wapping Marsh to the north. This gave it a peculiarly narrow and constricted shape, consisting of little more than the axis of Wapping High Street and some north-south side streets. John Stow, the 16th century historian, described it as a "continual street, or a filthy strait passage, with alleys of small tenements or cottages, built, inhabited by sailors' victuallers." [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wapping Wikipedia entry...]

'''Tyburn''' 
The village [of Tyburn] was notorious for centuries as the site of the Tyburn gallows, London's principal location for public executions by hanging. Executions took place at Tyburn from the 12th to the 18th century (with the prisoners processed from Newgate Prison in the City). Located near Marble Arch in present-day London. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyburn%2C_London Wikipedia entry...]

'''the Motrix of Honest Mirth''' 
The ''vis motrix'' is a term meaning "moving force" or "soul." Here we could equate it to 'Engine' or 'Stimulus'.

Immanual Kant, in the decades before the publication of the ''Critique of Pure Reason'', was a metaphysical dualist who offered a positive account of mind/body interaction. ''Thoughts of the True Estimation of Living Forces'' (1747), his first philosophical work, contains an argument that the mind/body problem presupposed several false and interrelated assumptions, all of which fell under the general view that the essential force of body is ''vis motrix''. Kant argued that the traditional ''vis motrix'' view, which was defended by Wolff and other post-Leibnizian German rationalists, appealed to an unexplanatory and metaphysically incoherent conception of force. [http://philosophy.uwaterloo.ca/MindDict/kant.html]

'''Dixon's Joke''' 
We can only assume that TP intends Dixon's 'joak' to fail, to heighten the characters' mutual discomfort; Mason's response is no kind of punchline, and scarcely seems to justify Dixon's assumption that he has 'heard it before', unless the punchline was too vulgar to be repeated in company.

==Page 16==

'''Corsican accent''' 
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsica Corsica] is the fourth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily, Sardinia, and Cyprus). The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsican_language Corsican language] has strong similarities to Italian.

:In the French ''bourgeoisie'' any dialect other than "educated" Parisian French is regarded as inferior and excites hilarity; and of the many dialects, the Belgian and Corsican accents are regarded as the ugliest and funniest.<ref>''Race and Ethnicity: Essays in Comparative Sociology'', Pierre L. Van den Berghe; Basic Books, 1970, p.4</ref>

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France Napoléon Bonaparte], who was born on Corsica, was 9 years old when his family left for France and although he learned French, he was never able to shake his strong Corsican accent.

'''North-Road Cockade''' 
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_North_Road_(Great_Britain) The Great North Road] was the main highway between England and Scotland. It features in the legendary flight of the highwayman Dick Turpin from London to York, also in The Pickwick Papers by Charles Dickens. The cockade could be have broad outlaw/rebel connotations of the time or those associated with the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobitism Jacobites] who wore white cockades. Also, during the 1780 Gordon Riots in London the blue cockade became a symbol of anti-government feelings and was worn by most of the rioters. During the American Revolution of 1765-1783, the Continental Army wore cockades of various colours. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockade Wikipedia entry] Quakers were known for their plain dress and teetotalism - Dixon adheres to neither. More of this in Chapter 5.

==Page 17==

'''Ha-Ha''' 
Ha-ha (garden)
The ha-ha or sunken fence is a type of boundary to a garden, pleasure-ground, or park, designed not to interrupt the view and to be invisible until closely approached. The ha-ha consists of a trench, the inner side of which is perpendicular and faced with stone, with the outer slope face sloped and turfed - making it in effect a sunken fence. The ha-ha is a feature in the landscape gardens laid out by Charles Bridgeman, the originator of the ha-ha, according to Horace Walpole (Walpole 1780) and by William Kent and was an essential component of the "swept" views of Capability Brown.

'''Aristarchus''' 
Aristarchus (310 BC - c. 230 BC) was a Greek astronomer and mathematician, born on the island of Samos, in ancient Greece. He is considered the first person to propose a heliocentric model of the solar system, placing the Sun, not the Earth, at the center of the known universe (hence he is sometimes known as the "Greek Copernicus").

'''the other fellow''' 
It appears that Dixon is just rambling on a list of Astronomers and can't remember a particular name. Galileo? Copernicus? Tycho Brahe? Take your pick.

==Page 18==
'''Vine with Corn, beware the Morn''' 
An early version of such modern sayings as, "Beer before liquor, never sicker." Mixing types of drink has long been known to produce unwelcome effects.

'''mirror'd Lanthorns''' 
"Lanthorn" (pronounced "lantern") is an archaic, chiefly British, spelling of "lantern." It is derived from horn, of which the sides were once made. When horns are soaked in hot water for a time they become soft and flexible, much as fingernails do when they are kept in dishwater. These flexible horns can be cut and flattened out to make many translucent plastic-like objects.
"Lant" comes from the Latin ''lanterna'' ("lamp," "torch") which is derived from the Greek ''lampter'' ("torch")" from ''lampein'' ("to shine").

[[image:norfolk_terrier.jpg|right|thumb|125px|Norfolk Terrier]]'''Norfolk Terrier''' 
The grand entrance of the Learnèd English Dog. It appears that the name is an anachronism in ''Mason & Dixon'': [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Terrier The Norfolk Terrier] is the smallest of the working Terriers. Prior to 1960, when it gained recognition as an independent breed, it was a variety of the Norwich Terrier, distinguished from the Norwich by its "drop", or folded ears.

:In the 1880s, British sportsmen developed a working terrier of East Anglia, England. The Norwich Terrier and later the drop-eared variety now know as the Norfolk Terrier, were believed to have been developed by crossing Cairn Terriers, small, short-legged Irish Terrier breeds and the small red terriers used by the Gypsy ratters of Norfolk. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Terrier Wikipedia]

==Page 19==

'''''Ministerial''''' 
1. Of, relating to, or characteristic of a minister of religion or of the ministry. 2. Of or relating to administrative and executive duties and functions of government. 3. Law Of, relating to, or being a mandatory act or duty admitting of no personal discretion or judgment in its performance. 4. Acting or serving as an agent; instrumental. From the American Heritage Dictionary.

'''Where the Bee Sucks''' 
A song from Shakespeare's [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_tempest ''The Tempest''] set to music by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Johnson_(composer) Robert Johnson], the lutenist to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_I_of_England James I], in the 1659 ''Cheerful Ayres or Ballads''. In ''The Tempest'', after he is set free by Prospero, Ariel sings "Where the Bee Sucks":

:Where the bee sucks, there suck I 
:In a cowslip's bell I lie; 
:There I couch when owls do cry. 
:On the bat's back I do fly 
:After summer merrily. 
:Merrily, merrily shall I live now 
:Under the blossom that hangs on the bough.

The reference to Ariel and ''The Tempest'' foreshadows the L.E.D.'s discourse on how "Dogs learn'd to act as human as possible" in order to avoid being killed for food by humans ([[#Page 22|p. 22]]). A brief analysis of Ariel's character: [http://www.cliffsnotes.com/WileyCDA/LitNote/The-Tempest-Character-Analyses-Ariel.id-130,pageNum-46.html]

:Ariel is a spirit of the air who, because he refused to serve the witch, Sycorax, was imprisoned in a tree until rescued by Prospero. Ariel willingly carries out Prospero’s wishes because he is eager to be free. Although he wants his freedom in exchange, Ariel approaches his tasks with enthusiasm, quickly doing what is asked and promptly reporting any activities that he observes. Early in the play, Ariel reports the plot to murder Prospero, and later, he assists in punishing Prospero’s enemies. Ariel’s obedience is an important symbol of Prospero’s humanity, because he ameliorates Prospero’s role on the island and humanizes the action that Prospero takes against his old adversaries. Finally, Ariel’s willing obedience of Prospero’s wishes stands in stark contrast to Caliban’s cursing and plotting against the same master.

[http://www.contemplator.com/tunebook/england/beesucks.htm Read & Listen...]

'''Integral of One over (Book) d (Book)''' 
Freshman calculus gag. The antiderivative or integral of the function 1/x is the function logarithm of x. Written (integral sign) 1/x dx = log x. Substitute (Book) for x. Answer: log (Book) = logbook.

The same gag appears in GR: 'integral of 1 over cabin d cabin = Log cabin + c = houseboat'.

'''Pistoles''' 
The French name given to a Spanish gold coin in use in 1537; it was a double escudo, the gold unit. The name was also given to the Louis d'Or of Louis XIII of France, and to other European gold coins of about the value of the Spanish coin. One pistole was worth approximately ten livres. In Dumas' ''The Three Musketeers'', set in the 1620s, we learn that thirty-five pistoles and twenty crowns make 465 livres.

'''Gate-Ways to Futurity''' 
Windows into the future.

'''Metempsychosis''' 
Metempsychosis is a philosophical term in the Greek language referring to the belief of transmigration of the soul, especially its reincarnation after death. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metempsychosis Wikipedia entry...]

==Page 20==

'''Sailors with Queues''' 
A queue is a men's hairstyle whose primary attribute is a braid or ponytail at the back of the head, such as that worn by men in Imperial China. [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/queue#Noun Wiktionary]

'''upstart Chapels''' 
upstart: Suddenly raised to a position of consequence. 2. Self-important; presumptuous. Amer Her Dict.

'''singing Catches''' 
A Catch is a canonic, often rhythmically intricate composition for three or more voices, popular especially in the 17th and 18th centuries. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catch_%28music%29 Wikipedia entry...]

==Page 21==
'''Fender-Belly''' 
Fender: a soft bag or cushion hung from the side of a ship to protect it from the stones or piles of a wharf. Fender-Belly has such a cushion in front. A Bodine of some sort appears in almost every TP work.

'''Coconut-Ale''' 
A Beer made with, or flavoured with, coconut milk.

'''Macaronis''' 
A British and American subculture inspired by the fashion of continential Europe eps. that of Italy. The term comes from the Itallian "maccherone" which means "boorish fool" but was taken on by the British to mean over the top fashionable.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaroni_%28fashion%29 Macaroni]
They would often speak in an affected manner and mix Latin into their speech.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaronic_verse Macaronic Verse]

'''Lunarians''' 
A Lunarian is an member of the movement of astronomers who felt that the solution to the Logitude prize lay in the development of lunar tables describing the moons of Jupiter. Famous Lunarians included Nevil Maskelyne; here it seems to be only a vague term of abuse.

'''Hostlers''' 
Singular...One who is employed to tend horses, especially at an inn. 2. One who services a large vehicle or engine, such as a locomotive. Middle English, from Anglo-Norman hostiler.

'''Glim-Jacks''' 
The ''1811 Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue'', originally by Francis Grose,
defines a glim-jack as a link-boy. A [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link-boy link-boy] (or link boy or linkboy) was a boy who carried a flaming torch to light the way for pedestrians at night. Linkboys were common in London in the days before street lighting. The linkboy's fee was commonly one farthing, and the torch was often made from burning pitch and tow.

In [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thieves%27_cant thieves' cant] (a secret language which was formerly used by thieves, beggars and hustlers of various kinds in English-speaking countries), a linkboy was known as a "Glym Jack" ("glym" meant "light") or a "moon-curser" (as their services would not be required on a moonlit night). Employing a linkboy could be dangerous, as some would lead their clients to dark alleyways, where they could be beset by footpads.

==Page 22==

'''The L.E.D. blinks, shivers, nods in a resign'd way.''' 
L.E.D., here the "Learnèd English Dog", is also the abbreviation for [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode "light-emitting diodes"], which do blink on a regular basis.

'''state of holy Insanity''' 
the second time an Eastern religious practice is linked to insanity. Rev.
Cherrycoke, [[Chapter_1:_5-11#Page 10|page 10]]. Ecstasy or real madness or both?

'''praeternatural... supernatural''' 
Praeternatural: Beyond or different from what is natural, or according to the regular course of things, but not clearly supernatural or miraculous; strange; inexplicable; extraordinary; uncommon; irregular; abnormal

'''tail-wagging Scheherazades''' 
In ''A Thousand and One Nights'' (or ''Arabian Nights''), Scheherazade tells a story to the king (her husband) each night in order to stay her execution. Each night she ends in the middle of a tale, so that the King postpones her execution out of curiosity to hear the story's end.

'''Algernon''' 
Algernon is the name of a laboratory mouse in the novel (and short story) of Daniel Keyes, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowers_for_Algernon Flowers for Algernon] (1966), where the mouse undergoes surgery to increase his intelligence by artificial means. The story is told as a series of progress reports written by Charlie, who originally has an IQ of 68 and is the first human test subject for the surgery. Charlie – the same way as the mouse – shows spectacular progress in the beginning, only to regress later to his original state and die shortly after. Keyes in his turn took the name Algernon from the English poet [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algernon_Swinburne Algernon Charles Swinburne] (1837-1909), a decadent master of verse, who in his late life suffered mental and physical breakdown due to his alcoholism, algolagnia and excitable character.

Here, it is little more than shorthand denoting an upper-class dilettante - Derek is surely addressing his friend, not the dog - but it can hardly be accidental that the name arises in the context of a miraculous increase of intelligence in an animal.

'''Macaroni Italian Style [...] Fop Fricasée''' 
The Terrier (the Learnèd English Dog) is futuristically punning on the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maccaroni_%28fashion%29 Macaronis] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fop Fops] mentioned on [[#Page 21|page 21]], as macaroni the food wasn't introduced in the U.S. until years later when [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson Thomas Jefferson] did so in 1789, when he returned home after serving as ambassador to France, bringing his "macaroni machine" with him.

==Page 23==

'''Hydrophobia''' An old name for [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabies rabies] and thus an understandable concern for the LED. Perhaps also sheer bravado in the interests of not being kidnapped - a small dog has no other threat against a group of eager sailors.

'''fathom''' 
Six feet. Sea depth is conventionally given in fathoms.

'''Bahf''' 
Bath, properly Royal Bath Spa, a genteel town in Somerset (originally the Roman Aqua Sulis); but an unlikely place to find Bodine's roots. Bodine's speech, with his elision ('Li'oo doggie', 'all 'e way', 'you take i' ') and the substitution of F for TH is archetypal London dialect, unlike Mason's, whose rhotic 'R's reflect his West Country upbringing (Stroud and Bath are not far apart linguistically).

'''"a British Dog, Sir. No one owns me"'''. 
Cf. Rev Cherrycoke, page 10.

'''a-lop''' 
Lopsided. (One OED cite from 1865)

==Page 24==

'''the Point''' 

Portsmouth Point, see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_Point Wiki entry].

'''Welsh Main''' 
"...in which eight pairs were matched, the eight victors being again paired, then four, and finally the last surviving pair" [http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Cock-fighting EB11-cockfighting]

==Page 25==

'''Fulhams''' 
"Loaded dice are called high and lowmen, or high and low fulhams, by Ben Jonson and other writers of his time; either because they were made at Fulham, or from that place being the resort of sharpers" ([http://www.fromoldbooks.org/Grose-VulgarTongue/f/fulhams.html ''Grose's Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue''], 1811)

'''Three-Threads''' 
* “half common Ale, and half Stout or double Beer” ([http://www.fromoldbooks.org/NathanBailey-CantingDictionary/T/THREE-Threads.html ''Canting Dictionary''] [thieving slang], 1737)
* “Half common ale, mixed with stale and double beer” ([http://www.fromoldbooks.org/Grose-VulgarTongue/t/three-threads.html ''Grose’s Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue''], 1811)

'''Euphroe''' 
“A nautical term for blocks of wood with holes in them” (Levy, Toby. [http://www.themodernword.com/pynchon/levy_mason_and_dixon.pdf ''MD3PAD'' PDF]. p. 8). The holes are used for running and securing line. The term usually refers specifically to the crowfeet dead-eyes. See photos 2-6 in this series of [http://forum.aceboard.net/15916-2168-6568-0-Photos-format-plus-eleve-photo-album-larger-format-photos.htm#id83555 pix].

'''Hepsie''' 
Diminutive of [http://www.cutebabyname.com/hepsie.html Hephzibah.]Mother of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manasseh Manasseh] in the Old Testament(see [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=12&chapter=21&version=9 2 Kings 21:1]).

'''smoaks''' 
The usage here means "to divine" or "to read into," from the ancient practice of divining the future through the interpretation of smoke rising from a fire.

From ''Chambers's Encyclopedia'' (1868):

:Capnomancy (formed from the Greek ''capnos'', smoke, and ''manteia'', divination) was practiced by the ancients in two different ways - either they threw grains of jasmine or poppy on the burning coals, and watched the motions and the density of the smoke that rose from them, or they watched the smoke of sacrifices. This latter kind of C. was most generally employed, and that to which the greatest importance was attached. If the smoke was thin, and ascended in a right line, instead of being blown back by the breeze, or spreading over the altar, the augury was good. It was also believed that the inhalation of the smoke rising from the victims or from the fire which consumed them, gifted the priests with prophetic inspiration. [http://www.webspinning.com.au/home/lambertj/public_html/c.man.html]

==Page 26==

''''pert''' 
Shortened form of 'apert' (open, bold).

'''Lloyd's''' 
Presumably a reference to the predecessor of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyds_Bank Lloyd's bank]. The business was started only in 1765, co-founded by Sampson Lloyd II, who was a Quaker.

==Page 27==

'''half a crown''' 
A high-value coin, worth two shillings and sixpence (one eighth of a pound) or 12 1/2 pence in modern currency. In M&D's time, worth about £13 ($20), so a substantial fee. Until 1919, made of silver, thereafter half silver until 1946 when cupro-nickel was used. Discontinued shortly before decimalization in 1970.

==Page 28==

'''share quarters''' 
Bodine's comment would suggest that the girls were indeed close.

'''Mauve''' 
The colour Mauve wasn't discovered until the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauve 1830s.] However [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malva "Malva"] (the source for the word)or "Mallow" was one of the oldest known plants.

'''H.M.S. [[I#Inconvenience|Inconvenience]]''' 
[[B#bodine|Fender-Belly Bodine's]] former ship (to appear again in 2006 in [http://against-the-day.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=I#inconvenience ''Against the Day''])

==References==
<references />

{{MD PbP}}

Chapter 6: 47-57

2016-05-20T17:21:16Z

Tetrys: /* Page 49 */

==Page 47==

'''Interdiction at sea''' 
Interdiction: Authoritative prohibition 
A court order prohibiting a party from doing a certain activity
- interdict: a sequential process that includes surveillance of often broad ocean areas''' 

'''Skanderoon''' 
Iskenderun, Turkish port, eastern Mediterranean.

'''Loxodrome''' 
Line of constant compass bearing on the surface of the Earth. A parallel of latitude is a loxodrome, but most great-circle arcs are not (the exceptions being the Equator and every meridian). Here, what you might call a bee-line.

==Page 48==

'''Caffeinist''' 
Caffeinism is a disorder associated with excessive intake of caffeine, defined as the presence of five or more of the following symptoms: restlessness, nervousness, excitement, insomnia, flushed face, diuresis, gastrointestinal disturbance, muscle twitching, rambling flow of thought and speech, tachycardia or cardiac arrhythmia, and periods of inexhaustibility. [http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/caffeinism Medical Dictionary]

'''new Captain''' 
After fighting the French 32-gun frigate [http://threedecks.org/index.php?display_type=show_ship&id=11119 L’Aigrette] on 10 January 1761, Captain Charles Cathcart Grant replaced Smith.

==Page 49==

'''Jolly Roger''' 
Flag with skull and crossbones, typically flown by pirates. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolly_roger WIKI]

'''Mustard-Grinder''' 
Mustarder: one who dealt in buying and selling mustard. Grinder: one who operates a grinding machine in any of several trades. From [http://homepages.rootsweb.com/~sam/occupation.html Colonial Occupations, online]. In the 18th Century, ground mustard flour was known commerically as Durham Mustard [http://researchingfoodhistory.blogspot.co.uk/2011/01/mustard-flour.html]. As we know, Jeremiah Dixon hails from Durham.

==Page 50==

'''Tenerife''' 
Spanish Island off the coast of Africa. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenerife WIKI].

'''the Lizard''' 
Peninsula of Cornwall, most southerly point of Great Britain. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lizard WIKI]

'''Immortality of Ships''' 
The ship wherein Theseus and the youth of Athens returned had thirty oars, and was preserved by the Athenians down even to the time of Demetrius Phalereus, for they took away the old planks as they decayed, putting in new and stronger timber in their place, insomuch that this ship became a standing example among the philosophers, for the logical question as to things that grow; one side holding that the ship remained the same, and the other contending that it was not the same. 
--Plutarch's Life of Theseus. 
Also see Ship of Theseus. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_of_Theseus WIKI]

'''masts stepp'd in''' 
Ship construction and ritual. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mast_Stepping WIKI]

'''preventers''' 
Rope supporting another rope. [http://books.google.com/books?id=CvsOAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA66&lpg=PA66&dq=preventers+shipbuilding&source=bl&ots=PQeHD-rWyq&sig=0JtD6cHd0fKqbYclUccm8-UuiHI&hl=en&sa=X&ei=0fe-UeOIIpOw8QT_8IDwCQ&ved=0CD4Q6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=preventers%20shipbuilding&f=false Modern Shipbuilding Terms]

'''Swifters''' 
A rope used for tightening. [http://www.lexic.us/definition-of/swifter Lexic.us]

'''Futtock-Staves''' 
A bar of iron covered with leather or canvas, seized across the topmost shrouds. Probably from foothook. --Webster's New Int'l. Dictionary, 2nd Ed.

'''Sutton Pool''' 
Plymouth harbor. [http://www.plymouthdata.info/SuttonPool.htm WIKI]

==Page 52==

'''final eight bells''' 
Last bell sounded to mark the end of the Last dog watch at 20h00.

'''Hautboy''' 
Or hautbois, French for oboe (lit. 'high wood').

==Page 53==
'''Hearts of Oak''' 
More correctly, 'Heart of Oak', the anthem of the Royal Navy.

'''cheaply opiated Pint''' 
Yes, opium beer; beer cheaply made much more intoxicating.
Perhaps also 'cheap' as in underhand or sneaky.
Also found in ATD.

'''Quantz Etude''' 
Johann Joachim Quantz [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Quantz Wikipedia] (January 30, 1697–July 12, 1773) was a German flutist, flute maker and composer.

Quantz began his musical studies as a child with his uncle. He began to concentrate on the flute, performing more and more on the instrument. He gradually became known as the finest flautist in Europe, and toured France and England. He became flute teacher, flute maker and composer to Frederick II of Prussia (Frederick the Great) in 1740. He was an innovator in flute design, adding keys to the instrument to help with intonation (playing in tune), for example.

Although Quantz wrote many pieces of music, mainly for the flute (including around 300 flute concertos), he is best known today as the author of Versuch einer Anweisung die Flöte traversière zu spielen (1752), a treatise on flute playing. It is of great interest today as a source of information on performance practice and flute technique in the 18th century.

'''Etude''' An etude (from the French word étude meaning "study") is a short musical composition designed to provide practice in a particular technical skill in the performance of a solo instrument.

==Page 54==

'''Enemas of... Coffee''' 
(Cf AtD)

'''Slow-Matches''' 
Slow match, or matchcord, is rope impregnated with nitrates to make it burn slowly, evenly, and reliably despite wind or rain. When the trigger was pulled, a lever applied the burning rope to the powder in the priming pan, thus firing the gun. This drawing illustrates a musketeer aiming his gun, with the slow match smouldering at both ends. For the first few hundred years of firearms, this was the only way to shoot them. 
From the [http://www.metamuseum.com/us%5CSlowMatch/ Slow Match Website].

'''"Pat... O'Brian... acknowledg'd as the best Yarn-Spinner in all the Fleets."''' 
Patrick O'Brian (died in 2000) was a novelist mostly known for his nautical novels surrounding the Royal Navy during the Napoleonic Wars. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_O%27Brian WIKI]

==Page 55==

'''Turk's Head''' 
A knot built on a cylinder (such as a rope) and having a woven appearance on the surface. Used decoratively or to create a grip. [http://www.amazon.com/Ashley-Book-Knots-Clifford/dp/057109659X/ref=sr_1_1/103-6132115-1362208?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1186416528&sr=8-1 ''Ashley's Book of Knots''] (published in the 1940s, still in print) describes dozens of forms. "A notable practical use for the Turk's head is to mark the "king spoke" of a ship's wheel; when this spoke is upright the rudder is in a central position" ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turk's_head_knot Wikipedia]).

