Thomas Pynchon Wiki - User contributions [en]

Chapter 54: 525-541

2016-04-22T01:33:22Z

Mattkb: Added entry on doxologies

__TOC__

==Page 525==
'''''Maquilleuses''''' 
Make-up Artist

'''"ev'ryone here has serv'd upon that Station"''' 
See page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_15:_158-166#Page_158 158].

==Page 527==
'''The Ghastly Fop''' 
Here we finally learn what the Ghastly Fop is all about.

Also, see pages [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_17:_175-182#Page_178 178], [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_34:_341-348#Page_347 347] & [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_46:_452-459#Page_457 457].

'''Hampstead''' 
Hampstead is an area of London, England, located 4 miles (6.4 km) north-west of Charing Cross. It is located within Inner London. It is part of the London Borough of Camden. It is known for its intellectual, artistic, musical and literary associations and for the large and hilly parkland Hampstead Heath. It is also home to some of the most expensive housing in the London area, or indeed anywhere in the world, with large houses regularly listed for sale at over twenty million pounds. The village of Hampstead has more millionaires within its boundaries than any other area of the United Kingdom. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampstead WIKI]

'''One Motrix''' 
See page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_45:_448-451#Page_451 451].

'''Ranelagh''' 
Ranelagh Gardens were public pleasure gardens located in Chelsea, then just outside London, England in the eighteenth century, named after Ranelagh House, home of the Cole family, who took their title (Earls of Ranelagh) from the district in County Dublin. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranelagh_Gardens WIKI]

'''Thornton-le-Beans''' 
See page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_23:_228-237#Page_232 232].

'''Slad''' 
See page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_52:_499-510#Page_502 502].

'''largely Paper Vengeance, he not only traverses...''' 
Writing injustice largely on paper with that Pynchon word.....what reminds
thee of?

'''Grub-Street''' 
See page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_52:_499-510#Page_500 500].

==Page 528==
'''their Wonderful Telegraph''' 
See page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_53:_511-524#Page_515 515].

'''Bolsters''' 
A bolster (etymology: Middle English, derived from Old English, and before that the Germanic word bulgstraz) is a long narrow pillow or cushion filled with cotton, down, or fibre. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolsters WIKI]

'''Berm''' 
A berm is a level space, shelf, or raised barrier separating two areas. Berm is a loanword from Dutch. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berm WIKI]

==Page 529==
'''Doxologies''' 
Doxology: 1. A hymn or form of words containing an ascription of praise to God. 2. the Doxology, the metrical formula beginning "praise God from whom all blessings flow"

Doxy: (archaic) 1. A mistress or paramour. 2. A prostitute

Pynchon is using the definition of doxy, transmogrificated somewhat blasphemously into doxologies.

==Page 530==
'''Zhang''' 
First mentioned on page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_13:_125-145#Page_142 142].

==Page 531==
'''Six Nations''' 
See page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_53:_511-524#Page_513 513].

'''gain'd the Mohawk''' 
Mohawk meaning "eaters of men" (Kanienkeh, Kanienkehaka or Kanien’Kahake, meaning "People of the Flint") are an indigenous people of North America originally from the Mohawk Valley in upstate New York to southern Quebec and eastern Ontario. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohawk_nation WIKI]

'''Captain Zhang''' 
See [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_54:_525-541#Page_530 previous page].

'''''Luo-Pan''''' [[File:Loupan.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Loupan]]
Luopan is a Chinese magnetic compass, also known as a Feng Shui compass. It is used by a Feng Shui consultant to determine the precise direction of a structure or other item. Since the invention of the compass for use in Feng Shui, traditional feng shui has required its use. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luopan WIKI]

'''Fort Stanwix''' 
Fort Stanwix was a colonial fort whose construction was started on August 26, 1758, by British General John Stanwix, at the location of present-day Rome, New York, but was not completed until about 1762. The fort guarded a portage known as the Oneida Carrying Place during the French and Indian War. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Stanwix WIKI]

'''Johnson Castle''' 
During the second and third quarters of the 18th century, most of the Mohawks in the Province of New York lived along the Mohawk River at Canajoharie, a few lived at Schoharie, while the rest lived about 30 miles downstream at the Ticonderoga Castle also called Fort Hunter. The two settlements were traditionally called the Upper Castle and the Lower Castle. The Lower Castle was almost contiguous with Sir Peter Warren's Warrensbush. Sir William Johnson built his first house on the north bank of the Mohawk River almost opposite Warrensbush. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohawk_nation WIKI] - Also, see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Fort_Johnson THIS]

==Page 532==
'''Irish Baronet''' 
A baronet (traditional abbreviation Bart, modern abbreviation Bt) or the rare female equivalent, a baronetess (abbreviation Btss), is the holder of a hereditary title awarded by the British Crown known as a baronetcy. The current practice of awarding baronetcies was originally introduced in England and Ireland by James I of England in 1611 in order to raise funds. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baronet WIKI]

'''Metallick Plate''' 
As it progressed, the expedition sought to strengthen France's claim to the territory by marking it at the mouths of principal tributaries. They did this by nailing a tin or copper plate bearing the French royal arms to a tree, and burying an inscribed leaden plate declaring the claims of France. This was a traditional European mode of marking territory, but it might have contributed to Native American anxieties about the intentions of the French, and thus ultimately had a counterproductive effect. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celeron_De_Bienville WIKI]

Remember Washington's discussion with M&D, mentioning Celeron de Bienville. See page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_28:_275-288#Page_285 285].

'''Sir William''' [[File:SirWilliamJohnson.jpg|200px|thumb|right|This mezzotint of William Johnson was published in London in 1756.]]Sir William Johnson, 1st Baronet (c. 1715 – 11 July 1774) was an Irish-born official of the British Empire. As a young man, Johnson came to the Province of New York to manage an estate purchased by his uncle, Admiral Peter Warren, which was located amidst the Mohawks, one of the Six Nations of the Iroquois. Johnson learned the Mohawk language and became New York's agent to the Iroquois. Throughout his career as a British official among the Iroquois, Johnson combined personal business with official diplomacy, acquiring millions of acres of Native land and becoming very wealthy. Johnson commanded Iroquois and colonial militia forces during the French and Indian War. His role in the British victory at the Battle of Lake George in 1755 earned him a baronetcy; his capture of Fort Niagara from the French in 1759 brought him additional renown. In 1756, Johnson was commissioned as the superintendent of Indian affairs for the northern colonies. Serving in that role until his death, Johnson worked to keep American Indians attached to the British interest. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_William_Johnson WIKI]

'''complicated Hand-shake''' 
Masons

==Page 533==
'''''mutatis mutandis''''' 
See page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_17:_175-182#Page_179 179].

==Page 534==
'''''Luo-Pan''''' 
See page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_54:_525-541#Page_531 531].

==Page 535==
'''''Viudita''''' 
New/young widow

'''Battle of Leuthen''' 
In the Battle of Leuthen fought on 5 December 1757 Frederick the Great's Prussian army used maneuver and terrain to decisively defeat a much larger Austrian army under Charles of Lorraine, thus ensuring Prussian control of Silesia during the Seven Years' War. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_leuthen WIKI]

'''Nadasdy Hussars''' 
Hussar refers to a number of types of light cavalry created in Hungary in the 15th century and used throughout Europe and in Latin America since the 18th century... Frederick II (later called "The Great") recognised the value of hussars as light cavalry and encouraged their recruitment. In 1741 he established a further five regiments, largely from Polish deserters. Three more regiments were raised for Prussian service in 1744 and another in 1758. While the hussars were increasingly drawn from Prussian and other German cavalrymen, they continued to wear the traditional Hungarian uniform, richly decorated with braid and gold trim. Possibly due to a daring and impudent surprise raid on his capital Berlin by the hussars of Hungarian general András Hadik, Frederick also recognized the national characteristics of his Hungarian recruits and in 1759 issued a royal order which warned the Prussian officers never to offend the self-esteem of his hussars with insults and abuses. At the same time he exempted the hussars from the usual disciplinary measures of the Prussian Army: physical punishments including cudgeling. Frederick used his hussars for reconnaissance duties and for surprise attacks against the enemy's flanks and rear. A hussar regiment under the command of Colonel Sigismund Dabasi-Halász won the Battle of Hohenfriedberg at Striegau on May 4, 1745, by attacking the Austrian combat formation on its flank and capturing its entire artillery. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussars WIKI]

I believe this is in reference to hussars under Ferenc Nadasdy, otherwise known as the Black Prince. I couldnt strike up anything much linkable after much digging. Will try again later.

==Page 536==
'''what was about to emerge into the World from the Prussian Plains''' 
See pages [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_37:_371-381#Page_377 377] & [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_46:_452-459#Page_453 453].

'''Ague''' 
I know there is a quick explanation in the book, but for a more detailed explanation, it is the chill you get when you have a fever.

'''Shawanese''' 
The Shawnee, Shaawanwaki, Shaawanooki and Shaawanowi lenaweeki, are a people native to North America. They originally inhabited the areas of Ohio, Virginia, West Virginia, Western Maryland, Kentucky, Indiana, and Pennsylvania. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawanese WIKI]

==Page 537==
'''Transmigration''' 
The idea of transmigration of the soul comes from the ancient Greeks. In transmigration after death, the soul, or shade, drinks from the river Lethe and loses all past memories of their previous life while in Hades, or underworld, and then moves (or transmigrates) into another human form and is reborn. It was thought the soul had been, and always would be, eternal, having no beginning or end. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmigration_of_the_soul WIKI]

'''Plato's Tale of Er''' 
The Myth of Er is an eschatological legend that concludes Plato's dialogue known as ''The Republic'' (10.614-10.621). The story includes an account of the cosmos and the afterlife that for many centuries greatly influenced religious, philosophical and scientific thought. The story begins as a man named Er dies in battle. When the bodies of those who died in the battle are collected, ten days after his death, Er remains undecomposed. Two days later he revives when on his funeral-pyre and tells of his journey in the afterlife, including an account of reincarnation and the celestial spheres of the astral plane. The tale introduces the idea that moral people are rewarded and immoral people punished after death. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myth_of_Er WIKI]

'''Lethe''' 
See page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_25:_245-253#Page_253 253].

==Page 538==
'''Daffy's Elixir''' 
See page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_27:_266-274#Page_267 267]. Another example of opposites; Dixon is buying a laxative based on alcohol for Mason, to cure constipation, and for himself, a cure for diarrhoea based on opium.

'''Habitué''' 
A regular

'''Pelhamite'''
See page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_21:_207-214#Page_209 209].

==Page 539==
'''Leadenhall Street''' 
Leadenhall Street is a major street in the City of London. It runs from Cornhill to Aldgate. Aldgate Pump is at the junction with Aldgate. Historically it has been the location of Lloyd's of London and the East India Company. The London Metal Exchange is located at number 56. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadenhall_Street WIKI]

'''Peaches... East India''' 
See page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_43:_436-439#Page_438 438].

==Page 540==
'''''kicsi káposta''''' 
Little cabbage

==Annotations Index==

{{MD PbP}}

Chapter 42: 422-435

2016-03-19T20:03:11Z

Mattkb: /* Page 427 */ added entry on Austra's abduction

==Page 422==
'''Weather-gage''' 
"Sh OED lists 'have or keep the weather gauge of' as be windward of, fig get the better of." -- [http://waste.org/mail/?list=pynchon-l&month=9712&msg=22312&sort=author ''Dinn's Notes'']

See also: [http://waste.org/mail/?list=pynchon-l&month=9712&msg=22449&sort=author More Discussion on Dinn's notes]

'''Dromonds''' 
The dromons (from Greek δρόμων, dromon, i.e. "runner") were the most important warships of the Byzantine navy from the 6th to 12th centuries AD. They were indirectly developed from the ancient trireme and were usually propelled by both oar and sail, a configuration that had been used by navies in the Mediterranean Sea for centuries. - from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromon Wikipedia]

'''Spielers''' 
"Anglicized plural of German 'player' (as in Mabuse, Der...)" ([http://waste.org/mail/?list=pynchon-l&month=9712&msg=22312&sort=author ''Dinn's Notes'']). Possibly spelled as an "anglicized plural" in order to pun off spoilers, spies...?

Random House's unabridged dictionary has spielers as "1. a barker, as at a circus sideshow. 2. a person with an extravagant line of talk. 3. (Australia) a swindler. 4. (US slang) an announcer for a radio or television, especially one who gives commercials. 5. (British slang) a gambling den."

==Page 423==
'''hey? right out of G. Rex's Purse it came''' 
"G Rex being King George" -- [http://waste.org/mail/?list=pynchon-l&month=9712&msg=22312&sort=author ''Dinn's Notes''], see page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_36:_362-370#Page_367 367].

'''The Tub!''' 
Cf. ''[[T#tub|A Tale of a Tub]]'', a satire by Jonathon Swift? Read it in [http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Tale_of_a_Tub Wikisource], or read about it in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Tale_of_a_Tub Wikipedia], which describes it in such a Pynchonian light:
:"the book is constructed like a layer cake, with Digression and Tale alternating. However, the digressions overwhelm the narrative, both in terms of the forcefulness and imaginativeness of writing and in terms of volume [...] Many critics have followed Swift's biographer Irvin Ehrenpreis in arguing that there is no single, consistent narrator in the work [...] The digressions individually frustrate readers who expect a clear purpose [...] Some, such as the discussion of ears or of wisdom being like a nut, a cream sherry, a cackling hen, etc., are outlandish and require a militantly aware and thoughtful reader."

Wikipedia also notes that satire targeted "indexers, note-makers." I found myself squirming as I read this paragraph while working on this wiki:
:"Swift's targets in the Tale included indexers, note-makers, and, above all, people who saw 'dark matter' in books. Attacking criticism generally, he appears delighted that one of his enemies, William Wotton, offered to explain the Tale in an 'answer' to the book and that one of the men he had explicitly attacked, Curll, offered to explain the book to the public. In the fifth edition of the book in 1705, Swift provided an apparatus to the work that incorporated Wotton's explanations and Swift's narrator's own notes as well. The notes appear to occasionally provide genuine information and just as often to mislead, and William Wotton's name, a defender of the Moderns, was appended to a number of notes. This allows Swift to make the commentary part of the satire itself, as well as to elevate his narrator to the level of self-critic."

On the other hand, I delighted in the Pynchonian names: Curll and William Wotton.

'''Laws of Leverage''' 
The principle that describes how a tool such as a lever can amplify a force, allowing a massive object to be moved.

[The Law of the Lever] was proven by Archimedes using geometric reasoning. It shows that if the distance a from the fulcrum to where the input force is applied (point A) is greater than the distance b from fulcrum to where the output force is applied (point B), then the lever amplifies the input force. If the distance from the fulcrum to the input force is less than from the fulcrum to the output force, then the lever reduces the input force. Recognizing the profound implications and practicalities of the law of the lever, Archimedes has been famously attributed with the quotation "Give me a place to stand and with a lever I will move the whole world." From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_advantage WIKI]

'''Library at Alexandria, circa 390 A.D.''' 
The Royal Library of Alexandria, or Ancient Library of Alexandria, in Alexandria, Egypt, was probably the largest, and certainly the most famous, of the libraries of the ancient world. It flourished under the patronage of the Ptolemaic dynasty and existed, and functioned as a major center of scholarship, at least until the time of Rome's conquest of Egypt, and probably for many centuries thereafter. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_alexandria WIKI]

==Page 425==
'''Oh Ruddier than the Cherry''' 
"Aria from Handel's Acis and Galatea of c 1720" -- [http://waste.org/mail/?list=pynchon-l&month=9712&msg=22312&sort=author ''Dinn's Notes'']

I believe that the words were written by John Gay (1688–1732) and that Handel set them to music. In this operatic scene, "the giant Polyphemus [a love-stricken cyclops], more used to wreaking terror and devastation than feelings of love, attempts to woo Galatea (O ruddier than the cherry) but Galatea flees in terror" ([http://www.bamptonopera.org/repertory/mozhanacisdetail.htm Bampton Classic Opera]). See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphemus Wikipedia] for more on the tale.

Listen to it, hear: [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cbyxE9QWPfc&mode=related&search= YouTube]

Read along while you listen:
:O RUDDIER than the cherry!
:O sweeter than the berry!
::O nymph more bright
:Than moonshine night,
:Like kidlings blithe and merry!
:Ripe as the melting cluster!
:No lily has such lustre;
::Yet hard to tame
::As raging flame,
:And fierce as storms that bluster!

:Ripe as the melting cluster,
:no lily has such luster;
:yet hard to tame as raging flame
:and fierce as storms that bluster.

:O ruddier than the cherry,
:O sweeter than the berry,
:O ruddier than the cherry,
:O sweeter than the berry,
:O nymph more bright
:than moonshine night
:like kidlings blithe and merry.

'''It flies through the Air, in a curious, as it seems ''directed'', Arc, hits the Tub with a solid ''bong'', flattening its Point''' 
Cf. p. 5, opening line to novel: "Snow-Balls have flown their Arcs, starr'd the Sides of Outbuildings"

'''Hungarian Vampirism''' 
Although vampiric entities have been recorded in many cultures, the term vampire was not popularised until the early 18th century, after an influx of vampire superstition into Western Europe from areas where vampire legends were frequent, such as the Balkans and Eastern Europe, although local variants were also known by different names, such as vampir (вампир) in Serbia and Bulgaria, vrykolakas in Greece and strigoi in Romania. This increased level of vampire superstition in Europe led to mass hysteria and in some cases resulted in corpses actually being staked and people being accused of vampirism. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampire WIKI]

'''[[V#voam|Professor Voam]] , Philosophical Operator''' 
"Voam appeared a hundred pages [p. 321] back as the 'camp naturalist' that Dixon consulted about Emerson's watch. That incident must have been a 'flash forward.'" -- [http://osdir.com/ml/culture.literature.thomas-pynchon/2002-03/msg00114.html from MDMD Dinn's notes on Ch. 41]

In addition to Voam's striking job titles ("camp naturalist" and "Philosophical Operator"), note that in Pennsylvania and New Jersey there is an organization called VOAM Electric Cooperative Inc. — and VOM is the abbreviation for Volt-Ohm Meter.

==Page 426==
<div id="Torpedo"></div>'''Torpedo''' 
Electric eel, here - though this is incorrect as a "torpedo," when speaking of electric naval life, is an electric ray, order Torpediniformes (see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_ray Wikipedia]). Also, see page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_23:_228-237#Page_234 234]. The professor himself acknowledges the erroneousness of the term on page 431. See [[T#Torpedo|Alphabetical Entry]].

'''Ferric Prodigy''' 
Ferric refers to iron-containing materials or compounds. In chemistry the term is reserved for iron with an oxidation number of +3, also denoted iron(III) or Fe3+. On the other hand, ferrous refers to iron with oxidation number of +2, denoted iron(II) or Fe2+. Iron(III) is usually the most stable form of iron in air, as illustrated by the pervasiveness of rust, an insoluble iron(III)-containing material. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferric WIKI]

'''"You'd be flatter'n a Griddle-Cake" [...] "Excuse me,-- to what End? Gazing at it, as it fries? saying Oh you're so Circular...your Airr-Bubbles, they're so intriguing,--"''' 
" "*Than*, *than*" Took me a few parse errors before I realizes that Voam's intended 'flatter than' is read by Mason as 'flattering'." -- [http://waste.org/mail/?list=pynchon-l&month=9712&msg=22312&sort=author Dinn's Notes]

==Page 427==
'''Dixon, emerging coprophagously a-grin''' 
coprophagous -- "Feeding on excrement" ([http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/coprophagous Wiktionary]); i.e., a sh*t eating grin

'''''exeunt''''' 
Latin for "they leave." Used as a stage direction in theater scripts, though the term is now obsolete. (See [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/exeunt Wiktionary])

'''the Slave who spoke to Dixon earlier''' 
"earlier being [page] 419.25 where he meets the 'pretty Bondmaiden'. cf also [page] 431.5." -- [http://waste.org/mail/?list=pynchon-l&month=9712&msg=22312&sort=author Dinn's Notes]

'''I was abducted by Malays''' 
Dixon witnesses this abduction, with Austra's master looking on approvingly, on page 150.

'''Love-Jobbers''' 
Pynchon having more playful fun with the job title of "Jobbers"--"Love," of course, being used euphemistically. Cf. [[B|Body Jobbers]], [[L|Land Jobbers]]

'''Fly-Whisks''' 
A fly-whisk is a tool to swat or disturb flies. It is used as a regalia in some cultures. See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly_whisk WIKI]

<div id="widows"></div>'''Widows of Christ''' 
See [[W#widows | Alphabetical Entry]]

'''Novitiate''' 
novitiate (per [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/novitiate Wiktionary]):
#the period during which a novice of a religious order undergoes training
#the place where a novice lives and studies
#a novice

'''Rapprochement''' 
"The establishment of or state of having cordial relations; an agreement, accord, or reconciliation." -- [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rapprochement Wiktionary]

'''Dutch Rifle... with a Five-pointed Star... inverted.''' 
Here it is again. See pages [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_34:_341-348#Page_342 342] & [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_10:_94-104#Page_101 101].

Dutch rifle wheellock, circa 1630: The jaw is normally tightened with the same spanner used to cock the lock. This being a "Dutch" lock.

==Page 428==
'''A Polaris of Evil''' 
At the time of Mason & Dixon, Polaris only literally meant the North Star: "Polaris" comes from Stella Polaris, the Latin form of its common name "Pole Star". The rarely used Greek name Cynosura (Κυνόσουρα) means "tail of the dog". 

Polaris was the name of a famous guided missile system in the 20th Century. 

Here, North as the place from which death and destruction comes in Pynchon's world is clearly alluded to and what is another negative allusion to "man's best friend" may be implied. There is Pugnax the dog in ATD. Arguably, dogs are symbols of the bourgeoisie in Pynchon, complicit in mankind's war-making History in TRP's vision.

'''Patch-Box''' 
"Another change that was made to the old Jaeger ["brought to the colonies by German gunsmiths in the early 1700’s"] that most scholars consider unique to the American longrifle was the addition of a brass patch box. The Jaegers and the early longrifles had storage compartments in the butt of the gun with sliding carved wood covers. The argument is that these covers were easily lost and something a little more practical was required for the longhunter. Hence, the hinged brass patch box." -- [http://www.americanlongrifles.com/american-longrifle-kentucky-rifle-story.htm The Story of the American Longrifle] (an excellent read, incidentally)

'''Piercings''' 
Pierce-work -- "Metalwork, woodwork, etc., incorporating perforations made for decorative or functional effect." -- OED

==Page 429==
'''a Forest Weapon, match'd to a single Prey, heavier than a Squirrel, not quite so heavy as a Deer....''' 
"about the weight of a man, say? Is that maybe why, in which case, evil polarises around this rifle?" -- [http://waste.org/mail/?list=pynchon-l&month=9712&msg=22312&sort=author Dinn's Notes]

'''inverted Star,- in Lancaster Town''' 
Referring to page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_34:_341-348#Page_342 342].

'''form of a Daisy''' 
Possibly an allusion to Daisy brand "Outdoor Products" which would later become famous for their selling of BB Guns to youth etc: Daisy was started in 1882 as Plymouth Iron Windmill Company in Plymouth, Michigan. In 1886 the company started to give BB guns with purchases of windmills. The gun was so popular the company started to sell guns instead of windmills. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisy_Outdoor_Products WIKI]

==Page 430==
'''the Sharper''' 
A sharper is an older term, common since the seventeenth-century, for thieves who use trickery to part an owner with his or her money possessions. Sharpers vary from what we now call con-men by virtue of the simplicity of their cons, which often were impromptu, rather than carefully orchestrated, though those certainly happened as well. The 1737 Dictionary of Thieving Slang defines a sharper as "A Cheat, One who lives by his wits." In the nineteenth-century, and into today, the term is more closely associated with gambling.

Sharpers were romantic figures in the eighteenth-century, valued as imaginative figures for their perceived social independence and ability to create new social networks of gangs. The appeal of an independent society, operating outside the law, has been imaginative evocative for centuries, but in eighteenth-century London philosophical thought, influenced by Thomas Hobbes and Rousseau's new formulations of social contract, the romanticization of thievery reached new levels. John Gay's The Beggar's Opera and Henry Fielding's novel Jonathan Wild are only two examples of sharpers as heroes, in these cases, to provide satirical ammunition against the British Prime Minister Horace Walpole. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharper WIKI]

'''Mr LeSpark, as he will come to tell the Tale, declines back into the Couch''' 
Tell the tale *now* (as in to Tenebrae, Ives, Ethelmer, DePugh, etc.) or tell the tale *then* as in rat out M&D's tub theft to Lord Lepton? (This idea was sparked by comments in [http://waste.org/mail/?list=pynchon-l&month=9712&msg=22312&sort=author Dinn's Notes].)

==Page 431==
'''Mr. Linnaeus''' 
See page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_32:_315-326#Page_321 321]

'''''Gymnotus''''' 
Gymnotus is the among the most species-rich group of electric knifefishes (Gymnotiformes) found in the Amazon. Some Gymnotus species live in the leaf litter and root tangles of river banks. Other species are specialized to live on floodplains within the rootmats of floating meadows. Several species are broadly adapted to live in both of these habitats. Gymnotus are nocturnal predators feeding on insects, crustaceans, and other fish. They generate weak electric fields used in locating objects, and also for communication in which the males court females using stereotyped electrical "songs". From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnotus WIKI]

'''''Sí, sí, Cariño''''' 
Literally, Spanish for "Yes, yes, Affection," but cariño can also mean (figuratively) "caress," which is what the Professor is doing to the eel as he's speaking. Perhaps Pynchon offers a clue later on the page in translating the eel's other name, "El Peligroso," as "The Dangerous One." Literally, this translates as "The Danger"; this logic would equate "Cariño" with "Affectionate One."

'''let a Nonelectrickal provide the Thrills for a change''' 
The eel's identity is so wrapped up in being electrical that anything that cannot provide a spark is called "a Nonelectrickal"?!?

==Page 432==
'''El P.''' 
Or LP, long-playing record; certainly a "Cyclickal Creature" with a repetitive life.

'''''una Criatura Cíclica, así eres''''' 
"a cyclical creature, so you are" -- [http://www.hyperarts.com/pynchon/mason-dixon/alpha/s.html HyperArts]

'''worrying about Coach schedules''' 
Perhaps busy travelers in the 18th Century concerned themselves with tight transfers on Coach lines--or perhaps this is more of Pynchon's riffing on Coaches as modern airliners?

<div id="counted-joke"></div>
'''"believe me, he'd be one unhappy Torpedo. How do I know? I counted."''' 
The same joke is used in [http://inherent-vice.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_1#counted-joke ''Inherent Vice'', p. 18].

'''far off E-do''' 
"Edo is the old name for Tokyo, in use in the 1760s." -- [http://waste.org/mail/?list=pynchon-l&month=9712&msg=22312&sort=author Dinn's Notes]

==Page 433==
'''surcease''' 
"The cessation of something or someone." -- [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/surcease Wiktionary]

'''Rubicon''' 
Rubicon is a 29 km long river in northern Italy... "Crossing the Rubicon" is a popular idiom meaning to pass a point of no return. This phrase is often used by journalists in newspapers. It refers to Caesar's 49 BC crossing of the river, which was considered an act of war. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubicon WIKI]

'''Antillean Cigar''' 
Cuban cigar

'''Should be styl'd a "Monthly"''' 
Because a Journal, from French 'jour', is a daily record.

==Page 435==
'''Squire Haligast''' 
See pages [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_38:_382-390#Page_389 389], [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_37:_371-381#Page_373 373], [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_36:_362-370#Page_366 366], [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_39:_391-398#Page_391 391] & [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_48:_466-475#Page_470 470].

==Annotation Index==

{{MD PbP}}

Chapter 42: 422-435

2016-03-19T18:50:49Z

Mattkb: /* Page 422 */ added to definition of spielers

==Page 422==
'''Weather-gage''' 
"Sh OED lists 'have or keep the weather gauge of' as be windward of, fig get the better of." -- [http://waste.org/mail/?list=pynchon-l&month=9712&msg=22312&sort=author ''Dinn's Notes'']

See also: [http://waste.org/mail/?list=pynchon-l&month=9712&msg=22449&sort=author More Discussion on Dinn's notes]

'''Dromonds''' 
The dromons (from Greek δρόμων, dromon, i.e. "runner") were the most important warships of the Byzantine navy from the 6th to 12th centuries AD. They were indirectly developed from the ancient trireme and were usually propelled by both oar and sail, a configuration that had been used by navies in the Mediterranean Sea for centuries. - from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromon Wikipedia]

'''Spielers''' 
"Anglicized plural of German 'player' (as in Mabuse, Der...)" ([http://waste.org/mail/?list=pynchon-l&month=9712&msg=22312&sort=author ''Dinn's Notes'']). Possibly spelled as an "anglicized plural" in order to pun off spoilers, spies...?

Random House's unabridged dictionary has spielers as "1. a barker, as at a circus sideshow. 2. a person with an extravagant line of talk. 3. (Australia) a swindler. 4. (US slang) an announcer for a radio or television, especially one who gives commercials. 5. (British slang) a gambling den."

==Page 423==
'''hey? right out of G. Rex's Purse it came''' 
"G Rex being King George" -- [http://waste.org/mail/?list=pynchon-l&month=9712&msg=22312&sort=author ''Dinn's Notes''], see page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_36:_362-370#Page_367 367].