'''Matthew Walker''' 
A knot tied in the strands of a rope, forming a projection or knob. The Matthew Walker is generally tied in the middle of the rope; the strands are then laid up again to the end. See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Walker_knot pix on Wikipedia].

'''Mr. Higgs's Obsessedness as to Loose Ends''' 
Boatswain (pronounced "bo's'n") Higgs, on the frigate ''Seahorse'' is a pun on the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higgs_boson "Higgs boson" particle], aka "the God Particle", the existence of which was confirmed on July 10, 2012. As Mr. Higgs is obsessed with loose ends, so too were particle physicists obsessed with finding an instance of the Higgs boson particle which, although theorized in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model Standard Model of particle physics], had not, until 2012, been detected. Thus was the loose end of the Higgs boson particle finally tied, although, this being Science, the discovery is not 100% certain. Although the new particle is "consistent with" the Higgs boson, scientists are cautious as to whether it is formally identified as actually being the Higgs boson, pending further analysis.

'''Jewel Block''' 
Naut.) block at the extremity of a yard, through which the halyard of a studding sail is rove.

==Page 56==

'''perfectly beneath us''' 
Astronomy 101 would have to flunk TRP-- anywhere in the Tropics the sun will be overhead on some days. At the Equator, only on the two equinoxes.

It pays to remember that this section is narrated by the Reverend Cherrycoke. He may well be embellishing the story in unrealistic ways for the children's entertainment. I find it unlikely that Pynchon himself would make such a mistake.

==Page 57==
'''attendant Inconvenience''' 
Others' wills and preferences which complicate one's fantasies of comeliness and willingness.

Note that [[B#bodine|Fender-Belly Bodine's]] ship, the H.M.S. Inconvenience appears again in 2006 in [http://against-the-day.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=I#inconvenience ''Against the Day''].

==Annotation Index==

{{MD PbP}}

Chapter 4: 30-41

2016-05-20T16:53:40Z

Tetrys: /* Page 39 */

== Page 30 ==

'''Epictetus''' 
Epictetus (ca. 55–ca. 135) was a Greek Stoic philosopher who focused more on ethics than the earlier Stoics had. Repeatedly attributing his ideas to Socrates, he held that our aim was to be masters of our own lives. The role of the Stoic teacher, according to Epictetus, was to encourage his students to learn, first of all, the true nature of things, which is invariable, inviolable and valid for all human beings without exceptions. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epictetus Wikipedia]

Some things, said Epictetus, are in our power, others are not. We have no control over how the dice of life are cast; what we do control is the hand we play once they are thrown. The failure to observe this distinction leads to unlimited anxiety. If you try to avoid disease, death and poverty, you will live in misery, because none of them, particularly death, are ever under our control. Happiness can emerge only from attention to those things that we do have command over - our thoughts, actions and reactions. Peace comes from living a simple life in which we have disciplined our own thinking and trimmed our desires and aversions to a minimum.

The quote paraphrased by the Rev'd Cherrycoke comes from the ''Enchiridion'' (135 A.C.E.) ("handbook"), in which Epictetus promotes the Stoic philosophy of acceptance. It is believed that Epictetus himself wrote nothing and what remains of his thought was transcribed by his pupil Arrian. The twenty-first point reads:

:"Let death and exile and every other thing which appears dreadful be daily before your eyes; but most of all death: and you will never think of anything mean nor will you desire anything extravagantly." [http://www.butler-bowdon.com/enchiridion.html]

'''death upon the Whir fore and aft''' 
That is, the length of the ship.

'''Powder-monkey''' 
A boy employed on warships to carry gunpowder from the magazine to the guns.

'''the snug Shambles of the ''Seahorse''''' 
Shambles, in this context, likely means abattoir, which is a building where animals are butchered.

'''''Phiz''''' 
A slang term for the human face, from physiognomy which means the face.

'''pollicates''' 
The only definition for this word in the OED is an adjective: "Having thumbs; spec. of or relating to the former order Pollicata of mammals having opposable digits, which included monkeys, lower primates, and many marsupials." I'm assuming the narrator is turning it into a verb here, which would seem to indicate that Ethelmer is giving his uncle a "thumbs-up"? 'Superpollicates' comes later and would seem to mean the same.

==Page 33==

'''''Rutabageous Anemia''''' 
Can't squeeze blood from a turnip.

==Page 34==

'''Ramillies''' 
The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramillies-class_ship_of_the_line Ramillies-class ships] of the line were a class of nine 74-gun third rates, designed for the Royal Navy by Sir Thomas Slade. There were two distinct sub-groups; four ships were built in the Royal Dockyards to the original design, approved on 25 April 1760. The actual [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Ramillies_%281763%29 HMS Ramillies entry] was launched in 1763, suffered damage in a storm in 1782 and was finally abandoned and burned later that year.

'''Tail of the Bolt / Rame Head''' 
Bolt Tail is a headland in Devon and Rame Head is a headland in southeast Cornwall.

==Page 35==

'''Sixth Rate''' 
Sixth rate was the designation used by the Royal Navy for small warships mounting between 20 and 24 carriage-mounted guns on a single deck, sometimes with smaller guns on the upper works and sometimes without. It thus encompassed ships with up to 30 guns in all. In the first half of the 18th century the main battery guns were 6-pounders, but by mid-century these were supplanted by 9-pounders. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth-rate Wiki entry]

==Page 37==

'''Sailors holystoning the deck''' 
A [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/holystone holystone] is a block of soft sandstone used for scrubbing the wooden decks of a ship, usually with sand and seawater; sometimes called a bible.

'''T’gallants''' 
A [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topgallant_sail topgallant sail] is the square-rigged sail or sails immediately above the topsail or topsails on a square rigged sailing vessel.

==Page 39==

'''loblolly boy''' 
A shipmate in charge of preparing gruel.

'''Plymouth Dockyard''' 
Now known as Her Majesty's Naval Base (HMNB) Devonport, see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMNB_Devonport Wiki entry].

==Page 40==

'''''disaster ... at Quiberon Bay''''' 
See Battle of Quiberon Bay. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Quiberon_Bay Wikipedia]

'''''qui vive''''' 
Originally a French sentinel's challenge, originally meaning "Long live who?" but in its other sense, "Who's alive?", ''qui vive'' is used idiomatically as a adjective to mean to be on the alert or vigilant.

'''''téton dernier''''' 
A French version of the rural American metaphor ''hind tit'' (or ''teat''). The place of lowest status. ''téton'' = "tit"; ''dernier'' = "last position" or "back row".

==Annotation Index==

{{MD PbP}}

Chapter 4: 30-41

2016-05-20T16:50:41Z

Tetrys:

== Page 30 ==

'''Epictetus''' 
Epictetus (ca. 55–ca. 135) was a Greek Stoic philosopher who focused more on ethics than the earlier Stoics had. Repeatedly attributing his ideas to Socrates, he held that our aim was to be masters of our own lives. The role of the Stoic teacher, according to Epictetus, was to encourage his students to learn, first of all, the true nature of things, which is invariable, inviolable and valid for all human beings without exceptions. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epictetus Wikipedia]

Some things, said Epictetus, are in our power, others are not. We have no control over how the dice of life are cast; what we do control is the hand we play once they are thrown. The failure to observe this distinction leads to unlimited anxiety. If you try to avoid disease, death and poverty, you will live in misery, because none of them, particularly death, are ever under our control. Happiness can emerge only from attention to those things that we do have command over - our thoughts, actions and reactions. Peace comes from living a simple life in which we have disciplined our own thinking and trimmed our desires and aversions to a minimum.

The quote paraphrased by the Rev'd Cherrycoke comes from the ''Enchiridion'' (135 A.C.E.) ("handbook"), in which Epictetus promotes the Stoic philosophy of acceptance. It is believed that Epictetus himself wrote nothing and what remains of his thought was transcribed by his pupil Arrian. The twenty-first point reads:

:"Let death and exile and every other thing which appears dreadful be daily before your eyes; but most of all death: and you will never think of anything mean nor will you desire anything extravagantly." [http://www.butler-bowdon.com/enchiridion.html]

'''death upon the Whir fore and aft''' 
That is, the length of the ship.

'''Powder-monkey''' 
A boy employed on warships to carry gunpowder from the magazine to the guns.

'''the snug Shambles of the ''Seahorse''''' 
Shambles, in this context, likely means abattoir, which is a building where animals are butchered.

'''''Phiz''''' 
A slang term for the human face, from physiognomy which means the face.

'''pollicates''' 
The only definition for this word in the OED is an adjective: "Having thumbs; spec. of or relating to the former order Pollicata of mammals having opposable digits, which included monkeys, lower primates, and many marsupials." I'm assuming the narrator is turning it into a verb here, which would seem to indicate that Ethelmer is giving his uncle a "thumbs-up"? 'Superpollicates' comes later and would seem to mean the same.

==Page 33==

'''''Rutabageous Anemia''''' 
Can't squeeze blood from a turnip.

==Page 34==

'''Ramillies''' 
The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramillies-class_ship_of_the_line Ramillies-class ships] of the line were a class of nine 74-gun third rates, designed for the Royal Navy by Sir Thomas Slade. There were two distinct sub-groups; four ships were built in the Royal Dockyards to the original design, approved on 25 April 1760. The actual [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Ramillies_%281763%29 HMS Ramillies entry] was launched in 1763, suffered damage in a storm in 1782 and was finally abandoned and burned later that year.

'''Tail of the Bolt / Rame Head''' 
Bolt Tail is a headland in Devon and Rame Head is a headland in southeast Cornwall.

==Page 35==

'''Sixth Rate''' 
Sixth rate was the designation used by the Royal Navy for small warships mounting between 20 and 24 carriage-mounted guns on a single deck, sometimes with smaller guns on the upper works and sometimes without. It thus encompassed ships with up to 30 guns in all. In the first half of the 18th century the main battery guns were 6-pounders, but by mid-century these were supplanted by 9-pounders. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth-rate Wiki entry]

==Page 37==

'''Sailors holystoning the deck''' 
A [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/holystone holystone] is a block of soft sandstone used for scrubbing the wooden decks of a ship, usually with sand and seawater; sometimes called a bible.

'''T’gallants''' 
A [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topgallant_sail topgallant sail] is the square-rigged sail or sails immediately above the topsail or topsails on a square rigged sailing vessel.

==Page 39==

'''Plymouth Dockyard''' 

Now known as Her Majesty's Naval Base (HMNB) Devonport, see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMNB_Devonport Wiki entry].

==Page 40==

'''''disaster ... at Quiberon Bay''''' 
See Battle of Quiberon Bay. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Quiberon_Bay Wikipedia]

'''''qui vive''''' 
Originally a French sentinel's challenge, originally meaning "Long live who?" but in its other sense, "Who's alive?", ''qui vive'' is used idiomatically as a adjective to mean to be on the alert or vigilant.

'''''téton dernier''''' 
A French version of the rural American metaphor ''hind tit'' (or ''teat''). The place of lowest status. ''téton'' = "tit"; ''dernier'' = "last position" or "back row".

==Annotation Index==

{{MD PbP}}

Chapter 6: 47-57

2016-05-20T16:49:23Z

Tetrys:

==Page 47==

'''Interdiction at sea''' 
Interdiction: Authoritative prohibition 
A court order prohibiting a party from doing a certain activity
- interdict: a sequential process that includes surveillance of often broad ocean areas''' 

'''Skanderoon''' 
Iskenderun, Turkish port, eastern Mediterranean.

'''Loxodrome''' 
Line of constant compass bearing on the surface of the Earth. A parallel of latitude is a loxodrome, but most great-circle arcs are not (the exceptions being the Equator and every meridian). Here, what you might call a bee-line.

==Page 48==

'''Caffeinist''' 
Caffeinism is a disorder associated with excessive intake of caffeine, defined as the presence of five or more of the following symptoms: restlessness, nervousness, excitement, insomnia, flushed face, diuresis, gastrointestinal disturbance, muscle twitching, rambling flow of thought and speech, tachycardia or cardiac arrhythmia, and periods of inexhaustibility. [http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/caffeinism Medical Dictionary]

'''new Captain''' 
After fighting the French 32-gun frigate [http://threedecks.org/index.php?display_type=show_ship&id=11119 L’Aigrette] on 10 January 1761, Captain Charles Cathcart Grant replaced Smith.

==Page 49==

'''Jolly Roger''' 
Flag with skull and crossbones, typically flown by pirates. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolly_roger WIKI]

'''Mustard-Grinder''' 
Mustarder: one who dealt in buying and selling mustard 
GRINDER: one who operates a grinding machine in any of several trades 
From [http://homepages.rootsweb.com/~sam/occupation.html Colonial Occupations, online].

==Page 50==

'''Tenerife''' 
Spanish Island off the coast of Africa. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenerife WIKI].

'''the Lizard''' 
Peninsula of Cornwall, most southerly point of Great Britain. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lizard WIKI]

'''Immortality of Ships''' 
The ship wherein Theseus and the youth of Athens returned had thirty oars, and was preserved by the Athenians down even to the time of Demetrius Phalereus, for they took away the old planks as they decayed, putting in new and stronger timber in their place, insomuch that this ship became a standing example among the philosophers, for the logical question as to things that grow; one side holding that the ship remained the same, and the other contending that it was not the same. 
--Plutarch's Life of Theseus. 
Also see Ship of Theseus. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_of_Theseus WIKI]

'''masts stepp'd in''' 
Ship construction and ritual. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mast_Stepping WIKI]

'''preventers''' 
Rope supporting another rope. [http://books.google.com/books?id=CvsOAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA66&lpg=PA66&dq=preventers+shipbuilding&source=bl&ots=PQeHD-rWyq&sig=0JtD6cHd0fKqbYclUccm8-UuiHI&hl=en&sa=X&ei=0fe-UeOIIpOw8QT_8IDwCQ&ved=0CD4Q6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=preventers%20shipbuilding&f=false Modern Shipbuilding Terms]

'''Swifters''' 
A rope used for tightening. [http://www.lexic.us/definition-of/swifter Lexic.us]

'''Futtock-Staves''' 
A bar of iron covered with leather or canvas, seized across the topmost shrouds. Probably from foothook. --Webster's New Int'l. Dictionary, 2nd Ed.

'''Sutton Pool''' 
Plymouth harbor. [http://www.plymouthdata.info/SuttonPool.htm WIKI]

==Page 52==

'''final eight bells''' 
Last bell sounded to mark the end of the Last dog watch at 20h00.

'''Hautboy''' 
Or hautbois, French for oboe (lit. 'high wood').

==Page 53==
'''Hearts of Oak''' 
More correctly, 'Heart of Oak', the anthem of the Royal Navy.

'''cheaply opiated Pint''' 
Yes, opium beer; beer cheaply made much more intoxicating.
Perhaps also 'cheap' as in underhand or sneaky.
Also found in ATD.

'''Quantz Etude''' 
Johann Joachim Quantz [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Quantz Wikipedia] (January 30, 1697–July 12, 1773) was a German flutist, flute maker and composer.

Quantz began his musical studies as a child with his uncle. He began to concentrate on the flute, performing more and more on the instrument. He gradually became known as the finest flautist in Europe, and toured France and England. He became flute teacher, flute maker and composer to Frederick II of Prussia (Frederick the Great) in 1740. He was an innovator in flute design, adding keys to the instrument to help with intonation (playing in tune), for example.

Although Quantz wrote many pieces of music, mainly for the flute (including around 300 flute concertos), he is best known today as the author of Versuch einer Anweisung die Flöte traversière zu spielen (1752), a treatise on flute playing. It is of great interest today as a source of information on performance practice and flute technique in the 18th century.

'''Etude''' An etude (from the French word étude meaning "study") is a short musical composition designed to provide practice in a particular technical skill in the performance of a solo instrument.

==Page 54==

'''Enemas of... Coffee''' 
(Cf AtD)

'''Slow-Matches''' 
Slow match, or matchcord, is rope impregnated with nitrates to make it burn slowly, evenly, and reliably despite wind or rain. When the trigger was pulled, a lever applied the burning rope to the powder in the priming pan, thus firing the gun. This drawing illustrates a musketeer aiming his gun, with the slow match smouldering at both ends. For the first few hundred years of firearms, this was the only way to shoot them. 
From the [http://www.metamuseum.com/us%5CSlowMatch/ Slow Match Website].

'''"Pat... O'Brian... acknowledg'd as the best Yarn-Spinner in all the Fleets."''' 
Patrick O'Brian (died in 2000) was a novelist mostly known for his nautical novels surrounding the Royal Navy during the Napoleonic Wars. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_O%27Brian WIKI]

==Page 55==

'''Turk's Head''' 
A knot built on a cylinder (such as a rope) and having a woven appearance on the surface. Used decoratively or to create a grip. [http://www.amazon.com/Ashley-Book-Knots-Clifford/dp/057109659X/ref=sr_1_1/103-6132115-1362208?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1186416528&sr=8-1 ''Ashley's Book of Knots''] (published in the 1940s, still in print) describes dozens of forms. "A notable practical use for the Turk's head is to mark the "king spoke" of a ship's wheel; when this spoke is upright the rudder is in a central position" ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turk's_head_knot Wikipedia]).

'''Matthew Walker''' 
A knot tied in the strands of a rope, forming a projection or knob. The Matthew Walker is generally tied in the middle of the rope; the strands are then laid up again to the end. See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Walker_knot pix on Wikipedia].

'''Mr. Higgs's Obsessedness as to Loose Ends''' 
Boatswain (pronounced "bo's'n") Higgs, on the frigate ''Seahorse'' is a pun on the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higgs_boson "Higgs boson" particle], aka "the God Particle", the existence of which was confirmed on July 10, 2012. As Mr. Higgs is obsessed with loose ends, so too were particle physicists obsessed with finding an instance of the Higgs boson particle which, although theorized in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model Standard Model of particle physics], had not, until 2012, been detected. Thus was the loose end of the Higgs boson particle finally tied, although, this being Science, the discovery is not 100% certain. Although the new particle is "consistent with" the Higgs boson, scientists are cautious as to whether it is formally identified as actually being the Higgs boson, pending further analysis.

'''Jewel Block''' 
Naut.) block at the extremity of a yard, through which the halyard of a studding sail is rove.

==Page 56==

'''perfectly beneath us''' 
Astronomy 101 would have to flunk TRP-- anywhere in the Tropics the sun will be overhead on some days. At the Equator, only on the two equinoxes.

It pays to remember that this section is narrated by the Reverend Cherrycoke. He may well be embellishing the story in unrealistic ways for the children's entertainment. I find it unlikely that Pynchon himself would make such a mistake.

==Page 57==
'''attendant Inconvenience''' 
Others' wills and preferences which complicate one's fantasies of comeliness and willingness.

Note that [[B#bodine|Fender-Belly Bodine's]] ship, the H.M.S. Inconvenience appears again in 2006 in [http://against-the-day.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=I#inconvenience ''Against the Day''].

==Annotation Index==

{{MD PbP}}

Chapter 6: 47-57

2016-05-20T16:47:55Z

Tetrys: /* Page 48 */

==Page 47==

'''Interdiction at sea''' 
Interdiction: Authoritative prohibition 
A court order prohibiting a party from doing a certain activity
- interdict: a sequential process that includes surveillance of often broad ocean areas''' 

'''Skanderoon''' 
Iskenderun, Turkish port, eastern Mediterranean.

'''Loxodrome''' 
Line of constant compass bearing on the surface of the Earth. A parallel of latitude is a loxodrome, but most great-circle arcs are not (the exceptions being the Equator and every meridian). Here, what you might call a bee-line.

==Page 48==

'''Caffeinist''' 
Caffeinism is a disorder associated with excessive intake of caffeine, defined as the presence of five or more of the following symptoms: restlessness, nervousness, excitement, insomnia, flushed face, diuresis, gastrointestinal disturbance, muscle twitching, rambling flow of thought and speech, tachycardia or cardiac arrhythmia, and periods of inexhaustibility. [http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/caffeinism Medical Dictionary]

'''new Captain''' 
After fighting the French 32-gun frigate [http://threedecks.org/index.php?display_type=show_ship&id=11119 L’Aigrette] on 10 January 1761, Captain Charles Cathcart Grant replaced Smith.

==Page 49==

'''Jolly Roger''' 

Flag with skull and crossbones, typically flown by pirates. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolly_roger WIKI]

'''Mustard-Grinder''' 
Mustarder: one who dealt in buying and selling mustard 
GRINDER: one who operates a grinding machine in any of several trades 
From [http://homepages.rootsweb.com/~sam/occupation.html Colonial Occupations, online].

==Page 50==

'''Tenerife''' 

Spanish Island off the coast of Africa. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenerife WIKI].

'''the Lizard''' 

Peninsula of Cornwall, most southerly point of Great Britain. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lizard WIKI]

'''Immortality of Ships''' 
The ship wherein Theseus and the youth of Athens returned had thirty oars, and was preserved by the Athenians down even to the time of Demetrius Phalereus, for they took away the old planks as they decayed, putting in new and stronger timber in their place, insomuch that this ship became a standing example among the philosophers, for the logical question as to things that grow; one side holding that the ship remained the same, and the other contending that it was not the same. 
--Plutarch's Life of Theseus. 
Also see Ship of Theseus. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_of_Theseus WIKI]

'''masts stepp'd in''' 

Ship construction and ritual. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mast_Stepping WIKI]

'''preventers''' 

Rope supporting another rope. [http://books.google.com/books?id=CvsOAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA66&lpg=PA66&dq=preventers+shipbuilding&source=bl&ots=PQeHD-rWyq&sig=0JtD6cHd0fKqbYclUccm8-UuiHI&hl=en&sa=X&ei=0fe-UeOIIpOw8QT_8IDwCQ&ved=0CD4Q6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=preventers%20shipbuilding&f=false Modern Shipbuilding Terms]

'''Swifters''' 

A rope used for tightening. [http://www.lexic.us/definition-of/swifter Lexic.us]

'''Futtock-Staves''' 

A bar of iron covered with leather or canvas, seized across the topmost shrouds. Probably from foothook. --Webster's New Int'l. Dictionary, 2nd Ed.

'''Sutton Pool''' 

Plymouth harbor. [http://www.plymouthdata.info/SuttonPool.htm WIKI]

==Page 52==

'''final eight bells''' 

Last bell sounded to mark the end of the Last dog watch at 20h00.

'''Hautboy''' 

Or hautbois, French for oboe (lit. 'high wood').

==Page 53==
'''Hearts of Oak''' 
More correctly, 'Heart of Oak', the anthem of the Royal Navy.

'''cheaply opiated Pint''' 
Yes, opium beer; beer cheaply made much more intoxicating.
Perhaps also 'cheap' as in underhand or sneaky.
Also found in ATD.

'''Quantz Etude''' 
Johann Joachim Quantz [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Quantz Wikipedia] (January 30, 1697–July 12, 1773) was a German flutist, flute maker and composer.

Quantz began his musical studies as a child with his uncle. He began to concentrate on the flute, performing more and more on the instrument. He gradually became known as the finest flautist in Europe, and toured France and England. He became flute teacher, flute maker and composer to Frederick II of Prussia (Frederick the Great) in 1740. He was an innovator in flute design, adding keys to the instrument to help with intonation (playing in tune), for example.

Although Quantz wrote many pieces of music, mainly for the flute (including around 300 flute concertos), he is best known today as the author of Versuch einer Anweisung die Flöte traversière zu spielen (1752), a treatise on flute playing. It is of great interest today as a source of information on performance practice and flute technique in the 18th century.

'''Etude''' An etude (from the French word étude meaning "study") is a short musical composition designed to provide practice in a particular technical skill in the performance of a solo instrument.

==Page 54==

'''Enemas of... Coffee''' 
(Cf AtD)

'''Slow-Matches''' 
Slow match, or matchcord, is rope impregnated with nitrates to make it burn slowly, evenly, and reliably despite wind or rain. When the trigger was pulled, a lever applied the burning rope to the powder in the priming pan, thus firing the gun. This drawing illustrates a musketeer aiming his gun, with the slow match smouldering at both ends. For the first few hundred years of firearms, this was the only way to shoot them. 
From the [http://www.metamuseum.com/us%5CSlowMatch/ Slow Match Website].

'''"Pat... O'Brian... acknowledg'd as the best Yarn-Spinner in all the Fleets."''' 

Patrick O'Brian (died in 2000) was a novelist mostly known for his nautical novels surrounding the Royal Navy during the Napoleonic Wars. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_O%27Brian WIKI]

==Page 55==

'''Turk's Head''' 
A knot built on a cylinder (such as a rope) and having a woven appearance on the surface. Used decoratively or to create a grip. [http://www.amazon.com/Ashley-Book-Knots-Clifford/dp/057109659X/ref=sr_1_1/103-6132115-1362208?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1186416528&sr=8-1 ''Ashley's Book of Knots''] (published in the 1940s, still in print) describes dozens of forms. "A notable practical use for the Turk's head is to mark the "king spoke" of a ship's wheel; when this spoke is upright the rudder is in a central position" ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turk's_head_knot Wikipedia]).

'''Matthew Walker''' 
A knot tied in the strands of a rope, forming a projection or knob. The Matthew Walker is generally tied in the middle of the rope; the strands are then laid up again to the end. See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Walker_knot pix on Wikipedia].

'''Mr. Higgs's Obsessedness as to Loose Ends''' 
Boatswain (pronounced "bo's'n") Higgs, on the frigate ''Seahorse'' is a pun on the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higgs_boson "Higgs boson" particle], aka "the God Particle", the existence of which was confirmed on July 10, 2012. As Mr. Higgs is obsessed with loose ends, so too were particle physicists obsessed with finding an instance of the Higgs boson particle which, although theorized in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model Standard Model of particle physics], had not, until 2012, been detected. Thus was the loose end of the Higgs boson particle finally tied, although, this being Science, the discovery is not 100% certain. Although the new particle is "consistent with" the Higgs boson, scientists are cautious as to whether it is formally identified as actually being the Higgs boson, pending further analysis.

'''Jewel Block''' 
Naut.) block at the extremity of a yard, through which the halyard of a studding sail is rove.

==Page 56==

'''perfectly beneath us''' 
Astronomy 101 would have to flunk TRP-- anywhere in the Tropics the sun will be overhead on some days. At the Equator, only on the two equinoxes.

It pays to remember that this section is narrated by the Reverend Cherrycoke. He may well be embellishing the story in unrealistic ways for the children's entertainment. I find it unlikely that Pynchon himself would make such a mistake.

==Page 57==
'''attendant Inconvenience''' 
Others' wills and preferences which complicate one's fantasies of comeliness and willingness.

Note that [[B#bodine|Fender-Belly Bodine's]] ship, the H.M.S. Inconvenience appears again in 2006 in [http://against-the-day.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=I#inconvenience ''Against the Day''].

==Annotation Index==

{{MD PbP}}

Chapter 6: 47-57

2016-05-20T16:27:26Z

Tetrys: /* Page 48 */

==Page 47==

'''Interdiction at sea''' 
Interdiction: Authoritative prohibition 
A court order prohibiting a party from doing a certain activity
- interdict: a sequential process that includes surveillance of often broad ocean areas''' 

'''Skanderoon''' 
Iskenderun, Turkish port, eastern Mediterranean.

'''Loxodrome''' 
Line of constant compass bearing on the surface of the Earth. A parallel of latitude is a loxodrome, but most great-circle arcs are not (the exceptions being the Equator and every meridian). Here, what you might call a bee-line.

==Page 48==

'''Caffeinist''' 
Anachronism (1830).

'''new Captain''' 
After fighting the French 32-gun frigate L’Aigrette on 10 January 1761, Captain Charles Cathcart Grant replaced Smith.

==Page 49==

'''Jolly Roger''' 

Flag with skull and crossbones, typically flown by pirates. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolly_roger WIKI]

'''Mustard-Grinder''' 
Mustarder: one who dealt in buying and selling mustard 
GRINDER: one who operates a grinding machine in any of several trades 
From [http://homepages.rootsweb.com/~sam/occupation.html Colonial Occupations, online].

==Page 50==

'''Tenerife''' 

Spanish Island off the coast of Africa. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenerife WIKI].

'''the Lizard''' 

Peninsula of Cornwall, most southerly point of Great Britain. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lizard WIKI]

'''Immortality of Ships''' 
The ship wherein Theseus and the youth of Athens returned had thirty oars, and was preserved by the Athenians down even to the time of Demetrius Phalereus, for they took away the old planks as they decayed, putting in new and stronger timber in their place, insomuch that this ship became a standing example among the philosophers, for the logical question as to things that grow; one side holding that the ship remained the same, and the other contending that it was not the same. 
--Plutarch's Life of Theseus. 
Also see Ship of Theseus. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_of_Theseus WIKI]

'''masts stepp'd in''' 

Ship construction and ritual. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mast_Stepping WIKI]

'''preventers''' 

Rope supporting another rope. [http://books.google.com/books?id=CvsOAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA66&lpg=PA66&dq=preventers+shipbuilding&source=bl&ots=PQeHD-rWyq&sig=0JtD6cHd0fKqbYclUccm8-UuiHI&hl=en&sa=X&ei=0fe-UeOIIpOw8QT_8IDwCQ&ved=0CD4Q6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=preventers%20shipbuilding&f=false Modern Shipbuilding Terms]

'''Swifters''' 

A rope used for tightening. [http://www.lexic.us/definition-of/swifter Lexic.us]

'''Futtock-Staves''' 

A bar of iron covered with leather or canvas, seized across the topmost shrouds. Probably from foothook. --Webster's New Int'l. Dictionary, 2nd Ed.

'''Sutton Pool''' 

Plymouth harbor. [http://www.plymouthdata.info/SuttonPool.htm WIKI]

==Page 52==

'''final eight bells''' 

Last bell sounded to mark the end of the Last dog watch at 20h00.

'''Hautboy''' 

Or hautbois, French for oboe (lit. 'high wood').

==Page 53==
'''Hearts of Oak''' 
More correctly, 'Heart of Oak', the anthem of the Royal Navy.

'''cheaply opiated Pint''' 
Yes, opium beer; beer cheaply made much more intoxicating.
Perhaps also 'cheap' as in underhand or sneaky.
Also found in ATD.

'''Quantz Etude''' 
Johann Joachim Quantz [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Quantz Wikipedia] (January 30, 1697–July 12, 1773) was a German flutist, flute maker and composer.

Quantz began his musical studies as a child with his uncle. He began to concentrate on the flute, performing more and more on the instrument. He gradually became known as the finest flautist in Europe, and toured France and England. He became flute teacher, flute maker and composer to Frederick II of Prussia (Frederick the Great) in 1740. He was an innovator in flute design, adding keys to the instrument to help with intonation (playing in tune), for example.

Although Quantz wrote many pieces of music, mainly for the flute (including around 300 flute concertos), he is best known today as the author of Versuch einer Anweisung die Flöte traversière zu spielen (1752), a treatise on flute playing. It is of great interest today as a source of information on performance practice and flute technique in the 18th century.

'''Etude''' An etude (from the French word étude meaning "study") is a short musical composition designed to provide practice in a particular technical skill in the performance of a solo instrument.

==Page 54==

'''Enemas of... Coffee''' 
(Cf AtD)

'''Slow-Matches''' 
Slow match, or matchcord, is rope impregnated with nitrates to make it burn slowly, evenly, and reliably despite wind or rain. When the trigger was pulled, a lever applied the burning rope to the powder in the priming pan, thus firing the gun. This drawing illustrates a musketeer aiming his gun, with the slow match smouldering at both ends. For the first few hundred years of firearms, this was the only way to shoot them. 
From the [http://www.metamuseum.com/us%5CSlowMatch/ Slow Match Website].

'''"Pat... O'Brian... acknowledg'd as the best Yarn-Spinner in all the Fleets."''' 

Patrick O'Brian (died in 2000) was a novelist mostly known for his nautical novels surrounding the Royal Navy during the Napoleonic Wars. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_O%27Brian WIKI]

==Page 55==

'''Turk's Head''' 
A knot built on a cylinder (such as a rope) and having a woven appearance on the surface. Used decoratively or to create a grip. [http://www.amazon.com/Ashley-Book-Knots-Clifford/dp/057109659X/ref=sr_1_1/103-6132115-1362208?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1186416528&sr=8-1 ''Ashley's Book of Knots''] (published in the 1940s, still in print) describes dozens of forms. "A notable practical use for the Turk's head is to mark the "king spoke" of a ship's wheel; when this spoke is upright the rudder is in a central position" ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turk's_head_knot Wikipedia]).

'''Matthew Walker''' 
A knot tied in the strands of a rope, forming a projection or knob. The Matthew Walker is generally tied in the middle of the rope; the strands are then laid up again to the end. See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Walker_knot pix on Wikipedia].

'''Mr. Higgs's Obsessedness as to Loose Ends''' 
Boatswain (pronounced "bo's'n") Higgs, on the frigate ''Seahorse'' is a pun on the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higgs_boson "Higgs boson" particle], aka "the God Particle", the existence of which was confirmed on July 10, 2012. As Mr. Higgs is obsessed with loose ends, so too were particle physicists obsessed with finding an instance of the Higgs boson particle which, although theorized in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model Standard Model of particle physics], had not, until 2012, been detected. Thus was the loose end of the Higgs boson particle finally tied, although, this being Science, the discovery is not 100% certain. Although the new particle is "consistent with" the Higgs boson, scientists are cautious as to whether it is formally identified as actually being the Higgs boson, pending further analysis.

'''Jewel Block''' 
Naut.) block at the extremity of a yard, through which the halyard of a studding sail is rove.

==Page 56==

'''perfectly beneath us''' 
Astronomy 101 would have to flunk TRP-- anywhere in the Tropics the sun will be overhead on some days. At the Equator, only on the two equinoxes.

It pays to remember that this section is narrated by the Reverend Cherrycoke. He may well be embellishing the story in unrealistic ways for the children's entertainment. I find it unlikely that Pynchon himself would make such a mistake.

==Page 57==
'''attendant Inconvenience''' 
Others' wills and preferences which complicate one's fantasies of comeliness and willingness.

Note that [[B#bodine|Fender-Belly Bodine's]] ship, the H.M.S. Inconvenience appears again in 2006 in [http://against-the-day.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=I#inconvenience ''Against the Day''].

==Annotation Index==

{{MD PbP}}

Chapter 3: 14-29

2016-05-20T16:25:43Z

Tetrys: /* Page 21 */

==Page 14==

'''''Spiritual Day-Book''''' 
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Whitefield George Whitefield] (1714-1770) was a preacher in the Church of England and one of the leaders of the Methodist movement. He was a pioneer in the commercialization of religion and seen by many as the most powerful leader of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Awakening Great Awakening] in America. Whitefield popularized the concept of a spiritual day-book:

:Whitefield's familiary with a shopkeeper's daybook provided another metaphor for his faith. He urged his followers to take an accounting of their spiritual lives. "I think a good tradesman whether he deals largely or not, will take care to keep his day-book well," Whitefield explained, adding, "if a man will not keep his day-book well it is ten to one but he loses a good deal when he comes to count up his things at Christmas." Then applying the lesson to converts, the evangelist continued, "now I take it for granted, a good spiritual tradesman will keep his spiritual day-book well." A good Christian will be able to look at his accounts at the end of a day and proclaim, "I have died a little more to the world than yesterday, [and] this day I hope that I have been a little more alive to God than I was yesterday." <ref>''Pedlar in Divinity: George Whitefield and the Transatlantic Revivals, 1737-1770'', Frank Lambert, Princeton University Press, 1994, p.50</ref>

'''Day's Fatigue''' 
Foreshadows the leitmotif of [http://against-the-day.pynchonwiki.com/wiki ''Against the Day'']. The working day against which, etc., etc.

'''waking Traverse was done''' 
Not sure if the meaning has held constant, but modern day surveyors use the noun TRAverse (with the emphasis on the 1st syllable) to refer not to a line, but to a loop or geometric figure created by measuring the angle & distance from one point to another. By closing the loop and measuring the angle & distance back to the original point, the surveyor can determine the accuracy of the measurements (the loop should close completely, without any deviation from the measurements) and apply a correction, if necessary. Use of the word in this way describes each day as a forward progress (traVERSE) in addition to a circular return (TRAverse) --incredibly poignant.

Traverse is the main family name in [http://against-the-day.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/ ''Against the Day'']. Descendants of Webb Traverse appear in [http://vineland.pynchonwiki.com/wiki ''Vineland''].

'''yet another Term in the Contract between the City and oneself''' 
A reference to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_contract Social Contracts], the implied agreements by which people form nations and maintain a social order. This means that the people give up some rights to a government in order to receive social order. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes Thomas Hobbes] (1588-1679), [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke John Locke] (1632-1704), and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau Jean-Jacques Rousseau] (1712-1778) are the most famous philosophers of contractarianism, which formed the theoretical groundwork of democracy.

Pynchon has always been wary of cities, crushing the individual (the charismatic, the Life Force) in the pursuit of a rationalized and efficient system. Cf. the [http://gravitys-rainbow.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=C#dactylic City Dactylic in ''Gravity's Rainbow''] ""the city of the future where every soul is known, and there is noplace to hide." Cf., also, the [http://gravitys-rainbow.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Routinization_of_Charisma Routinization of Charisma in ''Gravity's Rainbow''].

==Page 15==

'''Wapping High Street''' 
The area was first settled by Saxons, from whom it takes its name (meaning literally "[the place of] Wæppa's people"). It developed along the embankment of the Thames, hemmed in by the river to the south and the now-drained Wapping Marsh to the north. This gave it a peculiarly narrow and constricted shape, consisting of little more than the axis of Wapping High Street and some north-south side streets. John Stow, the 16th century historian, described it as a "continual street, or a filthy strait passage, with alleys of small tenements or cottages, built, inhabited by sailors' victuallers." [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wapping Wikipedia entry...]

'''Tyburn''' 
The village [of Tyburn] was notorious for centuries as the site of the Tyburn gallows, London's principal location for public executions by hanging. Executions took place at Tyburn from the 12th to the 18th century (with the prisoners processed from Newgate Prison in the City). Located near Marble Arch in present-day London. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyburn%2C_London Wikipedia entry...]

'''the Motrix of Honest Mirth''' 
The ''vis motrix'' is a term meaning "moving force" or "soul." Here we could equate it to 'Engine' or 'Stimulus'.

Immanual Kant, in the decades before the publication of the ''Critique of Pure Reason'', was a metaphysical dualist who offered a positive account of mind/body interaction. ''Thoughts of the True Estimation of Living Forces'' (1747), his first philosophical work, contains an argument that the mind/body problem presupposed several false and interrelated assumptions, all of which fell under the general view that the essential force of body is ''vis motrix''. Kant argued that the traditional ''vis motrix'' view, which was defended by Wolff and other post-Leibnizian German rationalists, appealed to an unexplanatory and metaphysically incoherent conception of force. [http://philosophy.uwaterloo.ca/MindDict/kant.html]

'''Dixon's Joke''' 
We can only assume that TP intends Dixon's 'joak' to fail, to heighten the characters' mutual discomfort; Mason's response is no kind of punchline, and scarcely seems to justify Dixon's assumption that he has 'heard it before', unless the punchline was too vulgar to be repeated in company.

==Page 16==

'''Corsican accent''' 
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsica Corsica] is the fourth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily, Sardinia, and Cyprus). The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsican_language Corsican language] has strong similarities to Italian.

:In the French ''bourgeoisie'' any dialect other than "educated" Parisian French is regarded as inferior and excites hilarity; and of the many dialects, the Belgian and Corsican accents are regarded as the ugliest and funniest.<ref>''Race and Ethnicity: Essays in Comparative Sociology'', Pierre L. Van den Berghe; Basic Books, 1970, p.4</ref>

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France Napoléon Bonaparte], who was born on Corsica, was 9 years old when his family left for France and although he learned French, he was never able to shake his strong Corsican accent.

'''North-Road Cockade''' 
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_North_Road_(Great_Britain) The Great North Road] was the main highway between England and Scotland. It features in the legendary flight of the highwayman Dick Turpin from London to York, also in The Pickwick Papers by Charles Dickens. The cockade could be have broad outlaw/rebel connotations of the time or those associated with the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobitism Jacobites] who wore white cockades. Also, during the 1780 Gordon Riots in London the blue cockade became a symbol of anti-government feelings and was worn by most of the rioters. During the American Revolution of 1765-1783, the Continental Army wore cockades of various colours. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockade Wikipedia entry] Quakers were known for their plain dress and teetotalism - Dixon adheres to neither. More of this in Chapter 5.

==Page 17==

'''Ha-Ha''' 
Ha-ha (garden)
The ha-ha or sunken fence is a type of boundary to a garden, pleasure-ground, or park, designed not to interrupt the view and to be invisible until closely approached. The ha-ha consists of a trench, the inner side of which is perpendicular and faced with stone, with the outer slope face sloped and turfed - making it in effect a sunken fence. The ha-ha is a feature in the landscape gardens laid out by Charles Bridgeman, the originator of the ha-ha, according to Horace Walpole (Walpole 1780) and by William Kent and was an essential component of the "swept" views of Capability Brown.

'''Aristarchus''' 
Aristarchus (310 BC - c. 230 BC) was a Greek astronomer and mathematician, born on the island of Samos, in ancient Greece. He is considered the first person to propose a heliocentric model of the solar system, placing the Sun, not the Earth, at the center of the known universe (hence he is sometimes known as the "Greek Copernicus").

'''the other fellow''' 
It appears that Dixon is just rambling on a list of Astronomers and can't remember a particular name. Galileo? Copernicus? Tycho Brahe? Take your pick.

==Page 18==
'''Vine with Corn, beware the Morn''' 
An early version of such modern sayings as, "Beer before liquor, never sicker." Mixing types of drink has long been known to produce unwelcome effects.

'''mirror'd Lanthorns''' 
"Lanthorn" (pronounced "lantern") is an archaic, chiefly British, spelling of "lantern." It is derived from horn, of which the sides were once made. When horns are soaked in hot water for a time they become soft and flexible, much as fingernails do when they are kept in dishwater. These flexible horns can be cut and flattened out to make many translucent plastic-like objects.
"Lant" comes from the Latin ''lanterna'' ("lamp," "torch") which is derived from the Greek ''lampter'' ("torch")" from ''lampein'' ("to shine").

[[image:norfolk_terrier.jpg|right|thumb|125px|Norfolk Terrier]]'''Norfolk Terrier''' 
The grand entrance of the Learnèd English Dog. It appears that the name is an anachronism in ''Mason & Dixon'': [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Terrier The Norfolk Terrier] is the smallest of the working Terriers. Prior to 1960, when it gained recognition as an independent breed, it was a variety of the Norwich Terrier, distinguished from the Norwich by its "drop", or folded ears.

:In the 1880s, British sportsmen developed a working terrier of East Anglia, England. The Norwich Terrier and later the drop-eared variety now know as the Norfolk Terrier, were believed to have been developed by crossing Cairn Terriers, small, short-legged Irish Terrier breeds and the small red terriers used by the Gypsy ratters of Norfolk. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Terrier Wikipedia]

==Page 19==

'''''Ministerial''''' 
1. Of, relating to, or characteristic of a minister of religion or of the ministry. 2. Of or relating to administrative and executive duties and functions of government. 3. Law Of, relating to, or being a mandatory act or duty admitting of no personal discretion or judgment in its performance. 4. Acting or serving as an agent; instrumental. From the American Heritage Dictionary.

'''Where the Bee Sucks''' 
A song from Shakespeare's [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_tempest ''The Tempest''] set to music by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Johnson_(composer) Robert Johnson], the lutenist to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_I_of_England James I], in the 1659 ''Cheerful Ayres or Ballads''. In ''The Tempest'', after he is set free by Prospero, Ariel sings "Where the Bee Sucks":

:Where the bee sucks, there suck I 
:In a cowslip's bell I lie; 
:There I couch when owls do cry. 
:On the bat's back I do fly 
:After summer merrily. 
:Merrily, merrily shall I live now 
:Under the blossom that hangs on the bough.

The reference to Ariel and ''The Tempest'' foreshadows the L.E.D.'s discourse on how "Dogs learn'd to act as human as possible" in order to avoid being killed for food by humans ([[#Page 22|p. 22]]). A brief analysis of Ariel's character: [http://www.cliffsnotes.com/WileyCDA/LitNote/The-Tempest-Character-Analyses-Ariel.id-130,pageNum-46.html]

:Ariel is a spirit of the air who, because he refused to serve the witch, Sycorax, was imprisoned in a tree until rescued by Prospero. Ariel willingly carries out Prospero’s wishes because he is eager to be free. Although he wants his freedom in exchange, Ariel approaches his tasks with enthusiasm, quickly doing what is asked and promptly reporting any activities that he observes. Early in the play, Ariel reports the plot to murder Prospero, and later, he assists in punishing Prospero’s enemies. Ariel’s obedience is an important symbol of Prospero’s humanity, because he ameliorates Prospero’s role on the island and humanizes the action that Prospero takes against his old adversaries. Finally, Ariel’s willing obedience of Prospero’s wishes stands in stark contrast to Caliban’s cursing and plotting against the same master.

[http://www.contemplator.com/tunebook/england/beesucks.htm Read & Listen...]

'''Integral of One over (Book) d (Book)''' 
Freshman calculus gag. The antiderivative or integral of the function 1/x is the function logarithm of x. Written (integral sign) 1/x dx = log x. Substitute (Book) for x. Answer: log (Book) = logbook.

The same gag appears in GR: 'integral of 1 over cabin d cabin = Log cabin + c = houseboat'.

'''Pistoles''' 
The French name given to a Spanish gold coin in use in 1537; it was a double escudo, the gold unit. The name was also given to the Louis d'Or of Louis XIII of France, and to other European gold coins of about the value of the Spanish coin. One pistole was worth approximately ten livres. In Dumas' ''The Three Musketeers'', set in the 1620s, we learn that thirty-five pistoles and twenty crowns make 465 livres.

'''Gate-Ways to Futurity''' 
Windows into the future.

'''Metempsychosis''' 
Metempsychosis is a philosophical term in the Greek language referring to the belief of transmigration of the soul, especially its reincarnation after death. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metempsychosis Wikipedia entry...]

==Page 20==

'''Sailors with Queues''' 
A queue is a men's hairstyle whose primary attribute is a braid or ponytail at the back of the head, such as that worn by men in Imperial China. [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/queue#Noun Wiktionary]

'''upstart Chapels''' 
upstart: Suddenly raised to a position of consequence. 2. Self-important; presumptuous. Amer Her Dict.

'''singing Catches''' 
A Catch is a canonic, often rhythmically intricate composition for three or more voices, popular especially in the 17th and 18th centuries. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catch_%28music%29 Wikipedia entry...]

==Page 21==

'''Seahorse''' 
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Seahorse_%281748%29 HMS Seahorse] was a 24-gun sixth-rate frigate of the Royal Navy, launched in 1748. She is perhaps most famous as the ship on which a young Horatio Nelson served as a midshipman in 1773. Captain James Smith took command of it in October 1758.

'''Fender-Belly''' 
Fender: a soft bag or cushion hung from the side of a ship to protect it from the stones or piles of a wharf. Fender-Belly has such a cushion in front. A Bodine of some sort appears in almost every TP work.

'''Coconut-Ale''' 
A Beer made with, or flavoured with, coconut milk.

'''Macaronis''' 
A British and American subculture inspired by the fashion of continential Europe eps. that of Italy. The term comes from the Itallian "maccherone" which means "boorish fool" but was taken on by the British to mean over the top fashionable.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaroni_%28fashion%29 Macaroni]
They would often speak in an affected manner and mix Latin into their speech.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaronic_verse Macaronic Verse]

'''Lunarians''' 
A Lunarian is an member of the movement of astronomers who felt that the solution to the Logitude prize lay in the development of lunar tables describing the moons of Jupiter. Famous Lunarians included Nevil Maskelyne; here it seems to be only a vague term of abuse.

'''Hostlers''' 
Singular...One who is employed to tend horses, especially at an inn. 2. One who services a large vehicle or engine, such as a locomotive. Middle English, from Anglo-Norman hostiler.

'''Glim-Jacks''' 
The ''1811 Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue'', originally by Francis Grose,
defines a glim-jack as a link-boy. A [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link-boy link-boy] (or link boy or linkboy) was a boy who carried a flaming torch to light the way for pedestrians at night. Linkboys were common in London in the days before street lighting. The linkboy's fee was commonly one farthing, and the torch was often made from burning pitch and tow.