'''The Tub!''' 
Cf. ''[[T#tub|A Tale of a Tub]]'', a satire by Jonathon Swift? Read it in [http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Tale_of_a_Tub Wikisource], or read about it in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Tale_of_a_Tub Wikipedia], which describes it in such a Pynchonian light:
:"the book is constructed like a layer cake, with Digression and Tale alternating. However, the digressions overwhelm the narrative, both in terms of the forcefulness and imaginativeness of writing and in terms of volume [...] Many critics have followed Swift's biographer Irvin Ehrenpreis in arguing that there is no single, consistent narrator in the work [...] The digressions individually frustrate readers who expect a clear purpose [...] Some, such as the discussion of ears or of wisdom being like a nut, a cream sherry, a cackling hen, etc., are outlandish and require a militantly aware and thoughtful reader."

Wikipedia also notes that satire targeted "indexers, note-makers." I found myself squirming as I read this paragraph while working on this wiki:
:"Swift's targets in the Tale included indexers, note-makers, and, above all, people who saw 'dark matter' in books. Attacking criticism generally, he appears delighted that one of his enemies, William Wotton, offered to explain the Tale in an 'answer' to the book and that one of the men he had explicitly attacked, Curll, offered to explain the book to the public. In the fifth edition of the book in 1705, Swift provided an apparatus to the work that incorporated Wotton's explanations and Swift's narrator's own notes as well. The notes appear to occasionally provide genuine information and just as often to mislead, and William Wotton's name, a defender of the Moderns, was appended to a number of notes. This allows Swift to make the commentary part of the satire itself, as well as to elevate his narrator to the level of self-critic."

On the other hand, I delighted in the Pynchonian names: Curll and William Wotton.

'''Laws of Leverage''' 
The principle that describes how a tool such as a lever can amplify a force, allowing a massive object to be moved.

[The Law of the Lever] was proven by Archimedes using geometric reasoning. It shows that if the distance a from the fulcrum to where the input force is applied (point A) is greater than the distance b from fulcrum to where the output force is applied (point B), then the lever amplifies the input force. If the distance from the fulcrum to the input force is less than from the fulcrum to the output force, then the lever reduces the input force. Recognizing the profound implications and practicalities of the law of the lever, Archimedes has been famously attributed with the quotation "Give me a place to stand and with a lever I will move the whole world." From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_advantage WIKI]

'''Library at Alexandria, circa 390 A.D.''' 
The Royal Library of Alexandria, or Ancient Library of Alexandria, in Alexandria, Egypt, was probably the largest, and certainly the most famous, of the libraries of the ancient world. It flourished under the patronage of the Ptolemaic dynasty and existed, and functioned as a major center of scholarship, at least until the time of Rome's conquest of Egypt, and probably for many centuries thereafter. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_alexandria WIKI]

==Page 425==
'''Oh Ruddier than the Cherry''' 
"Aria from Handel's Acis and Galatea of c 1720" -- [http://waste.org/mail/?list=pynchon-l&month=9712&msg=22312&sort=author ''Dinn's Notes'']

I believe that the words were written by John Gay (1688–1732) and that Handel set them to music. In this operatic scene, "the giant Polyphemus [a love-stricken cyclops], more used to wreaking terror and devastation than feelings of love, attempts to woo Galatea (O ruddier than the cherry) but Galatea flees in terror" ([http://www.bamptonopera.org/repertory/mozhanacisdetail.htm Bampton Classic Opera]). See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphemus Wikipedia] for more on the tale.

Listen to it, hear: [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cbyxE9QWPfc&mode=related&search= YouTube]

Read along while you listen:
:O RUDDIER than the cherry!
:O sweeter than the berry!
::O nymph more bright
:Than moonshine night,
:Like kidlings blithe and merry!
:Ripe as the melting cluster!
:No lily has such lustre;
::Yet hard to tame
::As raging flame,
:And fierce as storms that bluster!

:Ripe as the melting cluster,
:no lily has such luster;
:yet hard to tame as raging flame
:and fierce as storms that bluster.

:O ruddier than the cherry,
:O sweeter than the berry,
:O ruddier than the cherry,
:O sweeter than the berry,
:O nymph more bright
:than moonshine night
:like kidlings blithe and merry.

'''It flies through the Air, in a curious, as it seems ''directed'', Arc, hits the Tub with a solid ''bong'', flattening its Point''' 
Cf. p. 5, opening line to novel: "Snow-Balls have flown their Arcs, starr'd the Sides of Outbuildings"

'''Hungarian Vampirism''' 
Although vampiric entities have been recorded in many cultures, the term vampire was not popularised until the early 18th century, after an influx of vampire superstition into Western Europe from areas where vampire legends were frequent, such as the Balkans and Eastern Europe, although local variants were also known by different names, such as vampir (вампир) in Serbia and Bulgaria, vrykolakas in Greece and strigoi in Romania. This increased level of vampire superstition in Europe led to mass hysteria and in some cases resulted in corpses actually being staked and people being accused of vampirism. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampire WIKI]

'''[[V#voam|Professor Voam]] , Philosophical Operator''' 
"Voam appeared a hundred pages [p. 321] back as the 'camp naturalist' that Dixon consulted about Emerson's watch. That incident must have been a 'flash forward.'" -- [http://osdir.com/ml/culture.literature.thomas-pynchon/2002-03/msg00114.html from MDMD Dinn's notes on Ch. 41]

In addition to Voam's striking job titles ("camp naturalist" and "Philosophical Operator"), note that in Pennsylvania and New Jersey there is an organization called VOAM Electric Cooperative Inc. — and VOM is the abbreviation for Volt-Ohm Meter.

==Page 426==
<div id="Torpedo"></div>'''Torpedo''' 
Electric eel, here - though this is incorrect as a "torpedo," when speaking of electric naval life, is an electric ray, order Torpediniformes (see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_ray Wikipedia]). Also, see page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_23:_228-237#Page_234 234]. The professor himself acknowledges the erroneousness of the term on page 431. See [[T#Torpedo|Alphabetical Entry]].

'''Ferric Prodigy''' 
Ferric refers to iron-containing materials or compounds. In chemistry the term is reserved for iron with an oxidation number of +3, also denoted iron(III) or Fe3+. On the other hand, ferrous refers to iron with oxidation number of +2, denoted iron(II) or Fe2+. Iron(III) is usually the most stable form of iron in air, as illustrated by the pervasiveness of rust, an insoluble iron(III)-containing material. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferric WIKI]

'''"You'd be flatter'n a Griddle-Cake" [...] "Excuse me,-- to what End? Gazing at it, as it fries? saying Oh you're so Circular...your Airr-Bubbles, they're so intriguing,--"''' 
" "*Than*, *than*" Took me a few parse errors before I realizes that Voam's intended 'flatter than' is read by Mason as 'flattering'." -- [http://waste.org/mail/?list=pynchon-l&month=9712&msg=22312&sort=author Dinn's Notes]

==Page 427==
'''Dixon, emerging coprophagously a-grin''' 
coprophagous -- "Feeding on excrement" ([http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/coprophagous Wiktionary]); i.e., a sh*t eating grin

'''''exeunt''''' 
Latin for "they leave." Used as a stage direction in theater scripts, though the term is now obsolete. (See [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/exeunt Wiktionary])

'''the Slave who spoke to Dixon earlier''' 
"earlier being [page] 419.25 where he meets the 'pretty Bondmaiden'. cf also [page] 431.5." -- [http://waste.org/mail/?list=pynchon-l&month=9712&msg=22312&sort=author Dinn's Notes]

'''Love-Jobbers''' 
Pynchon having more playful fun with the job title of "Jobbers"--"Love," of course, being used euphemistically. Cf. [[B|Body Jobbers]], [[L|Land Jobbers]]

'''Fly-Whisks''' 
A fly-whisk is a tool to swat or disturb flies. It is used as a regalia in some cultures. See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly_whisk WIKI]

<div id="widows"></div>'''Widows of Christ''' 
See [[W#widows | Alphabetical Entry]]

'''Novitiate''' 
novitiate (per [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/novitiate Wiktionary]):
#the period during which a novice of a religious order undergoes training
#the place where a novice lives and studies
#a novice

'''Rapprochement''' 
"The establishment of or state of having cordial relations; an agreement, accord, or reconciliation." -- [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rapprochement Wiktionary]

'''Dutch Rifle... with a Five-pointed Star... inverted.''' 
Here it is again. See pages [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_34:_341-348#Page_342 342] & [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_10:_94-104#Page_101 101].

Dutch rifle wheellock, circa 1630: The jaw is normally tightened with the same spanner used to cock the lock. This being a "Dutch" lock.

==Page 428==
'''A Polaris of Evil''' 
At the time of Mason & Dixon, Polaris only literally meant the North Star: "Polaris" comes from Stella Polaris, the Latin form of its common name "Pole Star". The rarely used Greek name Cynosura (Κυνόσουρα) means "tail of the dog". 

Polaris was the name of a famous guided missile system in the 20th Century. 

Here, North as the place from which death and destruction comes in Pynchon's world is clearly alluded to and what is another negative allusion to "man's best friend" may be implied. There is Pugnax the dog in ATD. Arguably, dogs are symbols of the bourgeoisie in Pynchon, complicit in mankind's war-making History in TRP's vision.

'''Patch-Box''' 
"Another change that was made to the old Jaeger ["brought to the colonies by German gunsmiths in the early 1700’s"] that most scholars consider unique to the American longrifle was the addition of a brass patch box. The Jaegers and the early longrifles had storage compartments in the butt of the gun with sliding carved wood covers. The argument is that these covers were easily lost and something a little more practical was required for the longhunter. Hence, the hinged brass patch box." -- [http://www.americanlongrifles.com/american-longrifle-kentucky-rifle-story.htm The Story of the American Longrifle] (an excellent read, incidentally)

'''Piercings''' 
Pierce-work -- "Metalwork, woodwork, etc., incorporating perforations made for decorative or functional effect." -- OED

==Page 429==
'''a Forest Weapon, match'd to a single Prey, heavier than a Squirrel, not quite so heavy as a Deer....''' 
"about the weight of a man, say? Is that maybe why, in which case, evil polarises around this rifle?" -- [http://waste.org/mail/?list=pynchon-l&month=9712&msg=22312&sort=author Dinn's Notes]

'''inverted Star,- in Lancaster Town''' 
Referring to page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_34:_341-348#Page_342 342].

'''form of a Daisy''' 
Possibly an allusion to Daisy brand "Outdoor Products" which would later become famous for their selling of BB Guns to youth etc: Daisy was started in 1882 as Plymouth Iron Windmill Company in Plymouth, Michigan. In 1886 the company started to give BB guns with purchases of windmills. The gun was so popular the company started to sell guns instead of windmills. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisy_Outdoor_Products WIKI]

==Page 430==
'''the Sharper''' 
A sharper is an older term, common since the seventeenth-century, for thieves who use trickery to part an owner with his or her money possessions. Sharpers vary from what we now call con-men by virtue of the simplicity of their cons, which often were impromptu, rather than carefully orchestrated, though those certainly happened as well. The 1737 Dictionary of Thieving Slang defines a sharper as "A Cheat, One who lives by his wits." In the nineteenth-century, and into today, the term is more closely associated with gambling.

Sharpers were romantic figures in the eighteenth-century, valued as imaginative figures for their perceived social independence and ability to create new social networks of gangs. The appeal of an independent society, operating outside the law, has been imaginative evocative for centuries, but in eighteenth-century London philosophical thought, influenced by Thomas Hobbes and Rousseau's new formulations of social contract, the romanticization of thievery reached new levels. John Gay's The Beggar's Opera and Henry Fielding's novel Jonathan Wild are only two examples of sharpers as heroes, in these cases, to provide satirical ammunition against the British Prime Minister Horace Walpole. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharper WIKI]

'''Mr LeSpark, as he will come to tell the Tale, declines back into the Couch''' 
Tell the tale *now* (as in to Tenebrae, Ives, Ethelmer, DePugh, etc.) or tell the tale *then* as in rat out M&D's tub theft to Lord Lepton? (This idea was sparked by comments in [http://waste.org/mail/?list=pynchon-l&month=9712&msg=22312&sort=author Dinn's Notes].)

==Page 431==
'''Mr. Linnaeus''' 
See page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_32:_315-326#Page_321 321]

'''''Gymnotus''''' 
Gymnotus is the among the most species-rich group of electric knifefishes (Gymnotiformes) found in the Amazon. Some Gymnotus species live in the leaf litter and root tangles of river banks. Other species are specialized to live on floodplains within the rootmats of floating meadows. Several species are broadly adapted to live in both of these habitats. Gymnotus are nocturnal predators feeding on insects, crustaceans, and other fish. They generate weak electric fields used in locating objects, and also for communication in which the males court females using stereotyped electrical "songs". From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnotus WIKI]

'''''Sí, sí, Cariño''''' 
Literally, Spanish for "Yes, yes, Affection," but cariño can also mean (figuratively) "caress," which is what the Professor is doing to the eel as he's speaking. Perhaps Pynchon offers a clue later on the page in translating the eel's other name, "El Peligroso," as "The Dangerous One." Literally, this translates as "The Danger"; this logic would equate "Cariño" with "Affectionate One."

'''let a Nonelectrickal provide the Thrills for a change''' 
The eel's identity is so wrapped up in being electrical that anything that cannot provide a spark is called "a Nonelectrickal"?!?

==Page 432==
'''El P.''' 
Or LP, long-playing record; certainly a "Cyclickal Creature" with a repetitive life.

'''''una Criatura Cíclica, así eres''''' 
"a cyclical creature, so you are" -- [http://www.hyperarts.com/pynchon/mason-dixon/alpha/s.html HyperArts]

'''worrying about Coach schedules''' 
Perhaps busy travelers in the 18th Century concerned themselves with tight transfers on Coach lines--or perhaps this is more of Pynchon's riffing on Coaches as modern airliners?

<div id="counted-joke"></div>
'''"believe me, he'd be one unhappy Torpedo. How do I know? I counted."''' 
The same joke is used in [http://inherent-vice.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_1#counted-joke ''Inherent Vice'', p. 18].

'''far off E-do''' 
"Edo is the old name for Tokyo, in use in the 1760s." -- [http://waste.org/mail/?list=pynchon-l&month=9712&msg=22312&sort=author Dinn's Notes]

==Page 433==
'''surcease''' 
"The cessation of something or someone." -- [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/surcease Wiktionary]

'''Rubicon''' 
Rubicon is a 29 km long river in northern Italy... "Crossing the Rubicon" is a popular idiom meaning to pass a point of no return. This phrase is often used by journalists in newspapers. It refers to Caesar's 49 BC crossing of the river, which was considered an act of war. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubicon WIKI]

'''Antillean Cigar''' 
Cuban cigar

'''Should be styl'd a "Monthly"''' 
Because a Journal, from French 'jour', is a daily record.