In [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thieves%27_cant thieves' cant] (a secret language which was formerly used by thieves, beggars and hustlers of various kinds in English-speaking countries), a linkboy was known as a "Glym Jack" ("glym" meant "light") or a "moon-curser" (as their services would not be required on a moonlit night). Employing a linkboy could be dangerous, as some would lead their clients to dark alleyways, where they could be beset by footpads.

==Page 22==

'''The L.E.D. blinks, shivers, nods in a resign'd way.''' 
L.E.D., here the "Learnèd English Dog", is also the abbreviation for [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode "light-emitting diodes"], which do blink on a regular basis.

'''state of holy Insanity''' 
the second time an Eastern religious practice is linked to insanity. Rev.
Cherrycoke, [[Chapter_1:_5-11#Page 10|page 10]]. Ecstasy or real madness or both?

'''praeternatural... supernatural''' 
Praeternatural: Beyond or different from what is natural, or according to the regular course of things, but not clearly supernatural or miraculous; strange; inexplicable; extraordinary; uncommon; irregular; abnormal

'''tail-wagging Scheherazades''' 
In ''A Thousand and One Nights'' (or ''Arabian Nights''), Scheherazade tells a story to the king (her husband) each night in order to stay her execution. Each night she ends in the middle of a tale, so that the King postpones her execution out of curiosity to hear the story's end.

'''Algernon''' 
Algernon is the name of a laboratory mouse in the novel (and short story) of Daniel Keyes, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowers_for_Algernon Flowers for Algernon] (1966), where the mouse undergoes surgery to increase his intelligence by artificial means. The story is told as a series of progress reports written by Charlie, who originally has an IQ of 68 and is the first human test subject for the surgery. Charlie – the same way as the mouse – shows spectacular progress in the beginning, only to regress later to his original state and die shortly after. Keyes in his turn took the name Algernon from the English poet [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algernon_Swinburne Algernon Charles Swinburne] (1837-1909), a decadent master of verse, who in his late life suffered mental and physical breakdown due to his alcoholism, algolagnia and excitable character.

Here, it is little more than shorthand denoting an upper-class dilettante - Derek is surely addressing his friend, not the dog - but it can hardly be accidental that the name arises in the context of a miraculous increase of intelligence in an animal.

'''Macaroni Italian Style [...] Fop Fricasée''' 
The Terrier (the Learnèd English Dog) is futuristically punning on the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maccaroni_%28fashion%29 Macaronis] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fop Fops] mentioned on [[#Page 21|page 21]], as macaroni the food wasn't introduced in the U.S. until years later when [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson Thomas Jefferson] did so in 1789, when he returned home after serving as ambassador to France, bringing his "macaroni machine" with him.

==Page 23==

'''Hydrophobia''' An old name for [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabies rabies] and thus an understandable concern for the LED. Perhaps also sheer bravado in the interests of not being kidnapped - a small dog has no other threat against a group of eager sailors.

'''fathom''' 
Six feet. Sea depth is conventionally given in fathoms.

'''Bahf''' 
Bath, properly Royal Bath Spa, a genteel town in Somerset (originally the Roman Aqua Sulis); but an unlikely place to find Bodine's roots. Bodine's speech, with his elision ('Li'oo doggie', 'all 'e way', 'you take i' ') and the substitution of F for TH is archetypal London dialect, unlike Mason's, whose rhotic 'R's reflect his West Country upbringing (Stroud and Bath are not far apart linguistically).

'''"a British Dog, Sir. No one owns me"'''. 
Cf. Rev Cherrycoke, page 10.

'''a-lop''' 
Lopsided. (One OED cite from 1865)

==Page 24==

'''the Point''' 

Portsmouth Point, see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_Point Wiki entry].

'''Welsh Main''' 
"...in which eight pairs were matched, the eight victors being again paired, then four, and finally the last surviving pair" [http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Cock-fighting EB11-cockfighting]

==Page 25==

'''Fulhams''' 
"Loaded dice are called high and lowmen, or high and low fulhams, by Ben Jonson and other writers of his time; either because they were made at Fulham, or from that place being the resort of sharpers" ([http://www.fromoldbooks.org/Grose-VulgarTongue/f/fulhams.html ''Grose's Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue''], 1811)

'''Three-Threads''' 
* “half common Ale, and half Stout or double Beer” ([http://www.fromoldbooks.org/NathanBailey-CantingDictionary/T/THREE-Threads.html ''Canting Dictionary''] [thieving slang], 1737)
* “Half common ale, mixed with stale and double beer” ([http://www.fromoldbooks.org/Grose-VulgarTongue/t/three-threads.html ''Grose’s Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue''], 1811)

'''Euphroe''' 
“A nautical term for blocks of wood with holes in them” (Levy, Toby. [http://www.themodernword.com/pynchon/levy_mason_and_dixon.pdf ''MD3PAD'' PDF]. p. 8). The holes are used for running and securing line. The term usually refers specifically to the crowfeet dead-eyes. See photos 2-6 in this series of [http://forum.aceboard.net/15916-2168-6568-0-Photos-format-plus-eleve-photo-album-larger-format-photos.htm#id83555 pix].

'''Hepsie''' 
Diminutive of [http://www.cutebabyname.com/hepsie.html Hephzibah.]Mother of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manasseh Manasseh] in the Old Testament(see [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=12&chapter=21&version=9 2 Kings 21:1]).

'''smoaks''' 
The usage here means "to divine" or "to read into," from the ancient practice of divining the future through the interpretation of smoke rising from a fire.

From ''Chambers's Encyclopedia'' (1868):

:Capnomancy (formed from the Greek ''capnos'', smoke, and ''manteia'', divination) was practiced by the ancients in two different ways - either they threw grains of jasmine or poppy on the burning coals, and watched the motions and the density of the smoke that rose from them, or they watched the smoke of sacrifices. This latter kind of C. was most generally employed, and that to which the greatest importance was attached. If the smoke was thin, and ascended in a right line, instead of being blown back by the breeze, or spreading over the altar, the augury was good. It was also believed that the inhalation of the smoke rising from the victims or from the fire which consumed them, gifted the priests with prophetic inspiration. [http://www.webspinning.com.au/home/lambertj/public_html/c.man.html]

==Page 26==

''''pert''' 
Shortened form of 'apert' (open, bold).

'''Lloyd's''' 
Presumably a reference to the predecessor of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyds_Bank Lloyd's bank]. The business was started only in 1765, co-founded by Sampson Lloyd II, who was a Quaker.

==Page 27==

'''half a crown''' 
A high-value coin, worth two shillings and sixpence (one eighth of a pound) or 12 1/2 pence in modern currency. In M&D's time, worth about £13 ($20), so a substantial fee. Until 1919, made of silver, thereafter half silver until 1946 when cupro-nickel was used. Discontinued shortly before decimalization in 1970.

==Page 28==

'''share quarters''' 
Bodine's comment would suggest that the girls were indeed close.

'''Mauve''' 
The colour Mauve wasn't discovered until the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauve 1830s.] However [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malva "Malva"] (the source for the word)or "Mallow" was one of the oldest known plants.

'''H.M.S. [[I#Inconvenience|Inconvenience]]''' 
[[B#bodine|Fender-Belly Bodine's]] former ship (to appear again in 2006 in [http://against-the-day.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=I#inconvenience ''Against the Day''])

==References==
<references />

{{MD PbP}}

Chapter 3: 14-29

2016-05-20T16:20:27Z

Tetrys: /* Page 26 */

==Page 14==

'''''Spiritual Day-Book''''' 
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Whitefield George Whitefield] (1714-1770) was a preacher in the Church of England and one of the leaders of the Methodist movement. He was a pioneer in the commercialization of religion and seen by many as the most powerful leader of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Awakening Great Awakening] in America. Whitefield popularized the concept of a spiritual day-book:

:Whitefield's familiary with a shopkeeper's daybook provided another metaphor for his faith. He urged his followers to take an accounting of their spiritual lives. "I think a good tradesman whether he deals largely or not, will take care to keep his day-book well," Whitefield explained, adding, "if a man will not keep his day-book well it is ten to one but he loses a good deal when he comes to count up his things at Christmas." Then applying the lesson to converts, the evangelist continued, "now I take it for granted, a good spiritual tradesman will keep his spiritual day-book well." A good Christian will be able to look at his accounts at the end of a day and proclaim, "I have died a little more to the world than yesterday, [and] this day I hope that I have been a little more alive to God than I was yesterday." <ref>''Pedlar in Divinity: George Whitefield and the Transatlantic Revivals, 1737-1770'', Frank Lambert, Princeton University Press, 1994, p.50</ref>

'''Day's Fatigue''' 
Foreshadows the leitmotif of [http://against-the-day.pynchonwiki.com/wiki ''Against the Day'']. The working day against which, etc., etc.

'''waking Traverse was done''' 
Not sure if the meaning has held constant, but modern day surveyors use the noun TRAverse (with the emphasis on the 1st syllable) to refer not to a line, but to a loop or geometric figure created by measuring the angle & distance from one point to another. By closing the loop and measuring the angle & distance back to the original point, the surveyor can determine the accuracy of the measurements (the loop should close completely, without any deviation from the measurements) and apply a correction, if necessary. Use of the word in this way describes each day as a forward progress (traVERSE) in addition to a circular return (TRAverse) --incredibly poignant.

Traverse is the main family name in [http://against-the-day.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/ ''Against the Day'']. Descendants of Webb Traverse appear in [http://vineland.pynchonwiki.com/wiki ''Vineland''].

'''yet another Term in the Contract between the City and oneself''' 
A reference to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_contract Social Contracts], the implied agreements by which people form nations and maintain a social order. This means that the people give up some rights to a government in order to receive social order. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes Thomas Hobbes] (1588-1679), [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke John Locke] (1632-1704), and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau Jean-Jacques Rousseau] (1712-1778) are the most famous philosophers of contractarianism, which formed the theoretical groundwork of democracy.

Pynchon has always been wary of cities, crushing the individual (the charismatic, the Life Force) in the pursuit of a rationalized and efficient system. Cf. the [http://gravitys-rainbow.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=C#dactylic City Dactylic in ''Gravity's Rainbow''] ""the city of the future where every soul is known, and there is noplace to hide." Cf., also, the [http://gravitys-rainbow.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Routinization_of_Charisma Routinization of Charisma in ''Gravity's Rainbow''].

==Page 15==

'''Wapping High Street''' 
The area was first settled by Saxons, from whom it takes its name (meaning literally "[the place of] Wæppa's people"). It developed along the embankment of the Thames, hemmed in by the river to the south and the now-drained Wapping Marsh to the north. This gave it a peculiarly narrow and constricted shape, consisting of little more than the axis of Wapping High Street and some north-south side streets. John Stow, the 16th century historian, described it as a "continual street, or a filthy strait passage, with alleys of small tenements or cottages, built, inhabited by sailors' victuallers." [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wapping Wikipedia entry...]

'''Tyburn''' 
The village [of Tyburn] was notorious for centuries as the site of the Tyburn gallows, London's principal location for public executions by hanging. Executions took place at Tyburn from the 12th to the 18th century (with the prisoners processed from Newgate Prison in the City). Located near Marble Arch in present-day London. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyburn%2C_London Wikipedia entry...]

'''the Motrix of Honest Mirth''' 
The ''vis motrix'' is a term meaning "moving force" or "soul." Here we could equate it to 'Engine' or 'Stimulus'.

Immanual Kant, in the decades before the publication of the ''Critique of Pure Reason'', was a metaphysical dualist who offered a positive account of mind/body interaction. ''Thoughts of the True Estimation of Living Forces'' (1747), his first philosophical work, contains an argument that the mind/body problem presupposed several false and interrelated assumptions, all of which fell under the general view that the essential force of body is ''vis motrix''. Kant argued that the traditional ''vis motrix'' view, which was defended by Wolff and other post-Leibnizian German rationalists, appealed to an unexplanatory and metaphysically incoherent conception of force. [http://philosophy.uwaterloo.ca/MindDict/kant.html]

'''Dixon's Joke''' 
We can only assume that TP intends Dixon's 'joak' to fail, to heighten the characters' mutual discomfort; Mason's response is no kind of punchline, and scarcely seems to justify Dixon's assumption that he has 'heard it before', unless the punchline was too vulgar to be repeated in company.

==Page 16==

'''Corsican accent''' 
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsica Corsica] is the fourth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily, Sardinia, and Cyprus). The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsican_language Corsican language] has strong similarities to Italian.

:In the French ''bourgeoisie'' any dialect other than "educated" Parisian French is regarded as inferior and excites hilarity; and of the many dialects, the Belgian and Corsican accents are regarded as the ugliest and funniest.<ref>''Race and Ethnicity: Essays in Comparative Sociology'', Pierre L. Van den Berghe; Basic Books, 1970, p.4</ref>

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France Napoléon Bonaparte], who was born on Corsica, was 9 years old when his family left for France and although he learned French, he was never able to shake his strong Corsican accent.

'''North-Road Cockade''' 
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_North_Road_(Great_Britain) The Great North Road] was the main highway between England and Scotland. It features in the legendary flight of the highwayman Dick Turpin from London to York, also in The Pickwick Papers by Charles Dickens. The cockade could be have broad outlaw/rebel connotations of the time or those associated with the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobitism Jacobites] who wore white cockades. Also, during the 1780 Gordon Riots in London the blue cockade became a symbol of anti-government feelings and was worn by most of the rioters. During the American Revolution of 1765-1783, the Continental Army wore cockades of various colours. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockade Wikipedia entry] Quakers were known for their plain dress and teetotalism - Dixon adheres to neither. More of this in Chapter 5.

==Page 17==

'''Ha-Ha''' 
Ha-ha (garden)
The ha-ha or sunken fence is a type of boundary to a garden, pleasure-ground, or park, designed not to interrupt the view and to be invisible until closely approached. The ha-ha consists of a trench, the inner side of which is perpendicular and faced with stone, with the outer slope face sloped and turfed - making it in effect a sunken fence. The ha-ha is a feature in the landscape gardens laid out by Charles Bridgeman, the originator of the ha-ha, according to Horace Walpole (Walpole 1780) and by William Kent and was an essential component of the "swept" views of Capability Brown.

'''Aristarchus''' 
Aristarchus (310 BC - c. 230 BC) was a Greek astronomer and mathematician, born on the island of Samos, in ancient Greece. He is considered the first person to propose a heliocentric model of the solar system, placing the Sun, not the Earth, at the center of the known universe (hence he is sometimes known as the "Greek Copernicus").

'''the other fellow''' 
It appears that Dixon is just rambling on a list of Astronomers and can't remember a particular name. Galileo? Copernicus? Tycho Brahe? Take your pick.

==Page 18==
'''Vine with Corn, beware the Morn''' 
An early version of such modern sayings as, "Beer before liquor, never sicker." Mixing types of drink has long been known to produce unwelcome effects.

'''mirror'd Lanthorns''' 
"Lanthorn" (pronounced "lantern") is an archaic, chiefly British, spelling of "lantern." It is derived from horn, of which the sides were once made. When horns are soaked in hot water for a time they become soft and flexible, much as fingernails do when they are kept in dishwater. These flexible horns can be cut and flattened out to make many translucent plastic-like objects.
"Lant" comes from the Latin ''lanterna'' ("lamp," "torch") which is derived from the Greek ''lampter'' ("torch")" from ''lampein'' ("to shine").

[[image:norfolk_terrier.jpg|right|thumb|125px|Norfolk Terrier]]'''Norfolk Terrier''' 
The grand entrance of the Learnèd English Dog. It appears that the name is an anachronism in ''Mason & Dixon'': [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Terrier The Norfolk Terrier] is the smallest of the working Terriers. Prior to 1960, when it gained recognition as an independent breed, it was a variety of the Norwich Terrier, distinguished from the Norwich by its "drop", or folded ears.

:In the 1880s, British sportsmen developed a working terrier of East Anglia, England. The Norwich Terrier and later the drop-eared variety now know as the Norfolk Terrier, were believed to have been developed by crossing Cairn Terriers, small, short-legged Irish Terrier breeds and the small red terriers used by the Gypsy ratters of Norfolk. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Terrier Wikipedia]

==Page 19==

'''''Ministerial''''' 
1. Of, relating to, or characteristic of a minister of religion or of the ministry. 2. Of or relating to administrative and executive duties and functions of government. 3. Law Of, relating to, or being a mandatory act or duty admitting of no personal discretion or judgment in its performance. 4. Acting or serving as an agent; instrumental. From the American Heritage Dictionary.

'''Where the Bee Sucks''' 
A song from Shakespeare's [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_tempest ''The Tempest''] set to music by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Johnson_(composer) Robert Johnson], the lutenist to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_I_of_England James I], in the 1659 ''Cheerful Ayres or Ballads''. In ''The Tempest'', after he is set free by Prospero, Ariel sings "Where the Bee Sucks":

:Where the bee sucks, there suck I 
:In a cowslip's bell I lie; 
:There I couch when owls do cry. 
:On the bat's back I do fly 
:After summer merrily. 
:Merrily, merrily shall I live now 
:Under the blossom that hangs on the bough.

The reference to Ariel and ''The Tempest'' foreshadows the L.E.D.'s discourse on how "Dogs learn'd to act as human as possible" in order to avoid being killed for food by humans ([[#Page 22|p. 22]]). A brief analysis of Ariel's character: [http://www.cliffsnotes.com/WileyCDA/LitNote/The-Tempest-Character-Analyses-Ariel.id-130,pageNum-46.html]

:Ariel is a spirit of the air who, because he refused to serve the witch, Sycorax, was imprisoned in a tree until rescued by Prospero. Ariel willingly carries out Prospero’s wishes because he is eager to be free. Although he wants his freedom in exchange, Ariel approaches his tasks with enthusiasm, quickly doing what is asked and promptly reporting any activities that he observes. Early in the play, Ariel reports the plot to murder Prospero, and later, he assists in punishing Prospero’s enemies. Ariel’s obedience is an important symbol of Prospero’s humanity, because he ameliorates Prospero’s role on the island and humanizes the action that Prospero takes against his old adversaries. Finally, Ariel’s willing obedience of Prospero’s wishes stands in stark contrast to Caliban’s cursing and plotting against the same master.

[http://www.contemplator.com/tunebook/england/beesucks.htm Read & Listen...]

'''Integral of One over (Book) d (Book)''' 
Freshman calculus gag. The antiderivative or integral of the function 1/x is the function logarithm of x. Written (integral sign) 1/x dx = log x. Substitute (Book) for x. Answer: log (Book) = logbook.

The same gag appears in GR: 'integral of 1 over cabin d cabin = Log cabin + c = houseboat'.

'''Pistoles''' 
The French name given to a Spanish gold coin in use in 1537; it was a double escudo, the gold unit. The name was also given to the Louis d'Or of Louis XIII of France, and to other European gold coins of about the value of the Spanish coin. One pistole was worth approximately ten livres. In Dumas' ''The Three Musketeers'', set in the 1620s, we learn that thirty-five pistoles and twenty crowns make 465 livres.

'''Gate-Ways to Futurity''' 
Windows into the future.

'''Metempsychosis''' 
Metempsychosis is a philosophical term in the Greek language referring to the belief of transmigration of the soul, especially its reincarnation after death. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metempsychosis Wikipedia entry...]

==Page 20==

'''Sailors with Queues''' 
A queue is a men's hairstyle whose primary attribute is a braid or ponytail at the back of the head, such as that worn by men in Imperial China. [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/queue#Noun Wiktionary]

'''upstart Chapels''' 
upstart: Suddenly raised to a position of consequence. 2. Self-important; presumptuous. Amer Her Dict.

'''singing Catches''' 
A Catch is a canonic, often rhythmically intricate composition for three or more voices, popular especially in the 17th and 18th centuries. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catch_%28music%29 Wikipedia entry...]

==Page 21==

'''Fender-Belly''' 
Fender: a soft bag or cushion hung from the side of a ship to protect it from the stones or piles of a wharf. Fender-Belly has such a cushion in front. A Bodine of some sort appears in almost every TP work.

'''Coconut-Ale''' 
A Beer made with, or flavoured with, coconut milk.

'''Macaronis''' 
A British and American subculture inspired by the fashion of continential Europe eps. that of Italy. The term comes from the Itallian "maccherone" which means "boorish fool" but was taken on by the British to mean over the top fashionable.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaroni_%28fashion%29 Macaroni]
They would often speak in an affected manner and mix Latin into their speech.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaronic_verse Macaronic Verse]

'''Lunarians''' 
A Lunarian is an member of the movement of astronomers who felt that the solution to the Logitude prize lay in the development of lunar tables describing the moons of Jupiter. Famous Lunarians included Nevil Maskelyne; here it seems to be only a vague term of abuse.

'''Hostlers''' 
Singular...One who is employed to tend horses, especially at an inn. 2. One who services a large vehicle or engine, such as a locomotive. Middle English, from Anglo-Norman hostiler.

'''Glim-Jacks''' 
The ''1811 Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue'', originally by Francis Grose,
defines a glim-jack as a link-boy. A [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link-boy link-boy] (or link boy or linkboy) was a boy who carried a flaming torch to light the way for pedestrians at night. Linkboys were common in London in the days before street lighting. The linkboy's fee was commonly one farthing, and the torch was often made from burning pitch and tow.

In [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thieves%27_cant thieves' cant] (a secret language which was formerly used by thieves, beggars and hustlers of various kinds in English-speaking countries), a linkboy was known as a "Glym Jack" ("glym" meant "light") or a "moon-curser" (as their services would not be required on a moonlit night). Employing a linkboy could be dangerous, as some would lead their clients to dark alleyways, where they could be beset by footpads.

==Page 22==

'''The L.E.D. blinks, shivers, nods in a resign'd way.''' 
L.E.D., here the "Learnèd English Dog", is also the abbreviation for [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode "light-emitting diodes"], which do blink on a regular basis.

'''state of holy Insanity''' 
the second time an Eastern religious practice is linked to insanity. Rev.
Cherrycoke, [[Chapter_1:_5-11#Page 10|page 10]]. Ecstasy or real madness or both?

'''praeternatural... supernatural''' 
Praeternatural: Beyond or different from what is natural, or according to the regular course of things, but not clearly supernatural or miraculous; strange; inexplicable; extraordinary; uncommon; irregular; abnormal

'''tail-wagging Scheherazades''' 
In ''A Thousand and One Nights'' (or ''Arabian Nights''), Scheherazade tells a story to the king (her husband) each night in order to stay her execution. Each night she ends in the middle of a tale, so that the King postpones her execution out of curiosity to hear the story's end.

'''Algernon''' 
Algernon is the name of a laboratory mouse in the novel (and short story) of Daniel Keyes, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowers_for_Algernon Flowers for Algernon] (1966), where the mouse undergoes surgery to increase his intelligence by artificial means. The story is told as a series of progress reports written by Charlie, who originally has an IQ of 68 and is the first human test subject for the surgery. Charlie – the same way as the mouse – shows spectacular progress in the beginning, only to regress later to his original state and die shortly after. Keyes in his turn took the name Algernon from the English poet [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algernon_Swinburne Algernon Charles Swinburne] (1837-1909), a decadent master of verse, who in his late life suffered mental and physical breakdown due to his alcoholism, algolagnia and excitable character.

Here, it is little more than shorthand denoting an upper-class dilettante - Derek is surely addressing his friend, not the dog - but it can hardly be accidental that the name arises in the context of a miraculous increase of intelligence in an animal.

'''Macaroni Italian Style [...] Fop Fricasée''' 
The Terrier (the Learnèd English Dog) is futuristically punning on the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maccaroni_%28fashion%29 Macaronis] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fop Fops] mentioned on [[#Page 21|page 21]], as macaroni the food wasn't introduced in the U.S. until years later when [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson Thomas Jefferson] did so in 1789, when he returned home after serving as ambassador to France, bringing his "macaroni machine" with him.

==Page 23==

'''Hydrophobia''' An old name for [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabies rabies] and thus an understandable concern for the LED. Perhaps also sheer bravado in the interests of not being kidnapped - a small dog has no other threat against a group of eager sailors.

'''fathom''' 
Six feet. Sea depth is conventionally given in fathoms.

'''Bahf''' 
Bath, properly Royal Bath Spa, a genteel town in Somerset (originally the Roman Aqua Sulis); but an unlikely place to find Bodine's roots. Bodine's speech, with his elision ('Li'oo doggie', 'all 'e way', 'you take i' ') and the substitution of F for TH is archetypal London dialect, unlike Mason's, whose rhotic 'R's reflect his West Country upbringing (Stroud and Bath are not far apart linguistically).