==Page 435==
'''Squire Haligast''' 
See pages [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_38:_382-390#Page_389 389], [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_37:_371-381#Page_373 373], [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_36:_362-370#Page_366 366], [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_39:_391-398#Page_391 391] & [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_48:_466-475#Page_470 470].

==Annotation Index==

{{MD PbP}}

Chapter 40: 399-409

2016-03-17T01:16:46Z

Mattkb: /* Page 407 */ added quote from Wolfe

==Page 399==

'''Mason leaves the Forks of Brandywine''' 
[[1765#February|February]] 11, 1765. 

'''arriving in New-York by way of the Staten Island Ferry''' 
[[1765#February|February]] 16, 1765.

New York City grew in importance as a trading port while under British rule. The city hosted the seminal John Peter Zenger trial in 1735, helping to establish the freedom of the press in North America. In 1754, Columbia University was founded under charter by George II of Great Britain as King's College in Lower Manhattan. The Stamp Act Congress met in New York in October of 1765 as the Sons of Liberty organized in the city, skirmishing over the next ten years with British troops stationed there. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City WIKI]

In the 1700s ferry service between Staten Island and the city of New York (then occupying only the southern tip of Manhattan) was conducted by private individuals with "periaugers", shallow-draft, two-masted sailboats used for local traffic in New York harbor. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staten_island_ferry WIKI]

'''Trinity Church... where he will attend services on Sunday.''' 
on Sunday, [[1765#February|February]] 17, 1765

Trinity Church (also known as Trinity Wall Street) at 79 Broadway, New York City, is an historic, full-service parish church in the Episcopal Diocese of New York. Trinity Church is located at the intersection of Broadway and Wall Street in downtown Manhattan. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_Church_(New_York_City) WIKI]

'''But then there is Monday Night.''' 
Monday, [[1765#February|February]] 17, 1765 

'''Presently he has fallen in...''' 
The journals indicate that this is [[1765#February|February]] 19, 1765, since the next day is marked as "In Long Island." 

'''Brooklyn''' 
In 1683, the British reorganized the Province of New York into twelve counties, each of which was sub-divided into towns. Over time, the name evolved from Breuckelen, to Brockland, to Brocklin, to Brookline, and eventually, to Brooklyn. Kings County was one of the original counties, and Brooklyn was one of the original six towns within Kings County. The county was named in honor of King Charles II of England. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn WIKI]

'''Pearl-Street''' 
The name Pearl Street is an English translation of the Dutch Parelstraat (written as Paerlstraet around 1660). This street along the eastern shore of New Amsterdam was named for the many oysters found in the river. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Street WIKI]

'''Styx''' 
The River Styx (Greek: Στύξ, Stux, also meaning "hate" and "detestation") was a river in Greek mythology which formed the boundary between Earth and the Underworld (often called Hades which is also the name of this domain's ruler). It circles the Underworld nine times. The rivers Styx, Phlegethon, Acheron and Cocytus all converge at the center of the underworld on a great marsh. The other important rivers of the underworld are Lethe and Eridanos, and Alpheus, a real river that runs in Italy partially underground and undersea. The ferryman was called Charon (also spelled Kharon in older texts). From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styx WIKI]

==Page 400==
'''ornamental Dirk''' 
Dirk is a Scots word for a short dagger; sometimes a cut-down sword blade mounted on a dagger hilt, rather than a knife blade. The word dirk could have possibly derived from the Gaelic word sgian dearg (red knife), via dearg [ˈdʒʲɛrəɡ],[dubious – discuss] shifting to Scots "dirk" [ˈdɪɾk]. It may also have been a corruption of the Low German terms Dulk or Dolk. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirk WIKI]

'''the inconvenient Dilemma of stepping in as a Gentleman must''' 
inconvenient, once again, as interacting with life, here almost a foreshadowing of what the Chums of Chance do from [http://against-the-day.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=I#inconvenience Inconvenience] the airship, in ATD.

==Page 401==
'''bum-bailiff''' 
an officer: The French pousse-cul seems to favour the notion that bum-bailiff is no corruption. These officers are frequently referred to as bums. “Scout me for him at the corner of the orchard, like a bum-bailiff.” Shakespeare: Twelfth Night, iii. 4.--[http://www.bartleby.com/81/2655.html Brewer Dictionary of Phrase and Fable].

'''Cadastral Surveyor''' 
Surveyor of property lines and boundaries

==Page 402==
'''"Cad! Ass? - Eeeoo!"''' 
Amelia misunderstands Mason to be a surveyor of cad (young, roguish sorts) ass - This is a roundabout pun on the old "Butt Pirate," I presume.

'''"Quotha."''' 
Indeed - archaic variation of modern slang "true that" or "amen" - in other words, the word is saying agreeably "quoth he" or "quoth she"

==Page 403==
'''Sobriquet''' 
A sobriquet (pronounced so-brik-ay or so-brik-et) is a nickname or a fancy name, sometimes assumed, but often given by another. It is usually a familiar name, distinct from a pseudonym assumed as a disguise, but a nickname which is familiar enough such that it can be used in place of a real name without the need of explanation. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobriquet WIKI]

'''The Telescope stands...''' 
[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/BrooklynMap1766.jpg map of Brooklyn from 1766] 
I would guess that they are a little north the "Brookland Ferry" on this map. But, would that be enough elevations that the telescope is pointing "down?" 
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Drawing_View_of_the_City_of_New_York_1770-1779.jpg This drawing] from the 1770s shows a veiw from Brooklyn. Might even be the inspiration for the location.

'''White-Hall Slip''' 
Near the foot of the street is the site of the Governor's house built by Peter Stuyvesant; when the British took over New Amsterdam from the Dutch, they christened the street and the building "Whitehall" for England's seat of government, Whitehall, London. On the Castello map (1660, illustration) Whitehall, with its white roof, stands on a jutting piece of land at Manhattan's tip, facing along the waterfront strand that extends along the East River. The only extensive pleasure gardens in seventeenth-century Nieuw Amsterdam/New York are seen to extend behind it, laid out in a patterned parterre of four squares. Other grounds in the center of blocks behind houses are commons and market gardens. The mansion is long since gone, and now the name survives only as the short north-south Whitehall Street. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehall_Street_(Manhattan) WIKI]

'''Governor's Island''' 
First named by the Dutch explorer Adriaen Block, it was called Noten Eylant (and later in pidgin language Nutten Island) from 1611 to 1784. The island's current name—made official eight years after the 1776 Declaration of Independence—stems from British colonial times when the colonial assembly reserved the island for the exclusive use of New York's royal governors. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor%27s_Island WIKI]

==Page 404==
'''Republican fogs''' 
In recent years a debate has developed over its role in the American Revolution and in the British radicalism of the eighteenth century. For many decades the consensus was that liberalism, especially that of John Locke, was paramount and that republicanism had a distinctly secondary role. The new interpretations were pioneered by J.G.A. Pocock who argued in The Machiavellian Moment (1975) that, at least in the early eighteenth-century, republican ideas were just as important as liberal ones. Pocock's view is now widely accepted. Bernard Bailyn and Gordon Wood pioneered the argument that the American Founding Fathers were more influenced by republicanism than they were by liberalism. Cornell University Professor Isaac Kramnick, on the other hand, argues that Americans have always been highly individualistic and therefore Lockean. In the decades before the American Revolution (1776), the intellectual and political leaders of the colonies studied history intently, looking for guides or models for good (and bad) government. They especially followed the development of republican ideas in England... The commitment of most Americans to these republican values made inevitable the American Revolution, for Britain was increasingly seen as corrupt and hostile to republicanism, and a threat to the established liberties the Americans enjoyed. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republicanism WIKI]

'''Virtual Representation''' 
See page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_33:_327-340#Page_330 330].

'''Bengal''' 
Bengal (Bengali: বঙ্গ Bôngo, বাংলা Bangla, বঙ্গদেশ Bôngodesh or বাংলাদেশ Bangladesh), is a historical and geographical region in the northeast region of the Indian Subcontinent. The region of Bengal is one of the most densely populated regions on earth... Most of the Bengal region lies in the low-lying Ganges–Brahmaputra River Delta or Ganges Delta, the world's largest delta. In the southern part of the delta lies the Sundarbans—the world's largest mangrove forest and home of the Bengal tiger. Though the population of the region is mostly rural and agrarian, two megacities, Kolkata (previously Calcutta) and Dhaka (previously Dacca), are located in Bengal. The Bengal region is renowned for its rich literary and cultural heritage as well as its immense contribution to the socio-cultural uplift of Indian society in the form of the Bengal Renaissance, and revolutionary activities during the Indian independence movement. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal WIKI]

'''Night of the Black Hole''' 
See pages [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_11:_105-115#Page_109 109], [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_14:_146-157#Page_152 152] & [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_19:_190-198#Page_196 196].

==Page 405==
'''Mr. Garrick''' 
See pages [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_18:_183-189#Page_184 184] & [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_21:_207-214#Page_214 214].

'''Whitefield''' 
See pages [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_3:_14-29#Page_14 14] & [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_26:_257-265#Page_260 260].

==Page 406==
'''"Coffee-House Cabals"... "We are in correspondence."''' 
In 1765, after the Stamp Act, people in the New York area formed the Sons of Liberty, these gentlemen are probably they. More on the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committees_of_correspondence Committees of Correspondence.]

==Page 407==
'''Sophistry''' 
A sophism is taken as a specious argument used for deceiving someone. It might be crafted to seem logical while actually being wrong, or it might use difficult words and complicated sentences to intimidate the audience into agreeing, or it might appeal to the audience's prejudices and emotions rather than logic, i.e. raising doubts towards the one asserting, rather than his assertion. The goal of a sophism is often to make the audience believe the writer or speaker to be smarter than he or she actually is, e.g., accusing another of sophistry for using persuasion techniques. An Ad Hominem argument is an example of Sophistry. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophistry WIKI]

'''Dragoons''' 
An exception to the rule was the British Army. In order to cut the state's military budget, all Horse (cavalry) regiments were gradually demoted to the status of Dragoons from 1746 onwards--a change that placed them on a lower pay scale. When this change was completed in 1788, the heavy cavalry regiments had become known as either Dragoon Guards or Heavy Dragoons (depending on their precedence). The designation of Dragoon Guards did not mean that these regiments (the former 2nd to 8th Horse) had become Household Troops, but simply that they had been given a more dignified designation to compensate for the loss of pay and prestige. Starting in 1756, seven regiments of Light Dragoons were raised. These Light Dragoons were trained in reconnaissance, skirmishing and other work requiring endurance in accordance with contemporary standards of light cavalry performance. The success of this new class of cavalry was such that that 8 regular Dragoon regiments were converted to Light Dragoons between 1768 and 1783. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragoons WIKI]

'''Contemptible cowardly dogs...''' 
In [https://books.google.com/books?id=4uMgAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA392&lpg=PA392&dq=Contemptible+cowardly+dogs+who+fall+down+dead&source=bl&ots=XrQCaSxthS&sig=rS8VDsgE1UWD8ESiuxJnaO8g3u8&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwirsNfEw8bLAhUFFz4KHXg1CuMQ6AEIJjAD#v=onepage&q=Contemptible%20cowardly%20dogs%20who%20fall%20down%20dead&f=false a 1758 letter], Wolfe complained of the quality of American troops: "The Americans are in general the dirtiest, most contemptible cowardly dogs that you can conceive. There is no depending upon ’em in action. They fall down dead in their own dirt and desert by battalions, officers and all. Such rascals as those are rather an incumbrance than any real strength to an army."

'''Wolfe... Martyr of Quebec''' [[File:Wolfesdeath.jpg|200px|thumb|right|''The Death of General Wolfe'' by Benjamin West. Oil on canvas, 1770.]]
See page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_31:_302-314#Page_312 312].

Historian Francis Parkman describes the death of Wolfe:

They asked him [Wolfe] if he would have a surgeon; but he shook his head, and answered that all was over with him. His eyes closed with the torpor of approaching death, and those around sustained his fainting form. Yet they could not withhold their gaze from the wild turmoil before them, and the charging ranks of their companions rushing though the line of fire and smoke.

"See how they run." one of the officers exclaimed, as the French fled in confusion before the leveled bayonets.

"Who run?" demanded Wolfe, opening his eyes like a man aroused from sleep.

"The enemy, sir," was the reply; "they give way everywhere."

"Then," said the dying general, "tell Colonel River, to cut off their retreat from the bridge. Now, God be praised, I die contented," he murmured; and, turning on his side, he calmly breathed his last breath. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Wolfe WIKI]

==Page 408==
'''Capt. V.''' 
Captain Volcanoe abbreviated in what seems to be a Pynchon allusion to V. and other V-named characters in his works. See ATD.

'''Wednesday Morning''' 
Well, [[1765#February|February]] 20th was a Wednesday. However, the Journals show Mason traveling from Long Island back to Staten Island and then the Jerseys on the 21st. 

'''the Jerseys''' 
Settlement for the first 10 years of English rule was in the Hudson River region and came primarily from New England. On March 18, 1673, Berkeley sold his half of the colony to Quakers in England (with William Penn acting as trustee for a time), who settled the Delaware Valley region as a Quaker colony. New Jersey was governed very briefly as two distinct provinces, East and West Jersey, for 28 years between 1674 and 1702. In 1702, the two provinces were reunited under a royal, rather than a proprietary, governor. Edward Hyde, Lord Cornbury, became the first governor of the colony as a royal colony. Lord Cornbury was an ineffective and corrupt ruler, taking bribes and speculating on land, so in 1708 he was recalled to England. New Jersey was then ruled by the governors of New York, but this infuriated the settlers of New Jersey, who accused those governors of favoritism to New York. Judge Lewis Morris led the case for a separate governor, and was appointed governor by King George II in 1738. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey WIKI]

'''Met some boys,''' 
Sunday,[[1765#February|February]] 24, 1765. 
The text of the Journal follows the passage as Pynchon gives it, but adds: "...However I got up as did my Horse after some time and I led him by the Meeting House, (the Friends pouring out) very serene, as if all had been well. But" and it cuts off with with word "But". 

'''All thro' the Monday he lies in bed...''' 
[[1765#February|February]] 25, 1765.<br.

'''Horses may detect Spirits invisible to human Sensoria''' 
See the mysterious horses in ATD.

==Page 409==
'''I Corinthians, Chapter 15''' 
[http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Corinthians#Chapter_15 here]

"39 All flesh is not the same flesh: but there is one kind of flesh of men, another flesh of beasts, another of fishes, and another of birds. 40 There are also celestial bodies, and bodies terrestrial: but the glory of the celestial is one, and the glory of the terrestrial is another. 41 There is one glory of the sun, and another glory of the moon, and another glory of the stars: for one star differeth from another star in glory. 42 So also is the resurrection of the dead. It is sown in corruption; it is raised in incorruption: 43 It is sown in dishonour; it is raised in glory: it is sown in weakness; it is raised in power: 44 It is sown a natural body; it is raised a spiritual body. There is a natural body, and there is a spiritual body."