'''"a British Dog, Sir. No one owns me"'''. 
Cf. Rev Cherrycoke, page 10.

'''a-lop''' 
Lopsided. (One OED cite from 1865)

==Page 24==

'''the Point''' 

Portsmouth Point, see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_Point Wiki entry].

'''Welsh Main''' 
"...in which eight pairs were matched, the eight victors being again paired, then four, and finally the last surviving pair" [http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Cock-fighting EB11-cockfighting]

==Page 25==

'''Fulhams''' 
"Loaded dice are called high and lowmen, or high and low fulhams, by Ben Jonson and other writers of his time; either because they were made at Fulham, or from that place being the resort of sharpers" ([http://www.fromoldbooks.org/Grose-VulgarTongue/f/fulhams.html ''Grose's Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue''], 1811)

'''Three-Threads''' 
* “half common Ale, and half Stout or double Beer” ([http://www.fromoldbooks.org/NathanBailey-CantingDictionary/T/THREE-Threads.html ''Canting Dictionary''] [thieving slang], 1737)
* “Half common ale, mixed with stale and double beer” ([http://www.fromoldbooks.org/Grose-VulgarTongue/t/three-threads.html ''Grose’s Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue''], 1811)

'''Euphroe''' 
“A nautical term for blocks of wood with holes in them” (Levy, Toby. [http://www.themodernword.com/pynchon/levy_mason_and_dixon.pdf ''MD3PAD'' PDF]. p. 8). The holes are used for running and securing line. The term usually refers specifically to the crowfeet dead-eyes. See photos 2-6 in this series of [http://forum.aceboard.net/15916-2168-6568-0-Photos-format-plus-eleve-photo-album-larger-format-photos.htm#id83555 pix].

'''Hepsie''' 
Diminutive of [http://www.cutebabyname.com/hepsie.html Hephzibah.]Mother of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manasseh Manasseh] in the Old Testament(see [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=12&chapter=21&version=9 2 Kings 21:1]).

'''smoaks''' 
The usage here means "to divine" or "to read into," from the ancient practice of divining the future through the interpretation of smoke rising from a fire.

From ''Chambers's Encyclopedia'' (1868):

:Capnomancy (formed from the Greek ''capnos'', smoke, and ''manteia'', divination) was practiced by the ancients in two different ways - either they threw grains of jasmine or poppy on the burning coals, and watched the motions and the density of the smoke that rose from them, or they watched the smoke of sacrifices. This latter kind of C. was most generally employed, and that to which the greatest importance was attached. If the smoke was thin, and ascended in a right line, instead of being blown back by the breeze, or spreading over the altar, the augury was good. It was also believed that the inhalation of the smoke rising from the victims or from the fire which consumed them, gifted the priests with prophetic inspiration. [http://www.webspinning.com.au/home/lambertj/public_html/c.man.html]

==Page 26==

''''pert''' 
Shortened form of 'apert' (open, bold).

'''Lloyd's''' 
Presumably a reference to the predecessor of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyds_Bank Lloyd's bank]. The business was started only in 1765, co-founded by Sampson Lloyd II, who was a Quaker.

==Page 27==

'''half a crown''' 
A high-value coin, worth two shillings and sixpence (one eighth of a pound) or 12 1/2 pence in modern currency. In M&D's time, worth about £13 ($20), so a substantial fee. Until 1919, made of silver, thereafter half silver until 1946 when cupro-nickel was used. Discontinued shortly before decimalization in 1970.

==Page 28==

'''share quarters''' 
Bodine's comment would suggest that the girls were indeed close.

'''Mauve''' 
The colour Mauve wasn't discovered until the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauve 1830s.] However [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malva "Malva"] (the source for the word)or "Mallow" was one of the oldest known plants.

'''H.M.S. [[I#Inconvenience|Inconvenience]]''' 
[[B#bodine|Fender-Belly Bodine's]] former ship (to appear again in 2006 in [http://against-the-day.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=I#inconvenience ''Against the Day''])

==References==
<references />

{{MD PbP}}

Chapter 3: 14-29

2016-05-19T09:46:42Z

Tetrys: /* Page 16 */

==Page 14==

'''''Spiritual Day-Book''''' 
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Whitefield George Whitefield] (1714-1770) was a preacher in the Church of England and one of the leaders of the Methodist movement. He was a pioneer in the commercialization of religion and seen by many as the most powerful leader of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Awakening Great Awakening] in America. Whitefield popularized the concept of a spiritual day-book:

:Whitefield's familiary with a shopkeeper's daybook provided another metaphor for his faith. He urged his followers to take an accounting of their spiritual lives. "I think a good tradesman whether he deals largely or not, will take care to keep his day-book well," Whitefield explained, adding, "if a man will not keep his day-book well it is ten to one but he loses a good deal when he comes to count up his things at Christmas." Then applying the lesson to converts, the evangelist continued, "now I take it for granted, a good spiritual tradesman will keep his spiritual day-book well." A good Christian will be able to look at his accounts at the end of a day and proclaim, "I have died a little more to the world than yesterday, [and] this day I hope that I have been a little more alive to God than I was yesterday." <ref>''Pedlar in Divinity: George Whitefield and the Transatlantic Revivals, 1737-1770'', Frank Lambert, Princeton University Press, 1994, p.50</ref>

'''Day's Fatigue''' 
Foreshadows the leitmotif of [http://against-the-day.pynchonwiki.com/wiki ''Against the Day'']. The working day against which, etc., etc.

'''waking Traverse was done''' 
Not sure if the meaning has held constant, but modern day surveyors use the noun TRAverse (with the emphasis on the 1st syllable) to refer not to a line, but to a loop or geometric figure created by measuring the angle & distance from one point to another. By closing the loop and measuring the angle & distance back to the original point, the surveyor can determine the accuracy of the measurements (the loop should close completely, without any deviation from the measurements) and apply a correction, if necessary. Use of the word in this way describes each day as a forward progress (traVERSE) in addition to a circular return (TRAverse) --incredibly poignant.

Traverse is the main family name in [http://against-the-day.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/ ''Against the Day'']. Descendants of Webb Traverse appear in [http://vineland.pynchonwiki.com/wiki ''Vineland''].

'''yet another Term in the Contract between the City and oneself''' 
A reference to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_contract Social Contracts], the implied agreements by which people form nations and maintain a social order. This means that the people give up some rights to a government in order to receive social order. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes Thomas Hobbes] (1588-1679), [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke John Locke] (1632-1704), and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau Jean-Jacques Rousseau] (1712-1778) are the most famous philosophers of contractarianism, which formed the theoretical groundwork of democracy.

Pynchon has always been wary of cities, crushing the individual (the charismatic, the Life Force) in the pursuit of a rationalized and efficient system. Cf. the [http://gravitys-rainbow.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=C#dactylic City Dactylic in ''Gravity's Rainbow''] ""the city of the future where every soul is known, and there is noplace to hide." Cf., also, the [http://gravitys-rainbow.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Routinization_of_Charisma Routinization of Charisma in ''Gravity's Rainbow''].

==Page 15==

'''Wapping High Street''' 
The area was first settled by Saxons, from whom it takes its name (meaning literally "[the place of] Wæppa's people"). It developed along the embankment of the Thames, hemmed in by the river to the south and the now-drained Wapping Marsh to the north. This gave it a peculiarly narrow and constricted shape, consisting of little more than the axis of Wapping High Street and some north-south side streets. John Stow, the 16th century historian, described it as a "continual street, or a filthy strait passage, with alleys of small tenements or cottages, built, inhabited by sailors' victuallers." [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wapping Wikipedia entry...]

'''Tyburn''' 
The village [of Tyburn] was notorious for centuries as the site of the Tyburn gallows, London's principal location for public executions by hanging. Executions took place at Tyburn from the 12th to the 18th century (with the prisoners processed from Newgate Prison in the City). Located near Marble Arch in present-day London. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyburn%2C_London Wikipedia entry...]

'''the Motrix of Honest Mirth''' 
The ''vis motrix'' is a term meaning "moving force" or "soul." Here we could equate it to 'Engine' or 'Stimulus'.

Immanual Kant, in the decades before the publication of the ''Critique of Pure Reason'', was a metaphysical dualist who offered a positive account of mind/body interaction. ''Thoughts of the True Estimation of Living Forces'' (1747), his first philosophical work, contains an argument that the mind/body problem presupposed several false and interrelated assumptions, all of which fell under the general view that the essential force of body is ''vis motrix''. Kant argued that the traditional ''vis motrix'' view, which was defended by Wolff and other post-Leibnizian German rationalists, appealed to an unexplanatory and metaphysically incoherent conception of force. [http://philosophy.uwaterloo.ca/MindDict/kant.html]

'''Dixon's Joke''' 
We can only assume that TP intends Dixon's 'joak' to fail, to heighten the characters' mutual discomfort; Mason's response is no kind of punchline, and scarcely seems to justify Dixon's assumption that he has 'heard it before', unless the punchline was too vulgar to be repeated in company.

==Page 16==

'''Corsican accent''' 
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsica Corsica] is the fourth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily, Sardinia, and Cyprus). The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsican_language Corsican language] has strong similarities to Italian.

:In the French ''bourgeoisie'' any dialect other than "educated" Parisian French is regarded as inferior and excites hilarity; and of the many dialects, the Belgian and Corsican accents are regarded as the ugliest and funniest.<ref>''Race and Ethnicity: Essays in Comparative Sociology'', Pierre L. Van den Berghe; Basic Books, 1970, p.4</ref>

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France Napoléon Bonaparte], who was born on Corsica, was 9 years old when his family left for France and although he learned French, he was never able to shake his strong Corsican accent.

'''North-Road Cockade''' 
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_North_Road_(Great_Britain) The Great North Road] was the main highway between England and Scotland. It features in the legendary flight of the highwayman Dick Turpin from London to York, also in The Pickwick Papers by Charles Dickens. The cockade could be have broad outlaw/rebel connotations of the time or those associated with the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobitism Jacobites] who wore white cockades. Also, during the 1780 Gordon Riots in London the blue cockade became a symbol of anti-government feelings and was worn by most of the rioters. During the American Revolution of 1765-1783, the Continental Army wore cockades of various colours. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockade Wikipedia entry] Quakers were known for their plain dress and teetotalism - Dixon adheres to neither. More of this in Chapter 5.

==Page 17==

'''Ha-Ha''' 
Ha-ha (garden)
The ha-ha or sunken fence is a type of boundary to a garden, pleasure-ground, or park, designed not to interrupt the view and to be invisible until closely approached. The ha-ha consists of a trench, the inner side of which is perpendicular and faced with stone, with the outer slope face sloped and turfed - making it in effect a sunken fence. The ha-ha is a feature in the landscape gardens laid out by Charles Bridgeman, the originator of the ha-ha, according to Horace Walpole (Walpole 1780) and by William Kent and was an essential component of the "swept" views of Capability Brown.

'''Aristarchus''' 
Aristarchus (310 BC - c. 230 BC) was a Greek astronomer and mathematician, born on the island of Samos, in ancient Greece. He is considered the first person to propose a heliocentric model of the solar system, placing the Sun, not the Earth, at the center of the known universe (hence he is sometimes known as the "Greek Copernicus").

'''the other fellow''' 
It appears that Dixon is just rambling on a list of Astronomers and can't remember a particular name. Galileo? Copernicus? Tycho Brahe? Take your pick.

==Page 18==
'''Vine with Corn, beware the Morn''' 
An early version of such modern sayings as, "Beer before liquor, never sicker." Mixing types of drink has long been known to produce unwelcome effects.

'''mirror'd Lanthorns''' 
"Lanthorn" (pronounced "lantern") is an archaic, chiefly British, spelling of "lantern." It is derived from horn, of which the sides were once made. When horns are soaked in hot water for a time they become soft and flexible, much as fingernails do when they are kept in dishwater. These flexible horns can be cut and flattened out to make many translucent plastic-like objects.
"Lant" comes from the Latin ''lanterna'' ("lamp," "torch") which is derived from the Greek ''lampter'' ("torch")" from ''lampein'' ("to shine").

[[image:norfolk_terrier.jpg|right|thumb|125px|Norfolk Terrier]]'''Norfolk Terrier''' 
The grand entrance of the Learnèd English Dog. It appears that the name is an anachronism in ''Mason & Dixon'': [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Terrier The Norfolk Terrier] is the smallest of the working Terriers. Prior to 1960, when it gained recognition as an independent breed, it was a variety of the Norwich Terrier, distinguished from the Norwich by its "drop", or folded ears.

:In the 1880s, British sportsmen developed a working terrier of East Anglia, England. The Norwich Terrier and later the drop-eared variety now know as the Norfolk Terrier, were believed to have been developed by crossing Cairn Terriers, small, short-legged Irish Terrier breeds and the small red terriers used by the Gypsy ratters of Norfolk. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Terrier Wikipedia]

==Page 19==

'''''Ministerial''''' 
1. Of, relating to, or characteristic of a minister of religion or of the ministry. 2. Of or relating to administrative and executive duties and functions of government. 3. Law Of, relating to, or being a mandatory act or duty admitting of no personal discretion or judgment in its performance. 4. Acting or serving as an agent; instrumental. From the American Heritage Dictionary.

'''Where the Bee Sucks''' 
A song from Shakespeare's [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_tempest ''The Tempest''] set to music by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Johnson_(composer) Robert Johnson], the lutenist to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_I_of_England James I], in the 1659 ''Cheerful Ayres or Ballads''. In ''The Tempest'', after he is set free by Prospero, Ariel sings "Where the Bee Sucks":

:Where the bee sucks, there suck I 
:In a cowslip's bell I lie; 
:There I couch when owls do cry. 
:On the bat's back I do fly 
:After summer merrily. 
:Merrily, merrily shall I live now 
:Under the blossom that hangs on the bough.

The reference to Ariel and ''The Tempest'' foreshadows the L.E.D.'s discourse on how "Dogs learn'd to act as human as possible" in order to avoid being killed for food by humans ([[#Page 22|p. 22]]). A brief analysis of Ariel's character: [http://www.cliffsnotes.com/WileyCDA/LitNote/The-Tempest-Character-Analyses-Ariel.id-130,pageNum-46.html]

:Ariel is a spirit of the air who, because he refused to serve the witch, Sycorax, was imprisoned in a tree until rescued by Prospero. Ariel willingly carries out Prospero’s wishes because he is eager to be free. Although he wants his freedom in exchange, Ariel approaches his tasks with enthusiasm, quickly doing what is asked and promptly reporting any activities that he observes. Early in the play, Ariel reports the plot to murder Prospero, and later, he assists in punishing Prospero’s enemies. Ariel’s obedience is an important symbol of Prospero’s humanity, because he ameliorates Prospero’s role on the island and humanizes the action that Prospero takes against his old adversaries. Finally, Ariel’s willing obedience of Prospero’s wishes stands in stark contrast to Caliban’s cursing and plotting against the same master.

[http://www.contemplator.com/tunebook/england/beesucks.htm Read & Listen...]

'''Integral of One over (Book) d (Book)''' 
Freshman calculus gag. The antiderivative or integral of the function 1/x is the function logarithm of x. Written (integral sign) 1/x dx = log x. Substitute (Book) for x. Answer: log (Book) = logbook.

The same gag appears in GR: 'integral of 1 over cabin d cabin = Log cabin + c = houseboat'.

'''Pistoles''' 
The French name given to a Spanish gold coin in use in 1537; it was a double escudo, the gold unit. The name was also given to the Louis d'Or of Louis XIII of France, and to other European gold coins of about the value of the Spanish coin. One pistole was worth approximately ten livres. In Dumas' ''The Three Musketeers'', set in the 1620s, we learn that thirty-five pistoles and twenty crowns make 465 livres.

'''Gate-Ways to Futurity''' 
Windows into the future.

'''Metempsychosis''' 
Metempsychosis is a philosophical term in the Greek language referring to the belief of transmigration of the soul, especially its reincarnation after death. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metempsychosis Wikipedia entry...]

==Page 20==

'''Sailors with Queues''' 
A queue is a men's hairstyle whose primary attribute is a braid or ponytail at the back of the head, such as that worn by men in Imperial China. [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/queue#Noun Wiktionary]

'''upstart Chapels''' 
upstart: Suddenly raised to a position of consequence. 2. Self-important; presumptuous. Amer Her Dict.

'''singing Catches''' 
A Catch is a canonic, often rhythmically intricate composition for three or more voices, popular especially in the 17th and 18th centuries. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catch_%28music%29 Wikipedia entry...]

==Page 21==

'''Fender-Belly''' 
Fender: a soft bag or cushion hung from the side of a ship to protect it from the stones or piles of a wharf. Fender-Belly has such a cushion in front. A Bodine of some sort appears in almost every TP work.

'''Coconut-Ale''' 
A Beer made with, or flavoured with, coconut milk.

'''Macaronis''' 
A British and American subculture inspired by the fashion of continential Europe eps. that of Italy. The term comes from the Itallian "maccherone" which means "boorish fool" but was taken on by the British to mean over the top fashionable.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaroni_%28fashion%29 Macaroni]
They would often speak in an affected manner and mix Latin into their speech.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaronic_verse Macaronic Verse]

'''Lunarians''' 
A Lunarian is an member of the movement of astronomers who felt that the solution to the Logitude prize lay in the development of lunar tables describing the moons of Jupiter. Famous Lunarians included Nevil Maskelyne; here it seems to be only a vague term of abuse.

'''Hostlers''' 
Singular...One who is employed to tend horses, especially at an inn. 2. One who services a large vehicle or engine, such as a locomotive. Middle English, from Anglo-Norman hostiler.

'''Glim-Jacks''' 
The ''1811 Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue'', originally by Francis Grose,
defines a glim-jack as a link-boy. A [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link-boy link-boy] (or link boy or linkboy) was a boy who carried a flaming torch to light the way for pedestrians at night. Linkboys were common in London in the days before street lighting. The linkboy's fee was commonly one farthing, and the torch was often made from burning pitch and tow.

In [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thieves%27_cant thieves' cant] (a secret language which was formerly used by thieves, beggars and hustlers of various kinds in English-speaking countries), a linkboy was known as a "Glym Jack" ("glym" meant "light") or a "moon-curser" (as their services would not be required on a moonlit night). Employing a linkboy could be dangerous, as some would lead their clients to dark alleyways, where they could be beset by footpads.

==Page 22==

'''The L.E.D. blinks, shivers, nods in a resign'd way.''' 
L.E.D., here the "Learnèd English Dog", is also the abbreviation for [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode "light-emitting diodes"], which do blink on a regular basis.

'''state of holy Insanity''' 
the second time an Eastern religious practice is linked to insanity. Rev.
Cherrycoke, [[Chapter_1:_5-11#Page 10|page 10]]. Ecstasy or real madness or both?

'''praeternatural... supernatural''' 
Praeternatural: Beyond or different from what is natural, or according to the regular course of things, but not clearly supernatural or miraculous; strange; inexplicable; extraordinary; uncommon; irregular; abnormal

'''tail-wagging Scheherazades''' 
In ''A Thousand and One Nights'' (or ''Arabian Nights''), Scheherazade tells a story to the king (her husband) each night in order to stay her execution. Each night she ends in the middle of a tale, so that the King postpones her execution out of curiosity to hear the story's end.

'''Algernon''' 
Algernon is the name of a laboratory mouse in the novel (and short story) of Daniel Keyes, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowers_for_Algernon Flowers for Algernon] (1966), where the mouse undergoes surgery to increase his intelligence by artificial means. The story is told as a series of progress reports written by Charlie, who originally has an IQ of 68 and is the first human test subject for the surgery. Charlie – the same way as the mouse – shows spectacular progress in the beginning, only to regress later to his original state and die shortly after. Keyes in his turn took the name Algernon from the English poet [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algernon_Swinburne Algernon Charles Swinburne] (1837-1909), a decadent master of verse, who in his late life suffered mental and physical breakdown due to his alcoholism, algolagnia and excitable character.

Here, it is little more than shorthand denoting an upper-class dilettante - Derek is surely addressing his friend, not the dog - but it can hardly be accidental that the name arises in the context of a miraculous increase of intelligence in an animal.

'''Macaroni Italian Style [...] Fop Fricasée''' 
The Terrier (the Learnèd English Dog) is futuristically punning on the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maccaroni_%28fashion%29 Macaronis] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fop Fops] mentioned on [[#Page 21|page 21]], as macaroni the food wasn't introduced in the U.S. until years later when [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson Thomas Jefferson] did so in 1789, when he returned home after serving as ambassador to France, bringing his "macaroni machine" with him.

==Page 23==

'''Hydrophobia''' An old name for [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabies rabies] and thus an understandable concern for the LED. Perhaps also sheer bravado in the interests of not being kidnapped - a small dog has no other threat against a group of eager sailors.

'''fathom''' 
Six feet. Sea depth is conventionally given in fathoms.

'''Bahf''' 
Bath, properly Royal Bath Spa, a genteel town in Somerset (originally the Roman Aqua Sulis); but an unlikely place to find Bodine's roots. Bodine's speech, with his elision ('Li'oo doggie', 'all 'e way', 'you take i' ') and the substitution of F for TH is archetypal London dialect, unlike Mason's, whose rhotic 'R's reflect his West Country upbringing (Stroud and Bath are not far apart linguistically).

'''"a British Dog, Sir. No one owns me"'''. 
Cf. Rev Cherrycoke, page 10.

'''a-lop''' 
Lopsided. (One OED cite from 1865)

==Page 24==

'''the Point''' 

Portsmouth Point, see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_Point Wiki entry].

'''Welsh Main''' 
"...in which eight pairs were matched, the eight victors being again paired, then four, and finally the last surviving pair" [http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Cock-fighting EB11-cockfighting]

==Page 25==

'''Fulhams''' 
"Loaded dice are called high and lowmen, or high and low fulhams, by Ben Jonson and other writers of his time; either because they were made at Fulham, or from that place being the resort of sharpers" ([http://www.fromoldbooks.org/Grose-VulgarTongue/f/fulhams.html ''Grose's Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue''], 1811)

'''Three-Threads''' 
* “half common Ale, and half Stout or double Beer” ([http://www.fromoldbooks.org/NathanBailey-CantingDictionary/T/THREE-Threads.html ''Canting Dictionary''] [thieving slang], 1737)
* “Half common ale, mixed with stale and double beer” ([http://www.fromoldbooks.org/Grose-VulgarTongue/t/three-threads.html ''Grose’s Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue''], 1811)

'''Euphroe''' 
“A nautical term for blocks of wood with holes in them” (Levy, Toby. [http://www.themodernword.com/pynchon/levy_mason_and_dixon.pdf ''MD3PAD'' PDF]. p. 8). The holes are used for running and securing line. The term usually refers specifically to the crowfeet dead-eyes. See photos 2-6 in this series of [http://forum.aceboard.net/15916-2168-6568-0-Photos-format-plus-eleve-photo-album-larger-format-photos.htm#id83555 pix].

'''Hepsie''' 
Diminutive of [http://www.cutebabyname.com/hepsie.html Hephzibah.]Mother of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manasseh Manasseh] in the Old Testament(see [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=12&chapter=21&version=9 2 Kings 21:1]).

'''smoaks''' 
The usage here means "to divine" or "to read into," from the ancient practice of divining the future through the interpretation of smoke rising from a fire.

From ''Chambers's Encyclopedia'' (1868):

:Capnomancy (formed from the Greek ''capnos'', smoke, and ''manteia'', divination) was practiced by the ancients in two different ways - either they threw grains of jasmine or poppy on the burning coals, and watched the motions and the density of the smoke that rose from them, or they watched the smoke of sacrifices. This latter kind of C. was most generally employed, and that to which the greatest importance was attached. If the smoke was thin, and ascended in a right line, instead of being blown back by the breeze, or spreading over the altar, the augury was good. It was also believed that the inhalation of the smoke rising from the victims or from the fire which consumed them, gifted the priests with prophetic inspiration. [http://www.webspinning.com.au/home/lambertj/public_html/c.man.html]

==Page 26==

''''pert''' 
Shortened form of 'apert' (open, bold).

==Page 27==

'''half a crown''' 
A high-value coin, worth two shillings and sixpence (one eighth of a pound) or 12 1/2 pence in modern currency. In M&D's time, worth about £13 ($20), so a substantial fee. Until 1919, made of silver, thereafter half silver until 1946 when cupro-nickel was used. Discontinued shortly before decimalization in 1970.