See, also [[C#chain|Great Chain of Being]].

==Annotation Index==

{{MD PbP}}

Chapter 37: 371-381

2016-03-12T23:05:32Z

Mattkb: /* Page 372 */

==Page 371==
'''Amphibia''' 
"plural of amphibian" – [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/amphibia Wiktionary]

'''''Blanquette de Veau''''' 
Blanquette de veau is a French veal dish. The term 'blanquette' comes from the French word for "white" (blanc), being a ragout (stew) with a white sauce... In a typical recipe, pieces of veal meat (shoulder, breast) and aromatic vegetables (onion, celery, carrot etc) are simmered at length in water or stock. The vegetables may then be discarded and the cooking liquid is thickened and enriched with flour, butter, cream and egg yolks. Mushrooms, rice, pasta and potatoes are common accompaniments to this dish, which is served hot. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanquette_de_veau WIKI]

==Page 372==
'''Herve du T.''' 
Heavy duty, en englais

'''''un Accés de Cuisinier''''' 
"an attack from the chef" -– [http://www.hyperarts.com/pynchon/mason-dixon/alpha/f.html#French HyperArts entry: French]

or morely "the Approach of the Chef"? In other words, someone that shouldnt be in the kitchen, one would "deploy" this to get them out quickly (ie. stopped in their tracks)? Or on the otherhand, they may be sneaky with whomever it is to avoid the Chef, to keep them there.

'''Jacques de Vaucanson''' 
Jacques de Vaucanson (February 24, 1709 – November 21, 1782) was a French inventor and artist with a mechanical background who is credited with creating the world's first true robots, as well as for creating the first completely automated loom. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_de_Vaucanson WIKI]

"He actually did make a mechanical Duck that could eat and excrete. Perhaps his most significant automata were his automatic looms, because years later, Jacquard would invent the punched card so as to program Vaucanson's looms" -- [http://www.hyperarts.com/pynchon/mason-dixon/alpha/v.html HyperArts entry: Vaucanson, Jacques de (1709-82)]

See also, [http://www.stanford.edu/group/SHR/4-2/text/mazlish.html Bruce Mazlish’s ''the man-machine and artificial intelligence''] and [http://www.themodernword.com/pynchon/pynchon_essays_luddite.html Pynchon’s ''Is it O.K. to be a Luddite?''].

'''the mechanickal Duck''' [[Image:MechanicalDuck.jpg|thumb|Mistaken representation of how the Digesting Duck worked|right]]The Canard Digérateur, or Digesting Duck, was an automaton in the form of a duck, created by Jacques de Vaucanson in 1739. The mechanical duck appeared to have the ability to eat kernels of grain, and to metabolize and defecate them. While the duck did not actually have the ability to do this - the food was collected in one inner container, and the pre-stored feces was 'produced' from a second, so that no actual digestion took place - Vaucanson hoped that a truly digesting automaton could one day be designed. Voltaire wrote that "without [...] the duck of Vaucanson, you have nothing to remind you of the glory of France." ("Sans...le canard de Vaucanson vous n'auriez rien qui fit ressouvenir de la gloire de la France.") From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digesting_Duck WIKI]

"an actual historickal figure; ‘account of the mechanism of an automaton, or image playing on the German-flute: as it was presented in a memoire, to the gentlemen of the Royal academy of sciences at Paris, by Vaucanson, inventor and maker of the said machine. Together with a description of an artificial duck, eating, drinking, macerating the food, and voiding excrements, pluming her wings, picking her feathers, and performing several operations in imitation of a living duck’ (Translated out of the French original, by J.T. Desaguliers. London, Printed by T. Parker, and sold by S. Varillon, 1742)" -- [http://www.hyperarts.com/pynchon/mason-dixon/alpha/v.html HyperArts entry: Duck, Vaucanson's mechanickal]

'''Prometheus''' 
In Greek mythology, Prometheus (Ancient Greek: Προμηθεύς, "forethought") is a Titan, the son of Iapetus and Themis, and brother to Atlas, Epimetheus and Menoetius. He was a champion of human-kind known for his wily intelligence, who stole fire from Zeus and gave it to mortals. Zeus then punished him for his crime by having him bound to a rock while a great eagle ate his liver every day only to have it grow back to be eaten again the next day. His myth has been treated by a number of ancient sources, in which Prometheus is credited with – or blamed for – playing a pivotal role in the early history of humankind. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus WIKI]

==Page 373==
'''Man in the Iron Mask''' 
The Man in the Iron Mask was a prisoner held in a number of prisons, including the Bastille and the Chateau d'If, during the reign of Louis XIV of France. The identity of this man has been thoroughly discussed, mainly because no one ever saw his face as it was hidden by a mask of black velvet cloth, which later re-tellings of the story have said to have been an iron mask -- From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_in_the_iron_mask Wikipedia]

'''Atelier''' 
An atelier is an artist's studio or workroom. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atelier WIKI]

'''Madame la Marquise de Pompadour''' 
Jeanne-Antoinette Poisson, Marquise de Pompadour, also known as Madame de Pompadour (29 December 1721 – 15 April 1764), was a member of the French court, and was the official maîtresse-en-titre of Louis XV from 1745 to 1750. See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_de_Pompadour WIKI]

'''''faisons le Dejeuner''''' 
Do lunch

'''the Gallic miniature''' 
The diminutive Armand.

'''''Hubris''''' 
Hubris (/hjuːbrɪs/) (ancient Greek ὕβρις) is a term used in modern English to indicate overweening pride, haughtiness, or arrogance, often resulting in fatal retribution or Nemesis. In ancient Greece, hubris referred to actions which, intentionally or not, shamed and humiliated the victim, and frequently the perpetrator as well. The word was also used to describe actions of those who challenged the gods or their laws, especially in Greek tragedy, resulting in the protagonist's downfall. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubris WIKI]

'''the Academy of Sciences''' 
The French Academy of Sciences is a learned society, founded in 1666 by Louis XIV at the suggestion of Jean-Baptiste Colbert, to encourage and protect the spirit of French scientific research. It was at the forefront of scientific developments in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries. It is one of the earliest academies of sciences. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences WIKI]

'''Thousand Toises per Minute''' 
Noun: toise, f. = a former French unit of length, corresponding to about 1.949 metres 
Etymology: Old French teise (cognate with Italian tesa), from Latin tesa (brachia) ‘outstretched (arms)’, from tendere ‘stretch’. 
Pronunciation: /twaz/
# a toise.
# a height gauge.
Retrieved from "[http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/toise Wiktionary]"

This translates to approximately 72 miles per hour.

==Page 374==
'''''cher Maitre''''' 
Dear Master

'''''Canard au Pamplemousse Flambé''''' 
Grapefruit Duck Flambé

Flambé (also spelled flambe; pronounced /flɒmˈbeɪ/) is a cooking procedure in which alcohol (ethanol) is added to a hot pan to create a burst of flames. The word means flamed in French (thus, in French, flambé is a past participle; the verb is flamber). It is typically done to create an impressive visual presentation at a dramatic point in the preparation of a meal. The flames result from the partial combustion of the flammable alcohol, which is quickly consumed, subsequently extinguishing the flames (some alcohol content remains). From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamb%C3%A9 WIKI]

'''''Canard avec Aubergines en Casserole''''' 
Duck and Eggplant Casserole

'''''Fantaisie des Canettes...''''' 
Fantasia of Ducklings

'''''"Oh, those old Canards"''''' 
A French pun - "canard" also means 'fabricated, sensational story or rumour; a newspaper hoax' in English. So, "Oh, those old rumours".

There is a French satirical publication, "Le Canard enchaîné" which means "The chained-up duck", but as "canard" is also French slang for "newspaper", the title also means 'the chained-up newspaper', and even conveys a third meaning, "canard" being a salicious rumour or whisper (from the folk saying "vendre un canard à moitié", to sell half a duck, or swindle) and "enchaîné" which also means 'linked', hence "the inside whisper" (from Wiki).

==Page 375==
'''…began to speak, in a curious Accent, inflected heavily with linguo-beccal Fricatives…''' 
Seems to describe the way Daffy Duck (the cartoon duck from Looney Tunes) speaks, including his spit-spraying S's ("a fine Mist of some digestive Liquid"). 'Linguo-beccal' or tongue-beak, riffs on technical terms from elocution such as 'linguodental - relating to the tongue and teeth, such as the speech sound 'th' which is produced with the aid of the tongue and teeth.' In this parlance, a fricative is a sound produced by forcing air through a narrow space.

'''Bluebeard''' 
"Bluebeard" (French: "La Barbe bleue") is a French literary fairy tale written by Charles Perrault and is one of eight tales by the author first published by Barbin in Paris in January 1697 in Histoires ou Contes du temps passé. The tale tells the story of a violent nobleman in the habit of murdering his wives and the attempts of one wife to avoid the fate of her predecessors. Gilles de Rais, a 15th-century artistocrat and prolific serial killer, has been suggested as the source for the character of Bluebeard as has Conomor the Accursed, an early Breton king. "The White Dove" and "Fitcher's Bird" are tales similar to "Bluebeard". From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluebeard WIKI]

'''"I am provided with extensive Alarms... but 'twill trigger Consequences disagreeable."''' 
Similar to Emerson's perpetual watch, which would fly apart in pieces if someone tried to take it apart.

==Page 376==
'''''Attend, Flatteur''''' 
Listen, Flatterer

'''Cocks of Strasbourg and Lyon''' 
The Strasbourg astronomical clock is located in the Strasbourg Cathedral, in the city of Strasbourg, Alsace, which was annexed by France in the late 17th century... A popular feature of the new clock was the golden cockerel, a relic of the first clock, which perched on the top of the cupola and entertained the onlookers at noon every day until 1640, when it was struck by lightning. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strasbourg_astronomical_clock WIKI]

Lyon Cathedral (Cathédrale Saint-Jean-Baptiste de Lyon) is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Lyon, France, the seat of the Archbishop of Lyon... The cathedral also has an astronomical clock from the 14th century. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyon_Cathedral WIKI]

'''''bien entendu''''' 
Naturally

==Page 377==
'''Galuppi''' 
Baldassare Galuppi (18 October 1706 – 3 January 1785) was an Italian composer from Venice, noted for his operas, and particularly opera buffa... He was born on the island of Burano in the Venetian Lagoon, and as a result, he became known as Il Buranello. His first attempt at opera, La fede nell'incostanza ossia gli amici rivali (1722), was a spectacular failure, having been hissed off the stage. He subsequently studied music with Antonio Lotti, and after a brief period in Florence working as a harpsichordist, returned to Venice for another attempt at opera. This time, his opera seria Dorinda (1729) was a success and launched his theatrical career. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galuppi WIKI]

Duck seems to have made up the name of the opera, as well as the restaurant, etc, all a part of his "plot"

'''L'Appeau''' 
The Decoy

'''''Insectes d'Etang a i'Etouffee''''' 
Braised Pond Bugs

Étouffée or etouffee is a Creole and Cajun dish typically served with shellfish or chicken over rice and is similar to gumbo. It is most popular in New Orleans and in the bayou country of the southernmost half of Louisiana. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etouffee WIKI]

'''''"Calmati, Mio Don Aldo irascibile"''''' 
"Calm down, my irascible Don Aldo"

'''Mme. la Marquise de Pompadour''' 
See page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_37:_371-381#Page_373 373].

'''Jansenists''' 
See page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_22:_215-227#Page_227 227].

'''Prussian Military''' 
The Prussian Army (German: Preußische Armee) was the army of the Kingdom of Prussia. It was vital to the development of Brandenburg-Prussia as a European power. The Prussian Army had its roots in the meager mercenary forces of Brandenburg during the Thirty Years' War. Elector Frederick William developed it into a viable standing army, while King Frederick William I of Prussia drastically increased its size. King Frederick the Great led the disciplined Prussian troops to victory during the 18th century Silesian Wars and increased the prestige of the Kingdom of Prussia. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_Army WIKI]

'''missions Bourbon and Orleanist''' 
The Orléanists were a French right-wing/center-right political faction or party which arose out of the French Revolution, and ceased to have a separate existence shortly after the establishment of the Third Republic in 1870. It took its name from the Orléans branch of the House of Bourbon, who were its leaders. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anist WIKI]

'''Corsican Adventurers''' 
The Age of Enlightenment overthrew signorial and colonial rule and brought some measure of self-rule to the island. Corsica is distinguished by having staged the first enlightenment revolution, being upstaged only by the English Revolution of the preceding century. It was the first of a trio: Corsican, American, French, and as such had some influence on the American Revolution. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Corsica WIKI]

'''Martinist Illuminati''' 
Martinism is a form of mystical or esoteric Christianity, which envisions the figure of Christ as "The Repairer" who enables individuals to attain an idealised state such as that in the Garden of Eden before the Fall. As an informal practice, Martinism dates back to late 18th Century France. In the late 19th Century it was established in France and elsewhere as a formal order meeting in lodges. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinist WIKI] - Related to the Elect Cohens mentioned previously in the novel, see page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_35:_349-361#Page_358 358].

==Page 378==
'''''Grand Melange'' of Motive''' 
Grand Conglomeration (or Mixture) of Motive

'''Hepatomachy''' 
Closest to Hepatomancy (Hepatomachy could be the hierachy practicing many different strange divinations): In Roman practice, inherited from the Etruscans, a haruspex (plural haruspices) was a man trained to practise a form of divination called haruspicy, hepatoscopy or hepatomancy. Haruspicy is the inspection of the entrails of sacrificed animals, especially the livers of sacrificed sheep and poultry. The rites were paralleled by other rites of divination such as the interpretation of lightning strikes, of the flight of birds (augury), and of other natural omens. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatomancy WIKI]

'''wayward Barouches''' 
A barouche, developed from the calash of the 18th century, was a fashionable type of horse-drawn carriage in the 19th century. It was a four-wheeled, shallow vehicle with two double seats inside, arranged so that the sitters on the front seat faced those on the back seat. It had a collapsible half-hood folding like a bellows over the back seat and an outside box seat high in front for the driver. The entire carriage was suspended on C springs. It was drawn by a pair of high-quality horses and was used principally for leisure driving in the summer. A light barouche was a barouchet or barouchette. The word barouche is an anglicisation of the German word barutsche, via the Italian baroccio or biroccio and ultimately from the Latin birotus, "two-wheeled". The name thus became a misnomer, as the later form of the carriage had four wheels. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barouche WIKI]

'''Soupçon de Trop''' 
'A bit too much' 
In French, "de trop" means too much or too many, and a "soupçon" is literally 'a suspicion' but idiomatically meaning 'a touch' or 'a little bit'. So a "soupçon de trop" is just 'a bit too much', a typical chef's verdict on overuse of an ingredient.

'''''Repaire''''' 
Lair

'''announced only by that distressing Hum''' 
The arrival of the duck resonates with the sound before the V1 rockets in ''Gravity's Rainbow''

'''"Duress? Duress is not an Issue,- for Life is Duress."''' 
Wonderful aphorism by the duck

'''"the Lotus"''' 
The lotus position is a cross-legged sitting posture originating in meditative practices of ancient India, in which the feet are placed on the opposing thighs. It is an established posture of the Hindu Yoga tradition. The position is said to resemble a lotus, to encourage breathing proper to associated meditative practice, and to foster physical stability. Famous depictions of the lotus position include Shiva, the meditating ascetic god of Hinduism, and Siddhartha Gautama, the founder of Buddhism. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus_position WIKI]

==Page 379==
'''Time, however, had acquir'd additional Properties.''' 
Brings to mind Emerson's quote from pg. 326, "Time is the Space that may not be seen."

'''Anatine''' 
Of the family of duck, swan, and geese

'''sub-scullion''' 
A scullion is one that does menial jobs around a kitchen, so a sub-scullion would be even lower in rank than that, a substitute for a kitchen lackey

==Page 381==
'''Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle''' 
Aachen (French, and, historically, English: Aix-la-Chapelle, Ripuarian: Oche, Dutch: Aken) is a historic spa city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It was a favoured residence of Charlemagne, and the place of coronation of the medieval Kings of Germany. It is the westernmost city of Germany, located along its borders with Belgium and the Netherlands, 65 km (40 mi) west of Cologne. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aix-la-chapelle WIKI]

'''Martinique''' 
Martinique is an island in the eastern Caribbean Sea, with a land area of 1,128 km2 (436 sq mi). It is an overseas department of France. To the northwest lies Dominica, to the south St Lucia. As with the other overseas departments, Martinique is also one of the twenty-six regions of France (being an overseas region) and an integral part of the Republic. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinique WIKI]

'''New Castle''' 
See page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_26:_257-265#Page_258 258].

'''''Hachoir''''' 
A mezzaluna (or hachoir) is a chopping instrument consisting of a single or double curved blade with a handle on each end. It is often used for chopping herbs or very large single blade versions are sometimes used for pizza or pesto. See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hachoir WIKI]

==Annotation Index==

{{MD PbP}}

Chapter 5: 42-46

2016-03-09T03:17:52Z

Mattkb: /* Page 45 */ added entry with letter from Royal Society

==Page 42==

'''Him so strange...All that Coal-mining, I guess''' 
The joke is that Mason is referring to God and Dixon thinks he means the Devil.

==Page 43==

'''Raby Meeting''' 

The Quakers (Society of Friends) do not have churches, only 'Meeting Houses' - So Raby Meeting is the congregation.

==Page 45==
'''In swift reply comes a Letter of Reproach and Threat from the Royal Society''' 
Much of the back and forth correspondence is available [http://www.mdlpp.org/pdf/library/AnEarlyEpisodeinCareerofMasonandDixon.pdf here.]

From the RS letter:
"Resolved unanimously, That the Council are extremely surprised at their declining to
pursue their Voyage to Bencoolen and which they have solemnly undertaken; and have
actually received several sums of money upon account of their expences, and in earnest
of performing their contract.
That their refusal to proceed upon this voyage after their having so publickly and
notoriously ingaged in it, will be a Reproach to the Nation in General, to the Royal
Society in particular, and more especially and fatally to themselves: And that, after the
Crown has been graciously and generously pleased to encourage this undertaking by a
grant of money towards carrying it on; and the Lords of Admiralty to fit out a ship of
war, on purpose to carry these gentlemen to Bencoolen; and after the expectation of this
and various other nations has been raised, to attend the event of their voyage; their
declining it at this critical juncture, when it is too late to supply their Places, cannot fail
to bring an indelible scandal upon their character and probably end in their utter Ruin.
That in case they shall persist in their refusal, or volun-tarily frustrate the end and
disappoint the Intention of their Voyage, or take any steps to thwart it, they may assure
themselves of being treated by the Council with the most inflexible Resentment, and
prosecuted with the utmost Severity of Law."

'''As if...there were no single Destiny''' 
This paragraph echoes a common them in Pynchon's work, the collapsing of many possible realities into a single Reality through time, a concept that is also echoed in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanics quantum mechanics] with the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_function_collapse collapse of the wave function], where a haze of possibilities is collapsed into a single state when observed. Or alternatively, as the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Many_worlds_interpretation "many-worlds interpretation" of quantum mechanics] would have it, perhaps there isn't a collapse into one single reality, but each possiblity continues to form a thread in an infinity of realized outcomes.

This theme is revisited numerous times in ''M & D'', with reality either collapsing or diverging:

* "the event not yet 'reduc'd to certainty' ([[17: 175-182#Page 177|p. 177]])
* "Transition between Two Worlds" ([[17: 175-182#Page 180|p. 180]])
* "Or let us postulate two Dixons, then, one in an unmoving Stupor throughout, the other, for Simplicity, assum'd to've ridden [...] out to Nelson's Ferry" ([[39: 391-398#Page 393|p. 393]])
* "I myself did stumble [...] into that very Whirlpool in Time, finding myself in September third, 1752 [...] as ev'ryone else mov'd on to the Fourteenth of September." ([[56: 554-561#Page 556|p. 556]])
* "Suppose that Mason and Dixon and their Line cross Ohio after all..." ([[73: 706-713#Page 706|p. 706]])

On [[Chapter_26:_257-265#Page_258|page 258]], Pynchon uses the nautical term "single up all lines" in what could be interpreted as a metaphor for the reduction of many lines into a single line. "Single up all lines" also appears in [http://v.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_1#single_up_all_lines ''V.'', p.11]; [http://cl49.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_2#single_up_all_lines ''The Crying of Lot 49'', p.31]; [http://gravitys-rainbow.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Pages_488-491#single_up_all_lines ''Gravity's Rainbow'', p.489]; and [[Chapter_26:_257-265#Page_258|''Mason & Dixon'', pp.258 and 260]]; and [http://against-the-day.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=ATD_1-25#Page_3 ''Against the Day''] where Pynchon deploys the term as both a positive ("Cheerily now [...] Prepare to cast her off!") and a negative (cattle "rationalized into movement only in straight lines and at right angles and a progressive reduction of choices, until the final turn through the final gate that led to the killing-floor"). ([http://against-the-day.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=ATD_1-25#Page_10 p. 10])

==Annotation Index==

{{MD PbP}}

Chapter 28: 275-288

2016-03-03T18:12:56Z

Mattkb: /* Page 277 */ added entry from WASTE-L on a passage that was vexing me

==Page 275==
'''Mount Vernon''' 
located [http://maps.google.com/maps?ie=UTF8&om=1&z=15&ll=38.710563,-77.08643&spn=0.016509,0.028582&t=h here.]

==Page 276==
'''Gershom''' 
In the novel, this is the Washington's house slave. According to the Bible, Gershom was the firstborn son of Moses and Zipporah. The name appears to mean a sojourner there, which the text argues was a reference to Moses' flight from Egypt; biblical scholars regard the name as being essentially the same as Gershon, and it is Gershom rather than Gershon who is sometimes listed by the Book of Chronicles, as a founder of one of the principal Levite factions... The passage in Exodus concerning Moses and Zipporah reaching an inn, contain four of the most ambiguous and awkward sentences in Biblical text; the text appears to suggest that something, possibly God or an angel, attacks either Gershom or Moses, until a circumcision is carried out by Zipporah on whichever of the two men it was that was being attacked. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gershom WIKI]

'''Pontiac''' 
Pontiac or Obwandiyag (c. 1720 – April 20, 1769), was the Ottawa tribe leader who became famous for his role in Pontiac's Rebellion (1763–1766), an American Indian struggle against the British military occupation of the Great Lakes region following the British and Iroquois victory in the French and Indian War. Historians disagree about Pontiac's importance in the war that bears his name. Nineteenth century accounts portrayed him as the mastermind and leader of the revolt, while some subsequent interpretations have depicted him as a local leader with limited overall influence. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Pontiac WIKI]

==Page 277==
'''General Bouquet's Proclamation''' 
Henry Bouquet (1719 – September 2, 1765) was a prominent British Army officer in the French and Indian War and Pontiac's War: Bouquet then moved his army from the Tuscarawas River to the Muskingum River at modern-day Coshocton, Ohio. This placed him in the heart of tribal lands and would allow him to quickly strike the natives' villages if they refused to cooperate. As part of the peace treaty, Bouquet demanded the return of all white captives in exchange for a promise not to destroy the Indian villages or seize any of their land. The return of the captives caused much bitterness among the tribesmen, because many of them had been forcibly adopted into Indian families as small children, and living among the Native Americans had been the only life they remembered. Some 'white Indians' managed to escape back into the native villages; many others were never exchanged. Bouquet was responsible for the return more than 200 white captives to the settlements back east. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Bouquet WIKI]

'''Mr. Cresap''' 

Cresap was a ferry operator in the disputed territory claimed by both Maryland and Pennsylvania.

Sometime in late October, 1730, Cresap was attacked on his ferry boat by two Pennsylvanians. According to Cresap's Maryland deposition, Cresap and one of his workmen were hailed by the Pennsylvanians and began rowing the two men from the east to the west. Sixty yards into the trip, the Pennsylvanians turned their guns on the Marylanders and a fight ensued with Cresap attempting to use the oars to defend himself. After a short struggle, both Marylanders ended up in the water, holding on to the boat to keep from drowning. The Pennsylvanians tried to force Cresap to let go of the boat, and when Cresap asked if they intended to murder him, one swore that he did. Cresap eventually escaped when the boat drifted to shallow water near a large rock where Cresap was stranded for several hours until rescued by a friendly Indian. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cresap%27s_War Cresap's War WIKI]

'''as he was not offering his Services out of love for those inexpensive Tokens with which he is synonymous.''' 
[https://www.waste.org/mail/?list=pynchon-l&month=0201&msg=64297&keywords=cresap From WASTE-L]: "the "inexpensive Tokens" line is a reference to a bouquet, as in a compliment or show of praise (i.e. "bouquets and brickbats"). So, Bouquet "was not offering his Services" just for the greater glory of colonial America at all, according to George."

'''Lord ever Merciful, as in Bengal, sent us a Deliverer''' 
Reference to Robert Clive, Maskelyne's brother-in-law. He effectively conquered Bengal at the [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey Battle of Plassey]

'''Ulster Scots''' 
Refers to a Scottish people who settled in Ireland in the early 17th century and who later migrated to America in the early 18th century. Ulster Scots fought with Williamite forces against the Jacobites in the Williamite War in Ireland (1689-91). Many (Presbyterian) Ulster Scots then migrated to the British Colonies in America.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people WIKI]

'''Mr. Grenville''' 
George Grenville (14 October 1712 – 13 November 1770), was a British Whig statesman who served in government for the relatively short period of seven years, reaching the position of Prime Minister of Great Britain. He was one of the few prime ministers (others include William Pitt the Younger, Sir Winston Churchill, George Canning, Spencer Percival, and William Gladstone) who never acceded to the peerage. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Grenville WIKI]

==Page 278==
'''Lancaster County Rifles''' 
The Longrifle (or alternately Pennsylvania or "Kentucky" Rifle) is a type of rifle used in early America by both the military and civilians. It is characterized by an unusually long barrel, sometimes more than four feet in length, which is felt to be in large part a unique development of American rifles... Although experts argue the fine points of origin and lineage, it is accepted that the long rifle was the product of German gunsmiths who immigrated to new settlements in Pennsylvania and Virginia as early as the 1740s. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_rifle WIKI]

'''Male and Fimble''' 
Fimble is the male plant of hemp, which makes 'Male and Fimble' a rare error. It should be 'Carl and Fimble' - because the female plant is bushier and stronger, it is perversely considered to have male properties, therefore 'Carl' from Kerl (German, a man) while the weaker, early flowering male plant is considered 'female' or Fimble. As a plant breeder, Washington would be well aware of the actual sex of the plants.

==Parge 279==
'''''Kasha Varnishkies''''' 
Kasha varnishkas or kasha varnishkes is a traditional Jewish dish that combines kasha (buckwheat groats) with noodles, typically with bow-tie pasta. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasha_varnishkas WIKI]

'''Joe Miller''' 
Joe Miller (Joseph or Josias) (1684 - August 16, 1738), English actor, first appears in the cast of Sir Robert Howard's Committee at Drury Lane in 1709 as Teague. Trinculo in The Tempest, the First Grave-digger in Hamlet and Marplot in The Busybody, were among his many favourite parts. He is said to have been a friend of Hogarth. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Miller_(actor) WIKI]

'''Dismal Swamp Land Company''' 
The Great Dismal Swamp is a marshy area on the Coastal Plain of southeastern Virginia and northeastern North Carolina between Norfolk, Virginia, and Elizabeth City, North Carolina in the United States... George Washington visited the swamp and then formed the Dismal Swamp Land Company in 1763, which proceeded to drain and harvest timber from part of the area. A five-mile (8 km) ditch on the west side of the current refuge there still bears his name. In 1805, the Dismal Swamp Canal began serving as a commercial highway for timber coming out of the swamp. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp WIKI]

==Page 281==
'''Ohio Company''' 
The Ohio Company, formally known as the Ohio Company of Virginia, was a land speculation company organized for the colonization of the Ohio Country. The activities of the company helped to provoke the outbreak of the French and Indian War. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Company WIKI]

==Page 282==
'''Bishop-of-Durham Clause''' 

Contextually, The "Bishop-of-Durham Clause" refers to the great powers given to the proprietors of proprietary colonies. From http://www.answers.com/topic/proprietary-colony :

"Proprietary Colonies were grants of land in the form of a charter, or a license to rule, for individuals or groups. They were used to settle areas rapidly with British subjects at the proprietors' expense during the costly settlement years. Also, they could be used by the Crown to repay a debt to, or bestow a favor upon, a highly placed person. Charters replaced the trading company as the dominant settlement device, beginning with Maryland's royal grant in 1632.

The land was titled in the proprietors' name, not the king's. The proprietors could appoint all officials; create courts, hear appeals, and pardon offenders; make laws and issue decrees; raise and command militia; and establish churches, ports, and towns. Proprietors had the opportunity to recoup their investment by collecting quitrents—annual land fees—from the settlers who had purchased land within these colonies. These vast powers were encapsulated in the Bishop of Durham clause, so-called because they were reflective of powers granted to the Lord Bishop of Durham when Scots invaders threatened his northern lands in fourteenth-century England. Proprietary colonies were the predominant form of colony in the seventeenth century, when the Carolinas, the Jerseys, Maine, Maryland, New Hampshire, New York, and Pennsylvania were handed down through hereditary proprietorship."