==Page 28==

'''share quarters''' 
Bodine's comment would suggest that the girls were indeed close.

'''Mauve''' 
The colour Mauve wasn't discovered until the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauve 1830s.] However [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malva "Malva"] (the source for the word)or "Mallow" was one of the oldest known plants.

'''H.M.S. [[I#Inconvenience|Inconvenience]]''' 
[[B#bodine|Fender-Belly Bodine's]] former ship (to appear again in 2006 in [http://against-the-day.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=I#inconvenience ''Against the Day''])

==References==
<references />

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== Page 30 ==

'''Epictetus''' 
Epictetus (ca. 55–ca. 135) was a Greek Stoic philosopher who focused more on ethics than the earlier Stoics had. Repeatedly attributing his ideas to Socrates, he held that our aim was to be masters of our own lives. The role of the Stoic teacher, according to Epictetus, was to encourage his students to learn, first of all, the true nature of things, which is invariable, inviolable and valid for all human beings without exceptions. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epictetus Wikipedia]

Some things, said Epictetus, are in our power, others are not. We have no control over how the dice of life are cast; what we do control is the hand we play once they are thrown. The failure to observe this distinction leads to unlimited anxiety. If you try to avoid disease, death and poverty, you will live in misery, because none of them, particularly death, are ever under our control. Happiness can emerge only from attention to those things that we do have command over - our thoughts, actions and reactions. Peace comes from living a simple life in which we have disciplined our own thinking and trimmed our desires and aversions to a minimum.

The quote paraphrased by the Rev'd Cherrycoke comes from the ''Enchiridion'' (135 A.C.E.) ("handbook"), in which Epictetus promotes the Stoic philosophy of acceptance. It is believed that Epictetus himself wrote nothing and what remains of his thought was transcribed by his pupil Arrian. The twenty-first point reads:

:"Let death and exile and every other thing which appears dreadful be daily before your eyes; but most of all death: and you will never think of anything mean nor will you desire anything extravagantly." [http://www.butler-bowdon.com/enchiridion.html]

'''death upon the Whir fore and aft''' 
That is, the length of the ship.

'''Powder-monkey''' 
A boy employed on warships to carry gunpowder from the magazine to the guns.

'''the snug Shambles of the ''Seahorse''''' 
Shambles, in this context, likely means abattoir, which is a building where animals are butchered.

'''''Phiz''''' 
A slang term for the human face, from physiognomy which means the face.

'''pollicates''' 
The only definition for this word in the OED is an adjective: "Having thumbs; spec. of or relating to the former order Pollicata of mammals having opposable digits, which included monkeys, lower primates, and many marsupials." I'm assuming the narrator is turning it into a verb here, which would seem to indicate that Ethelmer is giving his uncle a "thumbs-up"? 'Superpollicates' comes later and would seem to mean the same.

==Page 33==

'''''Rutabageous Anemia''''' 
Can't squeeze blood from a turnip.

==Page 34==
'''Ramillies''' 
The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramillies-class_ship_of_the_line Ramillies-class ships] of the line were a class of nine 74-gun third rates, designed for the Royal Navy by Sir Thomas Slade. There were two distinct sub-groups; four ships were built in the Royal Dockyards to the original design, approved on 25 April 1760. The actual [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Ramillies_%281763%29 HMS Ramillies entry] was launched in 1763, suffered damage in a storm in 1782 and was finally abandoned and burned later that year.

'''Tail of the Bolt / Rame Head''' 
Bolt Tail is a headland in Devon and Rame Head is a headland in southeast Cornwall.

==Page 35==

'''Sixth Rate''' 
Sixth rate was the designation used by the Royal Navy for small warships mounting between 20 and 24 carriage-mounted guns on a single deck, sometimes with smaller guns on the upper works and sometimes without. It thus encompassed ships with up to 30 guns in all. In the first half of the 18th century the main battery guns were 6-pounders, but by mid-century these were supplanted by 9-pounders. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth-rate Wiki entry]

==Page 39==

'''Plymouth Dockyard''' 

Now known as Her Majesty's Naval Base (HMNB) Devonport, see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMNB_Devonport Wiki entry].

==Page 40==

'''''disaster ... at Quiberon Bay''''' 
See Battle of Quiberon Bay. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Quiberon_Bay Wikipedia]

'''''qui vive''''' 
Originally a French sentinel's challenge, originally meaning "Long live who?" but in its other sense, "Who's alive?", ''qui vive'' is used idiomatically as a adjective to mean to be on the alert or vigilant.

'''''téton dernier''''' 
A French version of the rural American metaphor ''hind tit'' (or ''teat''). The place of lowest status. ''téton'' = "tit"; ''dernier'' = "last position" or "back row".

==Annotation Index==

{{MD PbP}}

User:Tetrys

2016-05-18T22:12:25Z

Tetrys: Created page with "You can write to me at tetrys@posteo.de."

You can write to me at tetrys@posteo.de.

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Tetrys:

== Page 30 ==

'''Epictetus''' 
Epictetus (ca. 55–ca. 135) was a Greek Stoic philosopher who focused more on ethics than the earlier Stoics had. Repeatedly attributing his ideas to Socrates, he held that our aim was to be masters of our own lives. The role of the Stoic teacher, according to Epictetus, was to encourage his students to learn, first of all, the true nature of things, which is invariable, inviolable and valid for all human beings without exceptions. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epictetus Wikipedia]

Some things, said Epictetus, are in our power, others are not. We have no control over how the dice of life are cast; what we do control is the hand we play once they are thrown. The failure to observe this distinction leads to unlimited anxiety. If you try to avoid disease, death and poverty, you will live in misery, because none of them, particularly death, are ever under our control. Happiness can emerge only from attention to those things that we do have command over - our thoughts, actions and reactions. Peace comes from living a simple life in which we have disciplined our own thinking and trimmed our desires and aversions to a minimum.

The quote paraphrased by the Rev'd Cherrycoke comes from the ''Enchiridion'' (135 A.C.E.) ("handbook"), in which Epictetus promotes the Stoic philosophy of acceptance. It is believed that Epictetus himself wrote nothing and what remains of his thought was transcribed by his pupil Arrian. The twenty-first point reads:

:"Let death and exile and every other thing which appears dreadful be daily before your eyes; but most of all death: and you will never think of anything mean nor will you desire anything extravagantly." [http://www.butler-bowdon.com/enchiridion.html]

'''death upon the Whir fore and aft''' 
That is, the length of the ship.

'''Powder-monkey''' 
A boy employed on warships to carry gunpowder from the magazine to the guns.

'''the snug Shambles of the ''Seahorse''''' 
Shambles, in this context, likely means abattoir, which is a building where animals are butchered.

'''''Phiz''''' 
A slang term for the human face, from physiognomy which means the face.

'''pollicates''' 
The only definition for this word in the OED is an adjective: "Having thumbs; spec. of or relating to the former order Pollicata of mammals having opposable digits, which included monkeys, lower primates, and many marsupials." I'm assuming the narrator is turning it into a verb here, which would seem to indicate that Ethelmer is giving his uncle a "thumbs-up"? 'Superpollicates' comes later and would seem to mean the same.

==Page 33==

'''''Rutabageous Anemia''''' 
Can't squeeze blood from a turnip.

==Page 35==

'''Sixth Rate''' 
Sixth rate was the designation used by the Royal Navy for small warships mounting between 20 and 24 carriage-mounted guns on a single deck, sometimes with smaller guns on the upper works and sometimes without. It thus encompassed ships with up to 30 guns in all. In the first half of the 18th century the main battery guns were 6-pounders, but by mid-century these were supplanted by 9-pounders. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth-rate Wikipedia]

==Page 39==

'''Plymouth Dockyard''' 

Now known as Her Majesty's Naval Base (HMNB) Devonport, see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMNB_Devonport Wiki entry].

==Page 40==

'''''disaster ... at Quiberon Bay''''' 
See Battle of Quiberon Bay. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Quiberon_Bay Wikipedia]

'''''qui vive''''' 
Originally a French sentinel's challenge, originally meaning "Long live who?" but in its other sense, "Who's alive?", ''qui vive'' is used idiomatically as a adjective to mean to be on the alert or vigilant.

'''''téton dernier''''' 
A French version of the rural American metaphor ''hind tit'' (or ''teat''). The place of lowest status. ''téton'' = "tit"; ''dernier'' = "last position" or "back row".

==Annotation Index==

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==Page 14==

'''''Spiritual Day-Book''''' 
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Whitefield George Whitefield] (1714-1770) was a preacher in the Church of England and one of the leaders of the Methodist movement. He was a pioneer in the commercialization of religion and seen by many as the most powerful leader of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Awakening Great Awakening] in America. Whitefield popularized the concept of a spiritual day-book:

:Whitefield's familiary with a shopkeeper's daybook provided another metaphor for his faith. He urged his followers to take an accounting of their spiritual lives. "I think a good tradesman whether he deals largely or not, will take care to keep his day-book well," Whitefield explained, adding, "if a man will not keep his day-book well it is ten to one but he loses a good deal when he comes to count up his things at Christmas." Then applying the lesson to converts, the evangelist continued, "now I take it for granted, a good spiritual tradesman will keep his spiritual day-book well." A good Christian will be able to look at his accounts at the end of a day and proclaim, "I have died a little more to the world than yesterday, [and] this day I hope that I have been a little more alive to God than I was yesterday." <ref>''Pedlar in Divinity: George Whitefield and the Transatlantic Revivals, 1737-1770'', Frank Lambert, Princeton University Press, 1994, p.50</ref>

'''Day's Fatigue''' 
Foreshadows the leitmotif of [http://against-the-day.pynchonwiki.com/wiki ''Against the Day'']. The working day against which, etc., etc.

'''waking Traverse was done''' 
Not sure if the meaning has held constant, but modern day surveyors use the noun TRAverse (with the emphasis on the 1st syllable) to refer not to a line, but to a loop or geometric figure created by measuring the angle & distance from one point to another. By closing the loop and measuring the angle & distance back to the original point, the surveyor can determine the accuracy of the measurements (the loop should close completely, without any deviation from the measurements) and apply a correction, if necessary. Use of the word in this way describes each day as a forward progress (traVERSE) in addition to a circular return (TRAverse) --incredibly poignant.

Traverse is the main family name in [http://against-the-day.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/ ''Against the Day'']. Descendants of Webb Traverse appear in [http://vineland.pynchonwiki.com/wiki ''Vineland''].

'''yet another Term in the Contract between the City and oneself''' 
A reference to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_contract Social Contracts], the implied agreements by which people form nations and maintain a social order. This means that the people give up some rights to a government in order to receive social order. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes Thomas Hobbes] (1588-1679), [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke John Locke] (1632-1704), and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau Jean-Jacques Rousseau] (1712-1778) are the most famous philosophers of contractarianism, which formed the theoretical groundwork of democracy.

Pynchon has always been wary of cities, crushing the individual (the charismatic, the Life Force) in the pursuit of a rationalized and efficient system. Cf. the [http://gravitys-rainbow.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=C#dactylic City Dactylic in ''Gravity's Rainbow''] ""the city of the future where every soul is known, and there is noplace to hide." Cf., also, the [http://gravitys-rainbow.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Routinization_of_Charisma Routinization of Charisma in ''Gravity's Rainbow''].

==Page 15==

'''Wapping High Street''' 
The area was first settled by Saxons, from whom it takes its name (meaning literally "[the place of] Wæppa's people"). It developed along the embankment of the Thames, hemmed in by the river to the south and the now-drained Wapping Marsh to the north. This gave it a peculiarly narrow and constricted shape, consisting of little more than the axis of Wapping High Street and some north-south side streets. John Stow, the 16th century historian, described it as a "continual street, or a filthy strait passage, with alleys of small tenements or cottages, built, inhabited by sailors' victuallers." [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wapping Wikipedia entry...]

'''Tyburn''' 
The village [of Tyburn] was notorious for centuries as the site of the Tyburn gallows, London's principal location for public executions by hanging. Executions took place at Tyburn from the 12th to the 18th century (with the prisoners processed from Newgate Prison in the City). Located near Marble Arch in present-day London. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyburn%2C_London Wikipedia entry...]

'''the Motrix of Honest Mirth''' 
The ''vis motrix'' is a term meaning "moving force" or "soul." Here we could equate it to 'Engine' or 'Stimulus'.

Immanual Kant, in the decades before the publication of the ''Critique of Pure Reason'', was a metaphysical dualist who offered a positive account of mind/body interaction. ''Thoughts of the True Estimation of Living Forces'' (1747), his first philosophical work, contains an argument that the mind/body problem presupposed several false and interrelated assumptions, all of which fell under the general view that the essential force of body is ''vis motrix''. Kant argued that the traditional ''vis motrix'' view, which was defended by Wolff and other post-Leibnizian German rationalists, appealed to an unexplanatory and metaphysically incoherent conception of force. [http://philosophy.uwaterloo.ca/MindDict/kant.html]

'''Dixon's Joke''' 
We can only assume that TP intends Dixon's 'joak' to fail, to heighten the characters' mutual discomfort; Mason's response is no kind of punchline, and scarcely seems to justify Dixon's assumption that he has 'heard it before', unless the punchline was too vulgar to be repeated in company.

==Page 16==

'''Corsican accent''' 
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsica Corsica] is the fourth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily, Sardinia, and Cyprus). The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsican_language Corsican language] has strong similarities to Italian.

:In the French ''bourgeoisie'' any dialect other than "educated" Parisian French is regarded as inferior and excites hilarity; and of the many dialects, the Belgian and Corsican accents are regarded as the ugliest and funniest.<ref>''Race and Ethnicity: Essays in Comparative Sociology'', Pierre L. Van den Berghe; Basic Books, 1970, p.4</ref>

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France Napoléon Bonaparte], who was born on Corsica, was 9 years old when his family left for France and although he learned French, he was never able to shake his strong Corsican accent.

'''North-Road Cockade''' 
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_North_Road_(Great_Britain) The Great North Road] was the main highway between England and Scotland. It features in the legendary flight of the highwayman Dick Turpin from London to York, also in The Pickwick Papers by Charles Dickens. The cockade could be have broad outlaw/rebel connotations of the time or those associated with the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobitism Jacobites] who wore white cockades. Also, during the 1780 Gordon Riots in London the blue cockade became a symbol of anti-government feelings and was worn by most of the rioters. During the American Revolution of 1765-1783, the Continental Army wore cockades of various colours. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockade Wikipedia entry]

==Page 17==

'''Ha-Ha''' 
Ha-ha (garden)
The ha-ha or sunken fence is a type of boundary to a garden, pleasure-ground, or park, designed not to interrupt the view and to be invisible until closely approached. The ha-ha consists of a trench, the inner side of which is perpendicular and faced with stone, with the outer slope face sloped and turfed - making it in effect a sunken fence. The ha-ha is a feature in the landscape gardens laid out by Charles Bridgeman, the originator of the ha-ha, according to Horace Walpole (Walpole 1780) and by William Kent and was an essential component of the "swept" views of Capability Brown.

'''Aristarchus''' 
Aristarchus (310 BC - c. 230 BC) was a Greek astronomer and mathematician, born on the island of Samos, in ancient Greece. He is considered the first person to propose a heliocentric model of the solar system, placing the Sun, not the Earth, at the center of the known universe (hence he is sometimes known as the "Greek Copernicus").

'''the other fellow''' 
It appears that Dixon is just rambling on a list of Astronomers and can't remember a particular name. Galileo? Copernicus? Tycho Brahe? Take your pick.

==Page 18==
'''Vine with Corn, beware the Morn''' 
An early version of such modern sayings as, "Beer before liquor, never sicker." Mixing types of drink has long been known to produce unwelcome effects.

'''mirror'd Lanthorns''' 
"Lanthorn" (pronounced "lantern") is an archaic, chiefly British, spelling of "lantern." It is derived from horn, of which the sides were once made. When horns are soaked in hot water for a time they become soft and flexible, much as fingernails do when they are kept in dishwater. These flexible horns can be cut and flattened out to make many translucent plastic-like objects.
"Lant" comes from the Latin ''lanterna'' ("lamp," "torch") which is derived from the Greek ''lampter'' ("torch")" from ''lampein'' ("to shine").

[[image:norfolk_terrier.jpg|right|thumb|125px|Norfolk Terrier]]'''Norfolk Terrier''' 
The grand entrance of the Learnèd English Dog. It appears that the name is an anachronism in ''Mason & Dixon'': [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Terrier The Norfolk Terrier] is the smallest of the working Terriers. Prior to 1960, when it gained recognition as an independent breed, it was a variety of the Norwich Terrier, distinguished from the Norwich by its "drop", or folded ears.

:In the 1880s, British sportsmen developed a working terrier of East Anglia, England. The Norwich Terrier and later the drop-eared variety now know as the Norfolk Terrier, were believed to have been developed by crossing Cairn Terriers, small, short-legged Irish Terrier breeds and the small red terriers used by the Gypsy ratters of Norfolk. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Terrier Wikipedia]

==Page 19==

'''''Ministerial''''' 
1. Of, relating to, or characteristic of a minister of religion or of the ministry. 2. Of or relating to administrative and executive duties and functions of government. 3. Law Of, relating to, or being a mandatory act or duty admitting of no personal discretion or judgment in its performance. 4. Acting or serving as an agent; instrumental. From the American Heritage Dictionary.

'''Where the Bee Sucks''' 
A song from Shakespeare's [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_tempest ''The Tempest''] set to music by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Johnson_(composer) Robert Johnson], the lutenist to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_I_of_England James I], in the 1659 ''Cheerful Ayres or Ballads''. In ''The Tempest'', after he is set free by Prospero, Ariel sings "Where the Bee Sucks":

:Where the bee sucks, there suck I 
:In a cowslip's bell I lie; 
:There I couch when owls do cry. 
:On the bat's back I do fly 
:After summer merrily. 
:Merrily, merrily shall I live now 
:Under the blossom that hangs on the bough.

The reference to Ariel and ''The Tempest'' foreshadows the L.E.D.'s discourse on how "Dogs learn'd to act as human as possible" in order to avoid being killed for food by humans ([[#Page 22|p. 22]]). A brief analysis of Ariel's character: [http://www.cliffsnotes.com/WileyCDA/LitNote/The-Tempest-Character-Analyses-Ariel.id-130,pageNum-46.html]

:Ariel is a spirit of the air who, because he refused to serve the witch, Sycorax, was imprisoned in a tree until rescued by Prospero. Ariel willingly carries out Prospero’s wishes because he is eager to be free. Although he wants his freedom in exchange, Ariel approaches his tasks with enthusiasm, quickly doing what is asked and promptly reporting any activities that he observes. Early in the play, Ariel reports the plot to murder Prospero, and later, he assists in punishing Prospero’s enemies. Ariel’s obedience is an important symbol of Prospero’s humanity, because he ameliorates Prospero’s role on the island and humanizes the action that Prospero takes against his old adversaries. Finally, Ariel’s willing obedience of Prospero’s wishes stands in stark contrast to Caliban’s cursing and plotting against the same master.

[http://www.contemplator.com/tunebook/england/beesucks.htm Read & Listen...]

'''Integral of One over (Book) d (Book)''' 
Freshman calculus gag. The antiderivative or integral of the function 1/x is the function logarithm of x. Written (integral sign) 1/x dx = log x. Substitute (Book) for x. Answer: log (Book) = logbook.

The same gag appears in GR: 'integral of 1 over cabin d cabin = Log cabin + c = houseboat'.

'''Pistoles''' 
The French name given to a Spanish gold coin in use in 1537; it was a double escudo, the gold unit. The name was also given to the Louis d'Or of Louis XIII of France, and to other European gold coins of about the value of the Spanish coin. One pistole was worth approximately ten livres. In Dumas' ''The Three Musketeers'', set in the 1620s, we learn that thirty-five pistoles and twenty crowns make 465 livres.

'''Gate-Ways to Futurity''' 
Windows into the future.

'''Metempsychosis''' 
Metempsychosis is a philosophical term in the Greek language referring to the belief of transmigration of the soul, especially its reincarnation after death. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metempsychosis Wikipedia entry...]

==Page 20==

'''Sailors with Queues''' 
A queue is a men's hairstyle whose primary attribute is a braid or ponytail at the back of the head, such as that worn by men in Imperial China. [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/queue#Noun Wiktionary]

'''upstart Chapels''' 
upstart: Suddenly raised to a position of consequence. 2. Self-important; presumptuous. Amer Her Dict.

'''singing Catches''' 
A Catch is a canonic, often rhythmically intricate composition for three or more voices, popular especially in the 17th and 18th centuries. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catch_%28music%29 Wikipedia entry...]

==Page 21==

'''Fender-Belly''' 
Fender: a soft bag or cushion hung from the side of a ship to protect it from the stones or piles of a wharf. Fender-Belly has such a cushion in front. A Bodine of some sort appears in almost every TP work.

'''Coconut-Ale''' 
A Beer made with, or flavoured with, coconut milk.

'''Macaronis''' 
A British and American subculture inspired by the fashion of continential Europe eps. that of Italy. The term comes from the Itallian "maccherone" which means "boorish fool" but was taken on by the British to mean over the top fashionable.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaroni_%28fashion%29 Macaroni]
They would often speak in an affected manner and mix Latin into their speech.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaronic_verse Macaronic Verse]

'''Lunarians''' 
A Lunarian is an member of the movement of astronomers who felt that the solution to the Logitude prize lay in the development of lunar tables describing the moons of Jupiter. Famous Lunarians included Nevil Maskelyne; here it seems to be only a vague term of abuse.

'''Hostlers''' 
Singular...One who is employed to tend horses, especially at an inn. 2. One who services a large vehicle or engine, such as a locomotive. Middle English, from Anglo-Norman hostiler.

'''Glim-Jacks''' 
The ''1811 Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue'', originally by Francis Grose,
defines a glim-jack as a link-boy. A [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link-boy link-boy] (or link boy or linkboy) was a boy who carried a flaming torch to light the way for pedestrians at night. Linkboys were common in London in the days before street lighting. The linkboy's fee was commonly one farthing, and the torch was often made from burning pitch and tow.

In [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thieves%27_cant thieves' cant] (a secret language which was formerly used by thieves, beggars and hustlers of various kinds in English-speaking countries), a linkboy was known as a "Glym Jack" ("glym" meant "light") or a "moon-curser" (as their services would not be required on a moonlit night). Employing a linkboy could be dangerous, as some would lead their clients to dark alleyways, where they could be beset by footpads.

==Page 22==

'''The L.E.D. blinks, shivers, nods in a resign'd way.''' 
L.E.D., here the "Learnèd English Dog", is also the abbreviation for [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode "light-emitting diodes"], which do blink on a regular basis.

'''state of holy Insanity''' 
the second time an Eastern religious practice is linked to insanity. Rev.
Cherrycoke, [[Chapter_1:_5-11#Page 10|page 10]]. Ecstasy or real madness or both?

'''praeternatural... supernatural''' 
Praeternatural: Beyond or different from what is natural, or according to the regular course of things, but not clearly supernatural or miraculous; strange; inexplicable; extraordinary; uncommon; irregular; abnormal

'''tail-wagging Scheherazades''' 
In ''A Thousand and One Nights'' (or ''Arabian Nights''), Scheherazade tells a story to the king (her husband) each night in order to stay her execution. Each night she ends in the middle of a tale, so that the King postpones her execution out of curiosity to hear the story's end.

'''Algernon''' 
Algernon is the name of a laboratory mouse in the novel (and short story) of Daniel Keyes, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowers_for_Algernon Flowers for Algernon] (1966), where the mouse undergoes surgery to increase his intelligence by artificial means. The story is told as a series of progress reports written by Charlie, who originally has an IQ of 68 and is the first human test subject for the surgery. Charlie – the same way as the mouse – shows spectacular progress in the beginning, only to regress later to his original state and die shortly after. Keyes in his turn took the name Algernon from the English poet [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algernon_Swinburne Algernon Charles Swinburne] (1837-1909), a decadent master of verse, who in his late life suffered mental and physical breakdown due to his alcoholism, algolagnia and excitable character.

Here, it is little more than shorthand denoting an upper-class dilettante - Derek is surely addressing his friend, not the dog - but it can hardly be accidental that the name arises in the context of a miraculous increase of intelligence in an animal.

'''Macaroni Italian Style [...] Fop Fricasée''' 
The Terrier (the Learnèd English Dog) is futuristically punning on the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maccaroni_%28fashion%29 Macaronis] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fop Fops] mentioned on [[#Page 21|page 21]], as macaroni the food wasn't introduced in the U.S. until years later when [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson Thomas Jefferson] did so in 1789, when he returned home after serving as ambassador to France, bringing his "macaroni machine" with him.

==Page 23==

'''Hydrophobia''' An old name for [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabies rabies] and thus an understandable concern for the LED. Perhaps also sheer bravado in the interests of not being kidnapped - a small dog has no other threat against a group of eager sailors.

'''fathom''' 
Six feet. Sea depth is conventionally given in fathoms.

'''Bahf''' 
Bath, properly Royal Bath Spa, a genteel town in Somerset (originally the Roman Aqua Sulis); but an unlikely place to find Bodine's roots. Bodine's speech, with his elision ('Li'oo doggie', 'all 'e way', 'you take i' ') and the substitution of F for TH is archetypal London dialect, unlike Mason's, whose rhotic 'R's reflect his West Country upbringing (Stroud and Bath are not far apart linguistically).

'''"a British Dog, Sir. No one owns me"'''. 
Cf. Rev Cherrycoke, page 10.

'''a-lop''' 
Lopsided. (One OED cite from 1865)

==Page 24==

'''the Point''' 

Portsmouth Point, see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_Point Wiki entry].

'''Welsh Main''' 
"...in which eight pairs were matched, the eight victors being again paired, then four, and finally the last surviving pair" [http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Cock-fighting EB11-cockfighting]

==Page 25==

'''Fulhams''' 
"Loaded dice are called high and lowmen, or high and low fulhams, by Ben Jonson and other writers of his time; either because they were made at Fulham, or from that place being the resort of sharpers" ([http://www.fromoldbooks.org/Grose-VulgarTongue/f/fulhams.html ''Grose's Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue''], 1811)

'''Three-Threads''' 
* “half common Ale, and half Stout or double Beer” ([http://www.fromoldbooks.org/NathanBailey-CantingDictionary/T/THREE-Threads.html ''Canting Dictionary''] [thieving slang], 1737)
* “Half common ale, mixed with stale and double beer” ([http://www.fromoldbooks.org/Grose-VulgarTongue/t/three-threads.html ''Grose’s Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue''], 1811)

'''Euphroe''' 
“A nautical term for blocks of wood with holes in them” (Levy, Toby. [http://www.themodernword.com/pynchon/levy_mason_and_dixon.pdf ''MD3PAD'' PDF]. p. 8). The holes are used for running and securing line. The term usually refers specifically to the crowfeet dead-eyes. See photos 2-6 in this series of [http://forum.aceboard.net/15916-2168-6568-0-Photos-format-plus-eleve-photo-album-larger-format-photos.htm#id83555 pix].

'''Hepsie''' 
Diminutive of [http://www.cutebabyname.com/hepsie.html Hephzibah.]Mother of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manasseh Manasseh] in the Old Testament(see [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=12&chapter=21&version=9 2 Kings 21:1]).

'''smoaks''' 
The usage here means "to divine" or "to read into," from the ancient practice of divining the future through the interpretation of smoke rising from a fire.

From ''Chambers's Encyclopedia'' (1868):

:Capnomancy (formed from the Greek ''capnos'', smoke, and ''manteia'', divination) was practiced by the ancients in two different ways - either they threw grains of jasmine or poppy on the burning coals, and watched the motions and the density of the smoke that rose from them, or they watched the smoke of sacrifices. This latter kind of C. was most generally employed, and that to which the greatest importance was attached. If the smoke was thin, and ascended in a right line, instead of being blown back by the breeze, or spreading over the altar, the augury was good. It was also believed that the inhalation of the smoke rising from the victims or from the fire which consumed them, gifted the priests with prophetic inspiration. [http://www.webspinning.com.au/home/lambertj/public_html/c.man.html]

==Page 26==

''''pert''' 
Shortened form of 'apert' (open, bold).

==Page 27==

'''half a crown''' 
A high-value coin, worth two shillings and sixpence (one eighth of a pound) or 12 1/2 pence in modern currency. In M&D's time, worth about £13 ($20), so a substantial fee. Until 1919, made of silver, thereafter half silver until 1946 when cupro-nickel was used. Discontinued shortly before decimalization in 1970.

==Page 28==

'''share quarters''' 
Bodine's comment would suggest that the girls were indeed close.

'''Mauve''' 
The colour Mauve wasn't discovered until the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauve 1830s.] However [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malva "Malva"] (the source for the word)or "Mallow" was one of the oldest known plants.

'''H.M.S. [[I#Inconvenience|Inconvenience]]''' 
[[B#bodine|Fender-Belly Bodine's]] former ship (to appear again in 2006 in [http://against-the-day.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=I#inconvenience ''Against the Day''])

==References==
<references />

{{MD PbP}}

Chapter 3: 14-29

2016-05-18T22:05:58Z

Tetrys: /* Page 16 */

==Page 14==

'''''Spiritual Day-Book''''' 
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Whitefield George Whitefield] (1714-1770) was a preacher in the Church of England and one of the leaders of the Methodist movement. He was a pioneer in the commercialization of religion and seen by many as the most powerful leader of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Awakening Great Awakening] in America. Whitefield popularized the concept of a spiritual day-book:

:Whitefield's familiary with a shopkeeper's daybook provided another metaphor for his faith. He urged his followers to take an accounting of their spiritual lives. "I think a good tradesman whether he deals largely or not, will take care to keep his day-book well," Whitefield explained, adding, "if a man will not keep his day-book well it is ten to one but he loses a good deal when he comes to count up his things at Christmas." Then applying the lesson to converts, the evangelist continued, "now I take it for granted, a good spiritual tradesman will keep his spiritual day-book well." A good Christian will be able to look at his accounts at the end of a day and proclaim, "I have died a little more to the world than yesterday, [and] this day I hope that I have been a little more alive to God than I was yesterday." <ref>''Pedlar in Divinity: George Whitefield and the Transatlantic Revivals, 1737-1770'', Frank Lambert, Princeton University Press, 1994, p.50</ref>

'''Day's Fatigue''' 
Foreshadows the leitmotif of [http://against-the-day.pynchonwiki.com/wiki ''Against the Day'']. The working day against which, etc., etc.

'''waking Traverse was done''' 
Not sure if the meaning has held constant, but modern day surveyors use the noun TRAverse (with the emphasis on the 1st syllable) to refer not to a line, but to a loop or geometric figure created by measuring the angle & distance from one point to another. By closing the loop and measuring the angle & distance back to the original point, the surveyor can determine the accuracy of the measurements (the loop should close completely, without any deviation from the measurements) and apply a correction, if necessary. Use of the word in this way describes each day as a forward progress (traVERSE) in addition to a circular return (TRAverse) --incredibly poignant.

Traverse is the main family name in [http://against-the-day.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/ ''Against the Day'']. Descendants of Webb Traverse appear in [http://vineland.pynchonwiki.com/wiki ''Vineland''].

'''yet another Term in the Contract between the City and oneself''' 
A reference to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_contract Social Contracts], the implied agreements by which people form nations and maintain a social order. This means that the people give up some rights to a government in order to receive social order. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes Thomas Hobbes] (1588-1679), [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke John Locke] (1632-1704), and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau Jean-Jacques Rousseau] (1712-1778) are the most famous philosophers of contractarianism, which formed the theoretical groundwork of democracy.

Pynchon has always been wary of cities, crushing the individual (the charismatic, the Life Force) in the pursuit of a rationalized and efficient system. Cf. the [http://gravitys-rainbow.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=C#dactylic City Dactylic in ''Gravity's Rainbow''] ""the city of the future where every soul is known, and there is noplace to hide." Cf., also, the [http://gravitys-rainbow.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Routinization_of_Charisma Routinization of Charisma in ''Gravity's Rainbow''].

==Page 15==

'''Wapping High Street''' 
The area was first settled by Saxons, from whom it takes its name (meaning literally "[the place of] Wæppa's people"). It developed along the embankment of the Thames, hemmed in by the river to the south and the now-drained Wapping Marsh to the north. This gave it a peculiarly narrow and constricted shape, consisting of little more than the axis of Wapping High Street and some north-south side streets. John Stow, the 16th century historian, described it as a "continual street, or a filthy strait passage, with alleys of small tenements or cottages, built, inhabited by sailors' victuallers." [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wapping Wikipedia entry...]

'''Tyburn''' 
The village [of Tyburn] was notorious for centuries as the site of the Tyburn gallows, London's principal location for public executions by hanging. Executions took place at Tyburn from the 12th to the 18th century (with the prisoners processed from Newgate Prison in the City). Located near Marble Arch in present-day London. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyburn%2C_London Wikipedia entry...]

'''the Motrix of Honest Mirth''' 
The ''vis motrix'' is a term meaning "moving force" or "soul." Here we could equate it to 'Engine' or 'Stimulus'.

Immanual Kant, in the decades before the publication of the ''Critique of Pure Reason'', was a metaphysical dualist who offered a positive account of mind/body interaction. ''Thoughts of the True Estimation of Living Forces'' (1747), his first philosophical work, contains an argument that the mind/body problem presupposed several false and interrelated assumptions, all of which fell under the general view that the essential force of body is ''vis motrix''. Kant argued that the traditional ''vis motrix'' view, which was defended by Wolff and other post-Leibnizian German rationalists, appealed to an unexplanatory and metaphysically incoherent conception of force. [http://philosophy.uwaterloo.ca/MindDict/kant.html]

'''Dixon's Joke''' 
We can only assume that TP intends Dixon's 'joak' to fail, to heighten the characters' mutual discomfort; Mason's response is no kind of punchline, and scarcely seems to justify Dixon's assumption that he has 'heard it before', unless the punchline was too vulgar to be repeated in company.

==Page 16==

'''Corsican accent''' 
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsica Corsica] is the fourth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily, Sardinia, and Cyprus). The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsican_language Corsican language] has strong similarities to Italian.

:In the French ''bourgeoisie'' any dialect other than "educated" Parisian French is regarded as inferior and excites hilarity; and of the many dialects, the Belgian and Corsican accents are regarded as the ugliest and funniest.<ref>''Race and Ethnicity: Essays in Comparative Sociology'', Pierre L. Van den Berghe; Basic Books, 1970, p.4</ref>

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France Napoléon Bonaparte], who was born on Corsica, was 9 years old when his family left for France and although he learned French, he was never able to shake his strong Corsican accent.

'''North-Road Cockade''' 
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_North_Road_(Great_Britain) The Great North Road] was the main highway between England and Scotland. It features in the legendary flight of the highwayman Dick Turpin from London to York, also in The Pickwick Papers by Charles Dickens. The cockade could be have broad outlaw/rebel connotations of the time or those associated with the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobitism Jacobites] who wore white cockades. Also, during the 1780 Gordon Riots in London the blue cockade became a symbol of anti-government feelings and was worn by most of the rioters. During the American Revolution of 1765-1783, the Continental Army wore cockades of various colours. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockade Wikipedia entry]

==Page 17==

'''Ha-Ha''' 
Ha-ha (garden)
The ha-ha or sunken fence is a type of boundary to a garden, pleasure-ground, or park, designed not to interrupt the view and to be invisible until closely approached. The ha-ha consists of a trench, the inner side of which is perpendicular and faced with stone, with the outer slope face sloped and turfed - making it in effect a sunken fence. The ha-ha is a feature in the landscape gardens laid out by Charles Bridgeman, the originator of the ha-ha, according to Horace Walpole (Walpole 1780) and by William Kent and was an essential component of the "swept" views of Capability Brown.

'''Aristarchus''' 
Aristarchus (310 BC - c. 230 BC) was a Greek astronomer and mathematician, born on the island of Samos, in ancient Greece. He is considered the first person to propose a heliocentric model of the solar system, placing the Sun, not the Earth, at the center of the known universe (hence he is sometimes known as the "Greek Copernicus").

'''the other fellow''' 
It appears that Dixon is just rambling on a list of Astronomers and can't remember a particular name. Galileo? Copernicus? Tycho Brahe? Take your pick.

==Page 18==
'''Vine with Corn, beware the Morn''' 
An early version of such modern sayings as, "Beer before liquor, never sicker." Mixing types of drink has long been known to produce unwelcome effects.

'''mirror'd Lanthorns''' 
"Lanthorn" (pronounced "lantern") is an archaic, chiefly British, spelling of "lantern." It is derived from horn, of which the sides were once made. When horns are soaked in hot water for a time they become soft and flexible, much as fingernails do when they are kept in dishwater. These flexible horns can be cut and flattened out to make many translucent plastic-like objects.
"Lant" comes from the Latin ''lanterna'' ("lamp," "torch") which is derived from the Greek ''lampter'' ("torch")" from ''lampein'' ("to shine").

[[image:norfolk_terrier.jpg|right|thumb|125px|Norfolk Terrier]]'''Norfolk Terrier''' 
The grand entrance of the Learnèd English Dog. It appears that the name is an anachronism in ''Mason & Dixon'': [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Terrier The Norfolk Terrier] is the smallest of the working Terriers. Prior to 1960, when it gained recognition as an independent breed, it was a variety of the Norwich Terrier, distinguished from the Norwich by its "drop", or folded ears.

:In the 1880s, British sportsmen developed a working terrier of East Anglia, England. The Norwich Terrier and later the drop-eared variety now know as the Norfolk Terrier, were believed to have been developed by crossing Cairn Terriers, small, short-legged Irish Terrier breeds and the small red terriers used by the Gypsy ratters of Norfolk. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Terrier Wikipedia]

==Page 19==

'''''Ministerial''''' 
1. Of, relating to, or characteristic of a minister of religion or of the ministry. 2. Of or relating to administrative and executive duties and functions of government. 3. Law Of, relating to, or being a mandatory act or duty admitting of no personal discretion or judgment in its performance. 4. Acting or serving as an agent; instrumental. From the American Heritage Dictionary.

'''Where the Bee Sucks''' 
A song from Shakespeare's [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_tempest ''The Tempest''] set to music by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Johnson_(composer) Robert Johnson], the lutenist to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_I_of_England James I], in the 1659 ''Cheerful Ayres or Ballads''. In ''The Tempest'', after he is set free by Prospero, Ariel sings "Where the Bee Sucks":

:Where the bee sucks, there suck I 
:In a cowslip's bell I lie; 
:There I couch when owls do cry. 
:On the bat's back I do fly 
:After summer merrily. 
:Merrily, merrily shall I live now 
:Under the blossom that hangs on the bough.

The reference to Ariel and ''The Tempest'' foreshadows the L.E.D.'s discourse on how "Dogs learn'd to act as human as possible" in order to avoid being killed for food by humans ([[#Page 22|p. 22]]). A brief analysis of Ariel's character: [http://www.cliffsnotes.com/WileyCDA/LitNote/The-Tempest-Character-Analyses-Ariel.id-130,pageNum-46.html]

:Ariel is a spirit of the air who, because he refused to serve the witch, Sycorax, was imprisoned in a tree until rescued by Prospero. Ariel willingly carries out Prospero’s wishes because he is eager to be free. Although he wants his freedom in exchange, Ariel approaches his tasks with enthusiasm, quickly doing what is asked and promptly reporting any activities that he observes. Early in the play, Ariel reports the plot to murder Prospero, and later, he assists in punishing Prospero’s enemies. Ariel’s obedience is an important symbol of Prospero’s humanity, because he ameliorates Prospero’s role on the island and humanizes the action that Prospero takes against his old adversaries. Finally, Ariel’s willing obedience of Prospero’s wishes stands in stark contrast to Caliban’s cursing and plotting against the same master.

[http://www.contemplator.com/tunebook/england/beesucks.htm Read & Listen...]

'''Integral of One over (Book) d (Book)''' 
Freshman calculus gag. The antiderivative or integral of the function 1/x is the function logarithm of x. Written (integral sign) 1/x dx = log x. Substitute (Book) for x. Answer: log (Book) = logbook.

The same gag appears in GR: 'integral of 1 over cabin d cabin = Log cabin + c = houseboat'.

'''Pistoles''' 
The French name given to a Spanish gold coin in use in 1537; it was a double escudo, the gold unit. The name was also given to the Louis d'Or of Louis XIII of France, and to other European gold coins of about the value of the Spanish coin. One pistole was worth approximately ten livres. In Dumas' ''The Three Musketeers'', set in the 1620s, we learn that thirty-five pistoles and twenty crowns make 465 livres.

'''Gate-Ways to Futurity''' 
Windows into the future.

'''Metempsychosis''' 
Metempsychosis is a philosophical term in the Greek language referring to the belief of transmigration of the soul, especially its reincarnation after death. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metempsychosis Wikipedia entry...]

==Page 20==

'''upstart Chapels''' 
upstart: Suddenly raised to a position of consequence. 2. Self-important; presumptuous. Amer Her Dict.

'''singing Catches''' 
A Catch is a canonic, often rhythmically intricate composition for three or more voices, popular especially in the 17th and 18th centuries. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catch_%28music%29 Wikipedia entry...]

==Page 21==

'''Fender-Belly''' 
Fender: a soft bag or cushion hung from the side of a ship to protect it from the stones or piles of a wharf. Fender-Belly has such a cushion in front. A Bodine of some sort appears in almost every TP work.

'''Coconut-Ale''' 
A Beer made with, or flavoured with, coconut milk.

'''Macaronis''' 
A British and American subculture inspired by the fashion of continential Europe eps. that of Italy. The term comes from the Itallian "maccherone" which means "boorish fool" but was taken on by the British to mean over the top fashionable.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaroni_%28fashion%29 Macaroni]
They would often speak in an affected manner and mix Latin into their speech.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaronic_verse Macaronic Verse]

'''Lunarians''' 
A Lunarian is an member of the movement of astronomers who felt that the solution to the Logitude prize lay in the development of lunar tables describing the moons of Jupiter. Famous Lunarians included Nevil Maskelyne; here it seems to be only a vague term of abuse.

'''Hostlers''' 
Singular...One who is employed to tend horses, especially at an inn. 2. One who services a large vehicle or engine, such as a locomotive. Middle English, from Anglo-Norman hostiler.

'''Glim-Jacks''' 
The ''1811 Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue'', originally by Francis Grose,
defines a glim-jack as a link-boy. A [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link-boy link-boy] (or link boy or linkboy) was a boy who carried a flaming torch to light the way for pedestrians at night. Linkboys were common in London in the days before street lighting. The linkboy's fee was commonly one farthing, and the torch was often made from burning pitch and tow.

In [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thieves%27_cant thieves' cant] (a secret language which was formerly used by thieves, beggars and hustlers of various kinds in English-speaking countries), a linkboy was known as a "Glym Jack" ("glym" meant "light") or a "moon-curser" (as their services would not be required on a moonlit night). Employing a linkboy could be dangerous, as some would lead their clients to dark alleyways, where they could be beset by footpads.

==Page 22==

'''The L.E.D. blinks, shivers, nods in a resign'd way.''' 
L.E.D., here the "Learnèd English Dog", is also the abbreviation for [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode "light-emitting diodes"], which do blink on a regular basis.

'''state of holy Insanity''' 
the second time an Eastern religious practice is linked to insanity. Rev.
Cherrycoke, [[Chapter_1:_5-11#Page 10|page 10]]. Ecstasy or real madness or both?

'''praeternatural... supernatural''' 
Praeternatural: Beyond or different from what is natural, or according to the regular course of things, but not clearly supernatural or miraculous; strange; inexplicable; extraordinary; uncommon; irregular; abnormal

'''tail-wagging Scheherazades''' 
In ''A Thousand and One Nights'' (or ''Arabian Nights''), Scheherazade tells a story to the king (her husband) each night in order to stay her execution. Each night she ends in the middle of a tale, so that the King postpones her execution out of curiosity to hear the story's end.

'''Algernon''' 
Algernon is the name of a laboratory mouse in the novel (and short story) of Daniel Keyes, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowers_for_Algernon Flowers for Algernon] (1966), where the mouse undergoes surgery to increase his intelligence by artificial means. The story is told as a series of progress reports written by Charlie, who originally has an IQ of 68 and is the first human test subject for the surgery. Charlie – the same way as the mouse – shows spectacular progress in the beginning, only to regress later to his original state and die shortly after. Keyes in his turn took the name Algernon from the English poet [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algernon_Swinburne Algernon Charles Swinburne] (1837-1909), a decadent master of verse, who in his late life suffered mental and physical breakdown due to his alcoholism, algolagnia and excitable character.

Here, it is little more than shorthand denoting an upper-class dilettante - Derek is surely addressing his friend, not the dog - but it can hardly be accidental that the name arises in the context of a miraculous increase of intelligence in an animal.

'''Macaroni Italian Style [...] Fop Fricasée''' 
The Terrier (the Learnèd English Dog) is futuristically punning on the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maccaroni_%28fashion%29 Macaronis] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fop Fops] mentioned on [[#Page 21|page 21]], as macaroni the food wasn't introduced in the U.S. until years later when [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson Thomas Jefferson] did so in 1789, when he returned home after serving as ambassador to France, bringing his "macaroni machine" with him.

==Page 23==

'''Hydrophobia''' An old name for [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabies rabies] and thus an understandable concern for the LED. Perhaps also sheer bravado in the interests of not being kidnapped - a small dog has no other threat against a group of eager sailors.

'''fathom''' 
Six feet. Sea depth is conventionally given in fathoms.

'''Bahf''' 
Bath, properly Royal Bath Spa, a genteel town in Somerset (originally the Roman Aqua Sulis); but an unlikely place to find Bodine's roots. Bodine's speech, with his elision ('Li'oo doggie', 'all 'e way', 'you take i' ') and the substitution of F for TH is archetypal London dialect, unlike Mason's, whose rhotic 'R's reflect his West Country upbringing (Stroud and Bath are not far apart linguistically).

'''"a British Dog, Sir. No one owns me"'''. 
Cf. Rev Cherrycoke, page 10.

'''a-lop''' 
Lopsided. (One OED cite from 1865)

==Page 24==

'''the Point''' 

Portsmouth Point, see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_Point Wiki entry].

'''Welsh Main''' 
"...in which eight pairs were matched, the eight victors being again paired, then four, and finally the last surviving pair" [http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Cock-fighting EB11-cockfighting]

==Page 25==

'''Fulhams''' 
"Loaded dice are called high and lowmen, or high and low fulhams, by Ben Jonson and other writers of his time; either because they were made at Fulham, or from that place being the resort of sharpers" ([http://www.fromoldbooks.org/Grose-VulgarTongue/f/fulhams.html ''Grose's Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue''], 1811)

'''Three-Threads''' 
* “half common Ale, and half Stout or double Beer” ([http://www.fromoldbooks.org/NathanBailey-CantingDictionary/T/THREE-Threads.html ''Canting Dictionary''] [thieving slang], 1737)
* “Half common ale, mixed with stale and double beer” ([http://www.fromoldbooks.org/Grose-VulgarTongue/t/three-threads.html ''Grose’s Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue''], 1811)

'''Euphroe''' 
“A nautical term for blocks of wood with holes in them” (Levy, Toby. [http://www.themodernword.com/pynchon/levy_mason_and_dixon.pdf ''MD3PAD'' PDF]. p. 8). The holes are used for running and securing line. The term usually refers specifically to the crowfeet dead-eyes. See photos 2-6 in this series of [http://forum.aceboard.net/15916-2168-6568-0-Photos-format-plus-eleve-photo-album-larger-format-photos.htm#id83555 pix].

'''Hepsie''' 
Diminutive of [http://www.cutebabyname.com/hepsie.html Hephzibah.]Mother of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manasseh Manasseh] in the Old Testament(see [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=12&chapter=21&version=9 2 Kings 21:1]).

'''smoaks''' 
The usage here means "to divine" or "to read into," from the ancient practice of divining the future through the interpretation of smoke rising from a fire.

From ''Chambers's Encyclopedia'' (1868):

:Capnomancy (formed from the Greek ''capnos'', smoke, and ''manteia'', divination) was practiced by the ancients in two different ways - either they threw grains of jasmine or poppy on the burning coals, and watched the motions and the density of the smoke that rose from them, or they watched the smoke of sacrifices. This latter kind of C. was most generally employed, and that to which the greatest importance was attached. If the smoke was thin, and ascended in a right line, instead of being blown back by the breeze, or spreading over the altar, the augury was good. It was also believed that the inhalation of the smoke rising from the victims or from the fire which consumed them, gifted the priests with prophetic inspiration. [http://www.webspinning.com.au/home/lambertj/public_html/c.man.html]

==Page 26==

''''pert''' 
Shortened form of 'apert' (open, bold).