[[B#BishopOfDurhamClause|Alphabetical Entry]]

'''a likeness... between your Indians West of the Allegheny Ridge... and their Scots beyond Hadrian's Wall''' 

The Bishop of Durham was granted powers in his northern lands in exchange for his defense from hostile Scots (see above, "Bishop of Durham Clause")

'''the 'Forty-five''' 
See page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_23:_228-237#Page_232 232].

'''Monongahela''' 
The Monongahela River is a river on the Allegheny Plateau in North-Central West Virginia and southwestern Pennsylvania in the United States. At Pittsburgh, it meets the Allegheny River to form the Ohio River. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monongahela_River WIKI]

'''Glaucon''' 
Glaucon (born circa 445 BC) son of Ariston, was the philosopher Plato's older brother. He is primarily known as a major conversant with Socrates in the Republic, and the questioner during the Allegory of the Cave. He is also referenced briefly in the beginnings of two dialogues of Plato: Parmenides and the Symposium. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaucon WIKI]

==Page 283==
'''Pelhams''' 
See page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_21:_207-214#Page_209 209].

==Page 285==
'''Celeron de Bienville''' 
Pierre-Joseph Céloron de Blainville (also known as Celeron de Bienville, or Céleron or Céloron, etc.) was a French Canadian officer. In 1739-1740 he led a detachment to Louisiana to fight the Chickasaw in the abortive Chickasaw Campaign of 1739. In 1749 he led the 'Lead Plate Expedition' to advance France's territorial claim on the Ohio Valley. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celeron_De_Bienville WIKI]

'''Battoe''' 
A bateau or batteau is a shallow-draft, flat-bottomed boat which was used extensively across North America, especially in the colonial period and in the fur trade. It was traditionally pointed at both ends but came in a wide variety of sizes. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateau WIKI]

==Page 286==
'''Torpedo''' 
See Alphabetical Entry [[T#torpedo|Torpedo]]

==Page 287==
'''Masonick Password''' 
The exchange between Washington and Dixon is apparently a pre-arranged code by which Freemasons recognize each other. Freemasonry is a secretive fraternity whose regional groupings are classified as lodges. George Washington was a member of a lodge in Virginia. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemasonry WIKI]

'''Report ev'rything to the Lodge''' 
The Roman Catholic church opposed Freemasonry from the eighteenth century onwards. Pynchon alludes to this in imparting anti-Jesuit sentiments to Washington and the local Lodge.

'''Jesuit Telegraph''' 
An anachronism if taken technically: the telegraph didnt appear until the late 18th century, invented by Claude Chappe, who along with his brother, had been educated at what USED to be the Jesuit College (Jesuits were expelled from the university a number of years before).

HOWEVER, the first telegraphs came in the form of optical telegraphs, including the use of smoke signals, beacons or reflected light, which have existed since ancient times. A semaphore network invented by Claude Chappe operated in France from 1792 through 1846. It helped Napoleon enough to be widely imitated in Europe and the U.S. The Prussian system was put into effect in the 1830s. The last commercial semaphore link ceased operation in Sweden in 1880. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraph WIKI]

A friend suggested a name meaning a far writer, telegraph. In 1792, the first messages were successfully sent between Paris and Lille. In 1794 the semaphore line informed Parisians of the capture of Condé-sur-l'Escaut from the Austrians less than an hour after it occurred. Other lines were built, including a line from Paris to Toulon. The system was widely copied by other European states, and was used by Napoleon to coordinate his empire and army. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Chappe WIKI]

See page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_53:_511-524#Page_515 515].

==Page 288==
'''Sino-Jesuit''' 
The first missionaries of the Society of Jesus arrived in China in 1565. The Jesuits were men whose vision went far beyond the Macau status quo, priests serving churches on the fringes of a pagan society. They were possessed by a dream - the creation of a Sino-Christian civilization that would match the Roman-Christian civilization of the West. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuit_China_missions WIKI]

==Annotation Index==

{{MD PbP}}

Chapter 28: 275-288

2016-03-03T03:44:09Z

Mattkb: /* Page 277 */ reference to Bengal added

==Page 275==
'''Mount Vernon''' 
located [http://maps.google.com/maps?ie=UTF8&om=1&z=15&ll=38.710563,-77.08643&spn=0.016509,0.028582&t=h here.]

==Page 276==
'''Gershom''' 
In the novel, this is the Washington's house slave. According to the Bible, Gershom was the firstborn son of Moses and Zipporah. The name appears to mean a sojourner there, which the text argues was a reference to Moses' flight from Egypt; biblical scholars regard the name as being essentially the same as Gershon, and it is Gershom rather than Gershon who is sometimes listed by the Book of Chronicles, as a founder of one of the principal Levite factions... The passage in Exodus concerning Moses and Zipporah reaching an inn, contain four of the most ambiguous and awkward sentences in Biblical text; the text appears to suggest that something, possibly God or an angel, attacks either Gershom or Moses, until a circumcision is carried out by Zipporah on whichever of the two men it was that was being attacked. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gershom WIKI]

'''Pontiac''' 
Pontiac or Obwandiyag (c. 1720 – April 20, 1769), was the Ottawa tribe leader who became famous for his role in Pontiac's Rebellion (1763–1766), an American Indian struggle against the British military occupation of the Great Lakes region following the British and Iroquois victory in the French and Indian War. Historians disagree about Pontiac's importance in the war that bears his name. Nineteenth century accounts portrayed him as the mastermind and leader of the revolt, while some subsequent interpretations have depicted him as a local leader with limited overall influence. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Pontiac WIKI]

==Page 277==
'''General Bouquet's Proclamation''' 
Henry Bouquet (1719 – September 2, 1765) was a prominent British Army officer in the French and Indian War and Pontiac's War: Bouquet then moved his army from the Tuscarawas River to the Muskingum River at modern-day Coshocton, Ohio. This placed him in the heart of tribal lands and would allow him to quickly strike the natives' villages if they refused to cooperate. As part of the peace treaty, Bouquet demanded the return of all white captives in exchange for a promise not to destroy the Indian villages or seize any of their land. The return of the captives caused much bitterness among the tribesmen, because many of them had been forcibly adopted into Indian families as small children, and living among the Native Americans had been the only life they remembered. Some 'white Indians' managed to escape back into the native villages; many others were never exchanged. Bouquet was responsible for the return more than 200 white captives to the settlements back east. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Bouquet WIKI]

'''Mr. Cresap''' 

Cresap was a ferry operator in the disputed territory claimed by both Maryland and Pennsylvania.

Sometime in late October, 1730, Cresap was attacked on his ferry boat by two Pennsylvanians. According to Cresap's Maryland deposition, Cresap and one of his workmen were hailed by the Pennsylvanians and began rowing the two men from the east to the west. Sixty yards into the trip, the Pennsylvanians turned their guns on the Marylanders and a fight ensued with Cresap attempting to use the oars to defend himself. After a short struggle, both Marylanders ended up in the water, holding on to the boat to keep from drowning. The Pennsylvanians tried to force Cresap to let go of the boat, and when Cresap asked if they intended to murder him, one swore that he did. Cresap eventually escaped when the boat drifted to shallow water near a large rock where Cresap was stranded for several hours until rescued by a friendly Indian. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cresap%27s_War Cresap's War WIKI]

'''Lord ever Merciful, as in Bengal, sent us a Deliverer''' 
Reference to Robert Clive, Maskelyne's brother-in-law. He effectively conquered Bengal at the [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey Battle of Plassey]

'''Ulster Scots''' 
Refers to a Scottish people who settled in Ireland in the early 17th century and who later migrated to America in the early 18th century. Ulster Scots fought with Williamite forces against the Jacobites in the Williamite War in Ireland (1689-91). Many (Presbyterian) Ulster Scots then migrated to the British Colonies in America.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people WIKI]

'''Mr. Grenville''' 
George Grenville (14 October 1712 – 13 November 1770), was a British Whig statesman who served in government for the relatively short period of seven years, reaching the position of Prime Minister of Great Britain. He was one of the few prime ministers (others include William Pitt the Younger, Sir Winston Churchill, George Canning, Spencer Percival, and William Gladstone) who never acceded to the peerage. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Grenville WIKI]

==Page 278==
'''Lancaster County Rifles''' 
The Longrifle (or alternately Pennsylvania or "Kentucky" Rifle) is a type of rifle used in early America by both the military and civilians. It is characterized by an unusually long barrel, sometimes more than four feet in length, which is felt to be in large part a unique development of American rifles... Although experts argue the fine points of origin and lineage, it is accepted that the long rifle was the product of German gunsmiths who immigrated to new settlements in Pennsylvania and Virginia as early as the 1740s. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_rifle WIKI]

'''Male and Fimble''' 
Fimble is the male plant of hemp, which makes 'Male and Fimble' a rare error. It should be 'Carl and Fimble' - because the female plant is bushier and stronger, it is perversely considered to have male properties, therefore 'Carl' from Kerl (German, a man) while the weaker, early flowering male plant is considered 'female' or Fimble. As a plant breeder, Washington would be well aware of the actual sex of the plants.

==Parge 279==
'''''Kasha Varnishkies''''' 
Kasha varnishkas or kasha varnishkes is a traditional Jewish dish that combines kasha (buckwheat groats) with noodles, typically with bow-tie pasta. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasha_varnishkas WIKI]

'''Joe Miller''' 
Joe Miller (Joseph or Josias) (1684 - August 16, 1738), English actor, first appears in the cast of Sir Robert Howard's Committee at Drury Lane in 1709 as Teague. Trinculo in The Tempest, the First Grave-digger in Hamlet and Marplot in The Busybody, were among his many favourite parts. He is said to have been a friend of Hogarth. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Miller_(actor) WIKI]

'''Dismal Swamp Land Company''' 
The Great Dismal Swamp is a marshy area on the Coastal Plain of southeastern Virginia and northeastern North Carolina between Norfolk, Virginia, and Elizabeth City, North Carolina in the United States... George Washington visited the swamp and then formed the Dismal Swamp Land Company in 1763, which proceeded to drain and harvest timber from part of the area. A five-mile (8 km) ditch on the west side of the current refuge there still bears his name. In 1805, the Dismal Swamp Canal began serving as a commercial highway for timber coming out of the swamp. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp WIKI]

==Page 281==
'''Ohio Company''' 
The Ohio Company, formally known as the Ohio Company of Virginia, was a land speculation company organized for the colonization of the Ohio Country. The activities of the company helped to provoke the outbreak of the French and Indian War. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Company WIKI]

==Page 282==
'''Bishop-of-Durham Clause''' 

Contextually, The "Bishop-of-Durham Clause" refers to the great powers given to the proprietors of proprietary colonies. From http://www.answers.com/topic/proprietary-colony :

"Proprietary Colonies were grants of land in the form of a charter, or a license to rule, for individuals or groups. They were used to settle areas rapidly with British subjects at the proprietors' expense during the costly settlement years. Also, they could be used by the Crown to repay a debt to, or bestow a favor upon, a highly placed person. Charters replaced the trading company as the dominant settlement device, beginning with Maryland's royal grant in 1632.

The land was titled in the proprietors' name, not the king's. The proprietors could appoint all officials; create courts, hear appeals, and pardon offenders; make laws and issue decrees; raise and command militia; and establish churches, ports, and towns. Proprietors had the opportunity to recoup their investment by collecting quitrents—annual land fees—from the settlers who had purchased land within these colonies. These vast powers were encapsulated in the Bishop of Durham clause, so-called because they were reflective of powers granted to the Lord Bishop of Durham when Scots invaders threatened his northern lands in fourteenth-century England. Proprietary colonies were the predominant form of colony in the seventeenth century, when the Carolinas, the Jerseys, Maine, Maryland, New Hampshire, New York, and Pennsylvania were handed down through hereditary proprietorship."

[[B#BishopOfDurhamClause|Alphabetical Entry]]

'''a likeness... between your Indians West of the Allegheny Ridge... and their Scots beyond Hadrian's Wall''' 

The Bishop of Durham was granted powers in his northern lands in exchange for his defense from hostile Scots (see above, "Bishop of Durham Clause")

'''the 'Forty-five''' 
See page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_23:_228-237#Page_232 232].

'''Monongahela''' 
The Monongahela River is a river on the Allegheny Plateau in North-Central West Virginia and southwestern Pennsylvania in the United States. At Pittsburgh, it meets the Allegheny River to form the Ohio River. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monongahela_River WIKI]

'''Glaucon''' 
Glaucon (born circa 445 BC) son of Ariston, was the philosopher Plato's older brother. He is primarily known as a major conversant with Socrates in the Republic, and the questioner during the Allegory of the Cave. He is also referenced briefly in the beginnings of two dialogues of Plato: Parmenides and the Symposium. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaucon WIKI]

==Page 283==
'''Pelhams''' 
See page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_21:_207-214#Page_209 209].

==Page 285==
'''Celeron de Bienville''' 
Pierre-Joseph Céloron de Blainville (also known as Celeron de Bienville, or Céleron or Céloron, etc.) was a French Canadian officer. In 1739-1740 he led a detachment to Louisiana to fight the Chickasaw in the abortive Chickasaw Campaign of 1739. In 1749 he led the 'Lead Plate Expedition' to advance France's territorial claim on the Ohio Valley. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celeron_De_Bienville WIKI]

'''Battoe''' 
A bateau or batteau is a shallow-draft, flat-bottomed boat which was used extensively across North America, especially in the colonial period and in the fur trade. It was traditionally pointed at both ends but came in a wide variety of sizes. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateau WIKI]

==Page 286==
'''Torpedo''' 
See Alphabetical Entry [[T#torpedo|Torpedo]]

==Page 287==
'''Masonick Password''' 
The exchange between Washington and Dixon is apparently a pre-arranged code by which Freemasons recognize each other. Freemasonry is a secretive fraternity whose regional groupings are classified as lodges. George Washington was a member of a lodge in Virginia. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemasonry WIKI]

'''Report ev'rything to the Lodge''' 
The Roman Catholic church opposed Freemasonry from the eighteenth century onwards. Pynchon alludes to this in imparting anti-Jesuit sentiments to Washington and the local Lodge.

'''Jesuit Telegraph''' 
An anachronism if taken technically: the telegraph didnt appear until the late 18th century, invented by Claude Chappe, who along with his brother, had been educated at what USED to be the Jesuit College (Jesuits were expelled from the university a number of years before).

HOWEVER, the first telegraphs came in the form of optical telegraphs, including the use of smoke signals, beacons or reflected light, which have existed since ancient times. A semaphore network invented by Claude Chappe operated in France from 1792 through 1846. It helped Napoleon enough to be widely imitated in Europe and the U.S. The Prussian system was put into effect in the 1830s. The last commercial semaphore link ceased operation in Sweden in 1880. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraph WIKI]

A friend suggested a name meaning a far writer, telegraph. In 1792, the first messages were successfully sent between Paris and Lille. In 1794 the semaphore line informed Parisians of the capture of Condé-sur-l'Escaut from the Austrians less than an hour after it occurred. Other lines were built, including a line from Paris to Toulon. The system was widely copied by other European states, and was used by Napoleon to coordinate his empire and army. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Chappe WIKI]

See page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_53:_511-524#Page_515 515].