==Page 27==

'''half a crown''' 
A high-value coin, worth two shillings and sixpence (one eighth of a pound) or 12 1/2 pence in modern currency. In M&D's time, worth about £13 ($20), so a substantial fee. Until 1919, made of silver, thereafter half silver until 1946 when cupro-nickel was used. Discontinued shortly before decimalization in 1970.

==Page 28==

'''share quarters''' 
Bodine's comment would suggest that the girls were indeed close.

'''Mauve''' 
The colour Mauve wasn't discovered until the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauve 1830s.] However [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malva "Malva"] (the source for the word)or "Mallow" was one of the oldest known plants.

'''H.M.S. [[I#Inconvenience|Inconvenience]]''' 
[[B#bodine|Fender-Belly Bodine's]] former ship (to appear again in 2006 in [http://against-the-day.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=I#inconvenience ''Against the Day''])

==References==
<references />

{{MD PbP}}

Chapter 1: 5-11

2016-05-18T20:11:02Z

Tetrys: /* Page 11 */

==Page 3==

'''Latitudes and Departures''' 
Portmanteau of 'latitudes and longitudes' with 'arrivals and departures'.

==Page 5==
'''Snow-Balls have flown their Arcs''' 
In [http://gravitys-rainbow.pynchonwiki.com/wiki ''Gravity's Rainbow''], the arc - or the parabola - always had a sinister implication. In the title alone, the "Rainbow" of "Gravity" is the trajectory of a rocket. An arc is the precursor to utter destruction. Here, Pynchon's first image is again the image of a projectile, flying in a parabolic trajectory -- only this time, it is a snowball thrown by a child. This sets the tone of the whole novel, in the first sentence.

One possible interpretation of this beautiful opening, concerning the 'snow-balls', is that it is a sly reference to the recent (assumed) ending of the Cold War, i.e. that the Cold War is over now ("snow-balls have flown their Arcs"), and that it was all a game, a charade.

'''[capitalization]''' 
At first there seems to be no discernible pattern: caps seem accented to be rhythmically stressed, as in reading poetry.

Uncapitalised nouns in the first paragraph include: shoes, slaps, afternoon, rear, years, table, side-benches, branch, family.

Capitalised abstract nouns include: Arcs, Sides, Descent, Dither, Fly.

The pattern: Significant nouns, reflective of the Germanic roots of Old English. To this day all nouns are capitalized in German, and it was still normal to capitalise nouns in early 18th century English writing - Robinson Crusoe contains a bare handful of uncapitalised nouns, apparently overlooked by the typographer.

By the later 18th century the more familiar nouns - household and familiar objects, indeterminate nouns and those requiring less emphasis when read aloud - were left uncapitalised.

There is a tangential grammatical advantage in that it helps discriminate homonyms - secret is an adjective, Secret is a noun, venture is a verb, Venture is a noun.

'''mis-matche'd side-benches....Lancaster County" 
Lancaster County is one place where wood craftsmen like the Shakers and the Amish settled. Suggests handmade individual pieces?

'''a sinister and wonderful Card Table [which has a grain called] Wand’ring Heart, causing an illusion of Depth into which for years children have gaz’d as into the illustrated Pages of Books.''' 
Obviously, with this simile, Pynchon links the table to books. This invites the reader to see the entire description of the table as an example of the common postmodernist technique of ''mise-en-abyme'', (literally, “placing into infinity”). Basically, a writer uses this technique to summarise or encapsulate a theme or aim of the entire novel. Thus, in this instance, the reader is invited to see ''Mason & Dixon'' itself as possessing “an illusion of Depth […] with so many hinges, sliding Mortises, hidden catches, and secret compartments that neither the twins nor their Sister [nor the reader] can say they have been to the end of it.” That it is specifically a ''card'' table suggests the ludic or playful quality so often recognised in Pynchon’s fiction. The text of ''Mason and Dixon'' itself, perhaps, is a table upon which the reader plays.

==Page 6==
'''Christmastide of 1786''' 
sometime between December 25 and January 6. 'This Advent' further down the page, suggests before Christmas Day.

'''City today might be an Isle upon an Ocean''' 
Cf. the Earth in [http://against-the-day.pynchonwiki.com/wiki ''Against the Day'']: World-Island.

'''and the Nation bickering itself into fragments''' 
America then was, politically, a "Nation" of states, each with their own laws, agendas and even currency. In the following year, 1787, a "national" convention was called for. That convention was gathered merely to revise the earlier Articles of Confederation but chose instead to abandon the articles in favor of a completely new document. The Constitution, of course. On [[1787#September|September]] 17, 1787, the Constitution was finished in Philadelphia and Benjamin Franklin urged unanimous acceptance by all the states.

'''"Mischianza"''' 
From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mischianza Wikipedia]:

The Mischianza (Italian for a medley or mixture), or Meschianza, was an elaborate fête given in honor of British General Sir William Howe in Philadelphia on May 18, 1778. Howe, the commander-in-chief of the British forces in America during the early years of the Revolution, had resigned his post and was about to return to England. The ball was thrown by his corps of officers, who put up a sum of 3,312 guineas to pay for it. The events, which were planned by Captain John André and John Montresor, included a regatta along the Delaware River, accompanied by three musical bands and a 17-gun salute by British warships, a procession, a tournament of jousting knights, and a ball and banquet with fireworks display. The site was Walnut Grove, the rural seat of Joseph Wharton of the great Philadelphia Whartons.

The crowd of over 400 guests included Admiral of the Fleet Richard Lord Howe, the general's brother; General Henry Clinton, commandant at New York and Howe's replacement; Peggy Shippen, future wife of Benedict Arnold; Peggy Chew, daughter of Benjamin Chew; Rebecca Franks, daughter of loyalist David Franks; Lord Cathcart; Banastre Tarleton; and Wilhelm von Knyphausen, Hessian general.

'''Nerve-Lines''' 
1. A line or place at which two things are joined. 2. Anatomy- a. A tract of nerve fibers passing from one side to the other of the spinal cord or brain. b. The point or surface where two parts, such as the eyelids, lips, or cardiac valves, join or form a connection. 3. Botany- The surface or place along which two structures, such as carpels, are joined. Also "commissure". American Heritage Dictionary

'''Northern Liberties''' 
located north of Center City (specifically, Old City) and is bordered by Girard Avenue to the north and the Delaware River to the east.
The district first gained limited autonomy from the township by an Act of Assembly on March 9, 1771. The Act provided for the appointment of persons to regulate streets, direction of buildings, etc. By March 30, 1791 a second Act enabled the inhabitants of a portion of the Northern Liberties to lay taxes for the purpose of lighting, watching and establishing pumps within those bounds. Wikipedia, excerpted.

'''Spring Garden''' 
Spring Garden District is a defunct district that was located in Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania. The district ceased to exist and was incorporated into the City of Philadelphia following the passage of the Act of Consolidation, 1854. Spring Garden appears in Varie’s map of 1796 as a small settlement between Vine Street and Buttonwood Lane.

'''Germantown''' 
Germantown was originally the Borough of Germantown, a town in Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania and is today a neighborhood in Philadelphia, about six miles northwest from the center of the city. The neighborhood has been fully built up as a part of an urban city, but is rich in historic sites and buildings that have been preserved. Many of these are open to the public. Germantown stretches for about two miles along Germantown Avenue northwest "though there is no universally recognized exact boundary".

'''as impossible to calculate... as the Distance to a Star''' 
Because of the very small changes in parallax involved, start distances were not calculable until 1838, by which time the instruments were sensitive enough to measure it . 
The statement ignores that Sun is also a star; from the Transit of Venus data from 1761 and 1769, Lalande got a figure of 153 million kilometres (±1 million km), only 2.27% off the correct value of 149,597,870,691 ± 30 metres

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transit_of_Venus Transit of Venus]
[http://www.astro.virginia.edu/~rjp0i/museum/astrometry History of Astrometry]

'''Wicks Cherrycoke''' 
An ancestor of Gravity's Rainbow's Ronald Cherrycoke perhaps?

==Page 7==

'''Boppo''' 
Just a descriptive word like "Bam!" or "Pow!"

'''Winter's Block and Blade''' 
Block and Blade could just as well be synecdoche, alluding to the Guillotine [more likely execution by beheading with an axe, the guillotine has no block], and implying that the harsh Winter would mean Cherrycoke's death. A 'block' is also the heavy composite wooden table used by butchers.

Compare 'the knives of the seasons', used twice as a metaphor for decay in GR (first on p5).

'''An Herodotic Web of Adventures and Curiosities selected''' 
The density and web-like nature of Herodotus’s The ''Histories'' closely resembles Pynchon’s ''Mason & Dixon''. Herodotus lived in a time of transition, and would have composed his history before Socrates, Plato and Aristotle interrogated commonplace assumptions about the world and asserted their own unifying (and totalising) philosophies. His status as pre-Socratic perhaps mirrors Pynchon’s own as post-Enlightenment. Herodotus's method is to present numerous truths which, according to J. Evans, would probably have been composed from memory (''Herodotus''. 17). This led to him being demonised in the ancient (and, following their example, modern) world as being a greater writer of fiction than non-fiction, first implicitly (though transparently) by Thucydides in ''The Peloponnesian Wars'', and second explicitly (though clumsily) by Plutarch in ''The Malice of Herodotus''.

Plurality, multiplicity, heterogeneity are epithets commonly applied to both Pynchon and Herodotus. Herodotus also mirrors Pynchon in his use of the fantastic. As mentioned above, his fabulist anecdotes, such as the "great ants, in size somewhat less than dogs, but bigger than foxes" that dig gold and eat camels (Herodotus 3. 102-4), have led to Herodotus being branded the father of lies rather than the father of history, the label given to him by Cicero. A more rigorous reading of the two texts side by side will undoubtedly uncover greater and deeper associations.

'''Tenebrae''' 
Darkness (Latin). It also refers to a Christian church ritual commemorating Christ’s death. It begins with light and ends in total darkness – perhaps like the novel? It is certainly reminiscent of theories of entropy, prominent in The Crying of Lot 49, and used so often by critics to elucidate Pynchon's novels. In some versions of the service, the Church is gradually stripped of icons, ending in total plainness.

'''A piece whose size and difficulty are already subjects of Discussion in the House.''' 
Needlework is also use self-referentially in [http://cl49.pynchonwiki.com/wiki ''The Crying of Lot 49''].

'''Jabot''' 
A Jabot is a ruffle on the front of a woman's blouse or a man's shirt.

'''Darby and Cope''' 
These are the actual names of the Mason and Dixon's "chainmen" on the expedition. Darby is a character name repeated in [http://against-the-day.pynchonwiki.com/wiki ''Against the Day''].

==Page 8==

'''Secret Relation''' 
His private journal. (relation = narrative or account [http://www.answers.com/relation&r=67 def])

==Page 9==
'''The crime of "Anonymity"...Gaol...Exile''' 
With this description of the Rev's 'crime' of exposing power with the intention of being anonymous, and seeking exile as a way of avoiding prison, there is an implication that Cherrycoke's voice is Pynchon himself.

It also a very Foucauldian statement. In "What is an Author", Foucault points out that “In our culture […] discourse was not originally a product, a thing […] it was essentially an act.” Literary texts used to be valorised without there being any question of an author; rather, in the middle ages it was the medical texts that were given the status of authorship. This state of affairs was reversed around the 17th-18th centuries, contemporary to Cherrycoke's supposed misdemeanours, which perhaps helps us explain Pynchon's inclusion of the story here.

==Page 10==

'''my name had never been my own''' 
Bestowed by 'Authorities', there is the implication in the following lines that one is "owned"---like a collar around one's neck---by those authorities.

'''entire loss of Self, perfect union with All''' 
Satirizing certain Eastern religious beliefs? Or embracing them?

'''Captain (John) Smith, of The Seahorse''' 
a Captain John Smith wrote An Accidence, or the Path-Way to Experience(1626) and offered elemenatary instruction on seamanship in Sea Grammar (1627) an enlarged version of the first book. Cited in a footnote to The Tempest, Arden edition. A different Captain Smith (Captain Edward John Smith) was at the helm of the RMS Titanic on its only voyage.

'''Keep away from harmful Substances, in particular Coffee, Tobacco, and Indian Hemp. If you must use the latter, do not inhale.''' 
A clear reference to Bill Clinton's oft-quoted statement that he had tried marijuana in his youth, but "did not inhale."

==Page 11==

'''midwatch''' 
Under the naval watch system, the middle watch or midwatch is between 0000 and 0400.

'''Jean Crapaud''' 
Literally, John Toad - but in British parlance 'Johnny Frog'.

==Annotation Index==

{{MD PbP}}

Chapter 1: 5-11

2016-05-18T20:10:44Z

Tetrys: /* Page 11 */

==Page 3==

'''Latitudes and Departures''' 
Portmanteau of 'latitudes and longitudes' with 'arrivals and departures'.

==Page 5==
'''Snow-Balls have flown their Arcs''' 
In [http://gravitys-rainbow.pynchonwiki.com/wiki ''Gravity's Rainbow''], the arc - or the parabola - always had a sinister implication. In the title alone, the "Rainbow" of "Gravity" is the trajectory of a rocket. An arc is the precursor to utter destruction. Here, Pynchon's first image is again the image of a projectile, flying in a parabolic trajectory -- only this time, it is a snowball thrown by a child. This sets the tone of the whole novel, in the first sentence.

One possible interpretation of this beautiful opening, concerning the 'snow-balls', is that it is a sly reference to the recent (assumed) ending of the Cold War, i.e. that the Cold War is over now ("snow-balls have flown their Arcs"), and that it was all a game, a charade.

'''[capitalization]''' 
At first there seems to be no discernible pattern: caps seem accented to be rhythmically stressed, as in reading poetry.

Uncapitalised nouns in the first paragraph include: shoes, slaps, afternoon, rear, years, table, side-benches, branch, family.

Capitalised abstract nouns include: Arcs, Sides, Descent, Dither, Fly.

The pattern: Significant nouns, reflective of the Germanic roots of Old English. To this day all nouns are capitalized in German, and it was still normal to capitalise nouns in early 18th century English writing - Robinson Crusoe contains a bare handful of uncapitalised nouns, apparently overlooked by the typographer.

By the later 18th century the more familiar nouns - household and familiar objects, indeterminate nouns and those requiring less emphasis when read aloud - were left uncapitalised.

There is a tangential grammatical advantage in that it helps discriminate homonyms - secret is an adjective, Secret is a noun, venture is a verb, Venture is a noun.

'''mis-matche'd side-benches....Lancaster County" 
Lancaster County is one place where wood craftsmen like the Shakers and the Amish settled. Suggests handmade individual pieces?

'''a sinister and wonderful Card Table [which has a grain called] Wand’ring Heart, causing an illusion of Depth into which for years children have gaz’d as into the illustrated Pages of Books.''' 
Obviously, with this simile, Pynchon links the table to books. This invites the reader to see the entire description of the table as an example of the common postmodernist technique of ''mise-en-abyme'', (literally, “placing into infinity”). Basically, a writer uses this technique to summarise or encapsulate a theme or aim of the entire novel. Thus, in this instance, the reader is invited to see ''Mason & Dixon'' itself as possessing “an illusion of Depth […] with so many hinges, sliding Mortises, hidden catches, and secret compartments that neither the twins nor their Sister [nor the reader] can say they have been to the end of it.” That it is specifically a ''card'' table suggests the ludic or playful quality so often recognised in Pynchon’s fiction. The text of ''Mason and Dixon'' itself, perhaps, is a table upon which the reader plays.

==Page 6==
'''Christmastide of 1786''' 
sometime between December 25 and January 6. 'This Advent' further down the page, suggests before Christmas Day.

'''City today might be an Isle upon an Ocean''' 
Cf. the Earth in [http://against-the-day.pynchonwiki.com/wiki ''Against the Day'']: World-Island.

'''and the Nation bickering itself into fragments''' 
America then was, politically, a "Nation" of states, each with their own laws, agendas and even currency. In the following year, 1787, a "national" convention was called for. That convention was gathered merely to revise the earlier Articles of Confederation but chose instead to abandon the articles in favor of a completely new document. The Constitution, of course. On [[1787#September|September]] 17, 1787, the Constitution was finished in Philadelphia and Benjamin Franklin urged unanimous acceptance by all the states.

'''"Mischianza"''' 
From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mischianza Wikipedia]:

The Mischianza (Italian for a medley or mixture), or Meschianza, was an elaborate fête given in honor of British General Sir William Howe in Philadelphia on May 18, 1778. Howe, the commander-in-chief of the British forces in America during the early years of the Revolution, had resigned his post and was about to return to England. The ball was thrown by his corps of officers, who put up a sum of 3,312 guineas to pay for it. The events, which were planned by Captain John André and John Montresor, included a regatta along the Delaware River, accompanied by three musical bands and a 17-gun salute by British warships, a procession, a tournament of jousting knights, and a ball and banquet with fireworks display. The site was Walnut Grove, the rural seat of Joseph Wharton of the great Philadelphia Whartons.

The crowd of over 400 guests included Admiral of the Fleet Richard Lord Howe, the general's brother; General Henry Clinton, commandant at New York and Howe's replacement; Peggy Shippen, future wife of Benedict Arnold; Peggy Chew, daughter of Benjamin Chew; Rebecca Franks, daughter of loyalist David Franks; Lord Cathcart; Banastre Tarleton; and Wilhelm von Knyphausen, Hessian general.

'''Nerve-Lines''' 
1. A line or place at which two things are joined. 2. Anatomy- a. A tract of nerve fibers passing from one side to the other of the spinal cord or brain. b. The point or surface where two parts, such as the eyelids, lips, or cardiac valves, join or form a connection. 3. Botany- The surface or place along which two structures, such as carpels, are joined. Also "commissure". American Heritage Dictionary

'''Northern Liberties''' 
located north of Center City (specifically, Old City) and is bordered by Girard Avenue to the north and the Delaware River to the east.
The district first gained limited autonomy from the township by an Act of Assembly on March 9, 1771. The Act provided for the appointment of persons to regulate streets, direction of buildings, etc. By March 30, 1791 a second Act enabled the inhabitants of a portion of the Northern Liberties to lay taxes for the purpose of lighting, watching and establishing pumps within those bounds. Wikipedia, excerpted.

'''Spring Garden''' 
Spring Garden District is a defunct district that was located in Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania. The district ceased to exist and was incorporated into the City of Philadelphia following the passage of the Act of Consolidation, 1854. Spring Garden appears in Varie’s map of 1796 as a small settlement between Vine Street and Buttonwood Lane.

'''Germantown''' 
Germantown was originally the Borough of Germantown, a town in Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania and is today a neighborhood in Philadelphia, about six miles northwest from the center of the city. The neighborhood has been fully built up as a part of an urban city, but is rich in historic sites and buildings that have been preserved. Many of these are open to the public. Germantown stretches for about two miles along Germantown Avenue northwest "though there is no universally recognized exact boundary".

'''as impossible to calculate... as the Distance to a Star''' 
Because of the very small changes in parallax involved, start distances were not calculable until 1838, by which time the instruments were sensitive enough to measure it . 
The statement ignores that Sun is also a star; from the Transit of Venus data from 1761 and 1769, Lalande got a figure of 153 million kilometres (±1 million km), only 2.27% off the correct value of 149,597,870,691 ± 30 metres

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transit_of_Venus Transit of Venus]
[http://www.astro.virginia.edu/~rjp0i/museum/astrometry History of Astrometry]

'''Wicks Cherrycoke''' 
An ancestor of Gravity's Rainbow's Ronald Cherrycoke perhaps?

==Page 7==

'''Boppo''' 
Just a descriptive word like "Bam!" or "Pow!"

'''Winter's Block and Blade''' 
Block and Blade could just as well be synecdoche, alluding to the Guillotine [more likely execution by beheading with an axe, the guillotine has no block], and implying that the harsh Winter would mean Cherrycoke's death. A 'block' is also the heavy composite wooden table used by butchers.

Compare 'the knives of the seasons', used twice as a metaphor for decay in GR (first on p5).

'''An Herodotic Web of Adventures and Curiosities selected''' 
The density and web-like nature of Herodotus’s The ''Histories'' closely resembles Pynchon’s ''Mason & Dixon''. Herodotus lived in a time of transition, and would have composed his history before Socrates, Plato and Aristotle interrogated commonplace assumptions about the world and asserted their own unifying (and totalising) philosophies. His status as pre-Socratic perhaps mirrors Pynchon’s own as post-Enlightenment. Herodotus's method is to present numerous truths which, according to J. Evans, would probably have been composed from memory (''Herodotus''. 17). This led to him being demonised in the ancient (and, following their example, modern) world as being a greater writer of fiction than non-fiction, first implicitly (though transparently) by Thucydides in ''The Peloponnesian Wars'', and second explicitly (though clumsily) by Plutarch in ''The Malice of Herodotus''.

Plurality, multiplicity, heterogeneity are epithets commonly applied to both Pynchon and Herodotus. Herodotus also mirrors Pynchon in his use of the fantastic. As mentioned above, his fabulist anecdotes, such as the "great ants, in size somewhat less than dogs, but bigger than foxes" that dig gold and eat camels (Herodotus 3. 102-4), have led to Herodotus being branded the father of lies rather than the father of history, the label given to him by Cicero. A more rigorous reading of the two texts side by side will undoubtedly uncover greater and deeper associations.

'''Tenebrae''' 
Darkness (Latin). It also refers to a Christian church ritual commemorating Christ’s death. It begins with light and ends in total darkness – perhaps like the novel? It is certainly reminiscent of theories of entropy, prominent in The Crying of Lot 49, and used so often by critics to elucidate Pynchon's novels. In some versions of the service, the Church is gradually stripped of icons, ending in total plainness.

'''A piece whose size and difficulty are already subjects of Discussion in the House.''' 
Needlework is also use self-referentially in [http://cl49.pynchonwiki.com/wiki ''The Crying of Lot 49''].

'''Jabot''' 
A Jabot is a ruffle on the front of a woman's blouse or a man's shirt.

'''Darby and Cope''' 
These are the actual names of the Mason and Dixon's "chainmen" on the expedition. Darby is a character name repeated in [http://against-the-day.pynchonwiki.com/wiki ''Against the Day''].

==Page 8==

'''Secret Relation''' 
His private journal. (relation = narrative or account [http://www.answers.com/relation&r=67 def])

==Page 9==
'''The crime of "Anonymity"...Gaol...Exile''' 
With this description of the Rev's 'crime' of exposing power with the intention of being anonymous, and seeking exile as a way of avoiding prison, there is an implication that Cherrycoke's voice is Pynchon himself.

It also a very Foucauldian statement. In "What is an Author", Foucault points out that “In our culture […] discourse was not originally a product, a thing […] it was essentially an act.” Literary texts used to be valorised without there being any question of an author; rather, in the middle ages it was the medical texts that were given the status of authorship. This state of affairs was reversed around the 17th-18th centuries, contemporary to Cherrycoke's supposed misdemeanours, which perhaps helps us explain Pynchon's inclusion of the story here.

==Page 10==

'''my name had never been my own''' 
Bestowed by 'Authorities', there is the implication in the following lines that one is "owned"---like a collar around one's neck---by those authorities.

'''entire loss of Self, perfect union with All''' 
Satirizing certain Eastern religious beliefs? Or embracing them?

'''Captain (John) Smith, of The Seahorse''' 
a Captain John Smith wrote An Accidence, or the Path-Way to Experience(1626) and offered elemenatary instruction on seamanship in Sea Grammar (1627) an enlarged version of the first book. Cited in a footnote to The Tempest, Arden edition. A different Captain Smith (Captain Edward John Smith) was at the helm of the RMS Titanic on its only voyage.

'''Keep away from harmful Substances, in particular Coffee, Tobacco, and Indian Hemp. If you must use the latter, do not inhale.''' 
A clear reference to Bill Clinton's oft-quoted statement that he had tried marijuana in his youth, but "did not inhale."

==Page 11==

'''Midwatch''' 
Under the naval watch system, the middle watch or midwatch is between 0000 and 0400.

'''Jean Crapaud''' 
Literally, John Toad - but in British parlance 'Johnny Frog'.

==Annotation Index==

{{MD PbP}}