==Page 288==
'''Sino-Jesuit''' 
The first missionaries of the Society of Jesus arrived in China in 1565. The Jesuits were men whose vision went far beyond the Macau status quo, priests serving churches on the fringes of a pagan society. They were possessed by a dream - the creation of a Sino-Christian civilization that would match the Roman-Christian civilization of the West. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuit_China_missions WIKI]

==Annotation Index==

{{MD PbP}}

Chapter 7: 58-76

2016-03-01T03:26:18Z

Mattkb: /* Page 58 */ deleted erroneous entry on Dutch East India CO, and arguing about it on page

==Page 58==

'''sepia-shadow'd''' 
sepia: NOUN: 1a. A dark brown ink or pigment originally prepared from the secretion of the cuttlefish. b. A drawing or picture done in this pigment. c. A photograph in a brown tint. 2. A dark grayish yellow brown to dark or moderate olive brown.
ADJECTIVE: 1. Of the color sepia. 2. Done or made in sepia. 
Orwell uses this phrase about street shadows--like tea-- in Keep the Aspidistra Flying.

'''Herren XVII''' 
Modern Dutch spelling "de Heeren XVII," the 17 Lords, board of governors of the V.O.C. 
When the Herren XVII ordered the Cape government in 1717 to stop granting land in freehold ... heard by the Herren XVII—who ruled in their favor in 1706, ...

'''V.O.C.''' 
Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie, the Dutch East India Company.

==Page 59==

'''Monsieur Lacaille''' 
Nicolas Louis de Lacaille, French astronomer. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacaille WIKI]

'''Slaves''' 
Slavery is an integral theme of the novel; it is the underbelly of the enlightenment. It is the central rift that forms along the Mason-Dixon Line, and it is the paradox of America, i.e. liberty for some.

'''Castle of the Compagnie''' 
The Castle of Good Hope, see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_of_Good_Hope WIKI].

'''set against''' 
Imperialist strategy of divide-and-conquer.

==Page 60==

'''Droster''' 
drosters' - runaways from service contracts. South African usage.

'''Vroom''' 
[http://onelook.com/?w=vroo*&ls=a vroo*]. Dutch for ''pious''

'''Jethro's Tent''' 
Biblical: Jethro (also called Reuel), a Midean priest, was Moses' father-in-law. Moses came to live with Jethro after he rescued his seven daughters and helped them water their sheep. See ([http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Exodus%202:15-25,%20Exodus%203:1-2;&version=9; Exodus 2:15-25, 3:1-2])

'''Nimrods''' 
Biblical: Son of Cush, a founder of Babylon (see [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=1&chapter=10&verse=8&end_verse=10&version=9&context=context Genesis 10:8-10]). A hunter. Informal. A person regarded as silly, foolish, or stupid.

'''Kaffirs''' 
Early "offensive" word for a black person, see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaffir_%28racial_term%29 WIKI].

==Page 61==

'''Fascination''' 
It's hard to see from TRP's descriptions what women see in M, other than on Joanna Vroom's case, good slave breeding stock. 
The Journal of Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon is full of passages where Mason's normally scientific writtings give way to poetic and gothic images of ghosts and devils. In the Journals he frequents massacre sites.

'''Portable Soup... Slabs''' 
An extremely reduced meat stock (not freeze-dried, just boiled down and then dried) in cakes or slabs. Heat in a pan of water and you have soup. Most users regarded it as a necessity rather than a pleasure.

'''Darlington Market''' 
In Darlington , County Durham. Still a good market today--21st Century-- says an online British guidebook.

==Page 62==

'''Kezia''' 
the name of Job's second daughter ([http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Job%2042:13-15;&version=9; Job 42:14]), born after prosperity had returned to him. Also Cassia.

'''Kerenhappuch''' 
(the horn of beauty), the youngest of the daughters of Job, born to him during the period of his reviving prosperity. ([http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Job%2042:13-15;&version=9; Job 42:14])
Source: Smith's Bible Dictionary

==Page 63==

'''Imp from Hell''' 
Cf. Imp allusions and Poe story cited. Three uses so far in M & D. Here Els' impulsiveness is an apt allusion to impishness, overstated as in speech.

'''Rattle-Watch''' 
the rattle watch, appointed at the request of the burghers to relieve them of night-watch duty. 
"First, the said rattle watch shall be held to appear at the burghers' guard house after the ringing of the nine o'clock bell and together at ten o'clock shall begin making their rounds, giving notice of their presence in all the streets of the village by sounding their rattle and calling [out the hour], and this every hour of the night, until 4 o'clock in the morning. From an Orange County decree, 1859 online.

'''English Tea-Pot''' 
Free associating, Mason to English to English tea to teapot? 
"I'm a little tea-pot, short and stout" allusion? Old song.

==Page 64==

'''Vrou''' 
Dutch: lady, woman, wife. Vroom Vroom!

'''cackling''' 
# To make the shrill cry characteristic of a hen after laying an egg.
# To laugh or talk in a shrill manner.
Often said of "witches".

'''fatally but not yet mortally''' 
fatally: with fatal consequences or implications; "he was fatally ill
equipped for the climb" 
mortally: fatal 'unto death"--to an extreme. ''American Heritage Dictionary''

Is the economics behind slavery what TRP is getting at here through Austra?

==Page 65==

'''''Dagga''''' 
Dried female flowers of cannabis sativa, prepared for smoking.

==Page 66==

'''dorsal 'Scape''' 
Dorsal landscape = shapely rear end.

'''five Sprites''' 
The women? Yes, the impish females whose behavior toward Mason is designed to urge him into a sexual liaison with Austra.

'''Asian parlor-game''' 
see [[Chapter_18:_183-189#farces|four-door farces, p. 184]] and [[Chapter_18:_183-189#parlour|Parlour Game, p. 184]]

==Page 67==

'''Malays''' 
Austronesian peoples predominantly inhabiting the Malay Peninsula, see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_Malays WIKI].

'''Pygmies''' 
Pygmy as any group whose adult males grow to less than 150 cm (4 feet 11 inches) in average height, see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygmies WIKI].

'''Indifference-Draught''' 
Traditionally saltpetre. Mason wants a drug to reduce his libido.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphrodisiac Anaphrodisiac]

==Page 68==

'''the wrongs committed daily...invisible, yet possessing mass and velocity''' 
Cf. gravity in GR and mass in ATD. Very Pychonesque motif and phrasing here.

'''need to keep the Ghost propitiated''' 
see the ghosts and major dark spirit in ATD.

==Page 69==

'''Velleity''' 
NOUN: Inflected forms: pl. vel·le·i·ties
1. Volition at its lowest level. 2. A mere wish or inclination.
ETYMOLOGY: New Latin velleits, from Latin velle, to wish. American heritage Dictionary

'''Rix-Dollar''' 
Reichsdollar, a Dutch coin.

German ''Reichsthaler,'' Dutch ''Rijksdaalder''; current throughout the European colonies.

'''Dutch Company which is ev'rywhere & ev'rything''' 
East India Company pervades as "[the Deists']God?"--Dixon 

'''Late Blow''' 
Mason suggests Dixon threw an illegal punch with that last metaphor comparing the East India Company with God.

'''Butter-Bag Castle''' 
Butter-Bag was slang for a Dutchman.

'''keep to the margins''' 
Dixon stays where Pynchon's valued characters live. See "Low-Lands" and passim in other works. This paragraph is so fine in expressing a kind
of place beyond all the ways of being mapped, known, predicted, so to speak. Off the grid, so to speak. Where some anarchists argue we should strive to be. Another deep Pynchon theme.

==Page 70==

'''''karis''''' 
The word was later adapted into English as ''curries.''

'''Senoi''' 
This tribe is/was real, although I did not think they were known about until the later age of anthropological study. They did share dreams and conquered their fears this way. If a child had a dream of falling, say, when shared with all, the adults would tell him to just fly next time--and he would. Their dream life was incorporates into their whole life and they were a happy, contented people. Researching.

'''''Krees''''' 
[[File:Kris_bali.jpg|thumb|Krees|right|75px]]
Like the book says, a dagger, but further, both a weapon and a spiritual object. See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kris WIKI].

==Page 71==

'''...fantastical beings...''' 
Note that Jorge Luis Borges' ''Book of Imaginary Beings'' ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Imaginary_Beings Wikipedia]) includes a listing for ''Sea Horse'' (see Borges' text on [http://borges.uiowa.edu/vakalo/zf/html/the_sea_horse.html Fantastic Zoology]); the [[S#Seahorse|Seahorse]], is, of course, the ship on which M&D sail to [[Cape of Good Hope]].

'''Shaula''' 
Second brightest star system in the constellation Scorpius, and one of the brightest stars in the nighttime sky, see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda_Scorpii WIKI].

'''Routs''' 
See especially in this context, with ridottoes, definition #5--a fashionable gathering...with other attendant resonances of meaning. 
rout (rout) 
n. 1A)A disorderly retreat or flight following defeat. 
1B)An overwhelming defeat. 

2A) A disorderly crowd of people; a mob. 
2B) People of the lowest class; rabble. 
3) A public disturbance; a riot. 
4) A company, as of knights or wolves, that are in movement. See synonyms at flock 1. 
5) A fashionable gathering. 
tr.v., rout·ed, rout·ing, routs. 

'''[[R#Ridotto|Ridottoes]]''' 
The ridotto was a space behind the theatres, much like a foyer, where visitors of all layers of society mingled and engaged in discussion, gambling, or other spirited forms of entertainment. Most visitors wore masks. It was the famous black and white bauta which made recognition virtually impossible. Started in Venice. 
In all of the approximately 20 ridotti of Venice, gambling was the main activity. Young aristocrats sold their military duty to poor souls in need of money. Servants, poets, flower girls, singers, merchants, foreign visitors, and dignitaries all passed through the ridotto. Casanova praised the beautiful women, playwright Goldoni found willing listeners to his fantastic stories in the ridotto. The painters Longhi, Guardi, and Tiepolo all found inspiration in the dark-lit establishments.

'''Ketjap''' 
Original spelling for modern ketchup or catsup, which seems to have come from an Asian influence on tomato sauce.

==Page 72==

'''Blight''' 
A direct address use of this verb as a noun to describe Dixon ruining [blighting] Mason's fantasies with common-sense.

'''''terre mauvais''''' 
badlands. GR: terre mauvais: "badlands" 87

==Page 73==
'''Spanish Inquisitors''' 
equated with [all] 'Authorities'!

'''two Punches in a Droll-booth''' 
As in Punch-and-Judy slapstick puppets.

'''Jesuits... Invisible College''' 
philosophical riff on whether M & D are "free" or controlled by others, Jesuits, Dixon and the Invisible College, Mason. 
The Invisible College was a precursor to the Royal Society of United Kingdom. It consisted of a group of scientists including Robert Boyle, John Wilkins, John Wallis, John Evelyn, Robert Hooke, Christopher Wren and William Petty. In letters in 1646 and 1647, Boyle refers to "our invisible college" or "our philosophical college". The society's common theme was to acquire knowledge through experimental investigation. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invisible_College WIKI]

The idea of an invisible college became influential in seventeenth century Europe, in particular, in the form of a network of savants or intellectuals exchanging ideas (by post, as it would have been understood at the time). The invisible college idea is exemplified by the network of astronomers, professors, mathematicians, and natural philosophers in 16th century Europe. Men such as Johannes Kepler, Georg Joachim Rheticus, John Dee and Tycho Brahe passed information and ideas to each other in an invisible college. One of the most common methods used to communicate was through annotations written in personal copies of books that were loaned, given, or sold from person to person.

'''''Nervus Probandi''''' 
nervus probandi (L): the crux of the argument; the most conclusive and decisive proof
 
So, Dixon is essentially asking "Your point?"

'''Mr. Peach''' 
Sam Peach Sr., the powerful EIC director.

'''Spotted Cubes''' 
Dice.

'''Sector Wallah''' 
"Wallah," in British India, a specialist or tradesman. Sector Wallah, the person in charge of the Sector.

==Page 74==

'''Stuffata''' 
whole onions and meat as a stew. Also "stifado." However, see OED 1688 "stuffado" and 1771 "stuffata." Also stufata. The latter two are probably Italian. This dish is Greek.

'''dating back to Walpole''' 
Sir Robert Walpole, who held the influential office of First Lord of the Treasury. 4 April 1721 – 11 February 1742. Previous holders of the post had often been important figures in government, but not to such a degree as Walpole. His influence grew even stronger because the King, George I, was not active in English politics, preferring to concentrate on his native Hanover. Walpole is generally regarded as the first Prime Minister, not just because of his influence in Government, but because he could persuade (or force) his colleagues in the Cabinet to act in a harmonious and unified fashion, instead of intriguing against each other for more power. Walpole's office, First Lord of the Treasury, became strongly associated with the leadership of the Government; it became the position which the Prime Minister almost always held... Though Walpole is considered the first "Prime Minister," ...the powers of the monarch were slowly diminished, and those of the Prime Minister gradually increased, over the course of the following years. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Walpole WIKI]

'''Clive''' 
Major-General Robert Clive, 1st Baron Clive, KB (29 September 1725–22 November 1774), also known as Clive of India, was a British soldier who established the military and political supremacy of the East India Company in Southern India and Bengal. He is credited with securing India, and the wealth that followed, for the British crown. Together with Warren Hastings he was one of the key figures in the creation of British India. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Clive,_1st_Baron_Clive Clive of India WIKI]

'''Maskelyne''' [[Image:Maskelyne-nevil-astronomer-01.jpg|thumb|Dr. Nevil Maskelyne|right]]Reverend Dr Nevil Maskelyne. Astronomer, Lunarian, enemy of John Harrison, 5th Astronomer Royal. See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevil_Maskelyne WIKI]

'''Robert Waddington''' 
from an old established English family. 27 M iv. Robert Waddington was born in 1743. Waddington genealogy online.

'''Bleak''' 
Bleak \Bleak\, n. [From Bleak, a., cf. Blay.] (Zo["o]l.) 
A small European river fish (Leuciscus alburnus), of the
family Cyprinid[ae]; the blay. [Written also blick.] Source: Webster's unabridged Dictionary 1913.

'''if Beetles be your Passion, why the Beetle Variety there!''' 
Anachronistic allusion to Charles Darwin and a famous remark about evolution? For years, after dropping out of medical school, Darwin had a passion for collecting beetles. 
And, "the contemplation of nature can give rise to some curious reflexions. There is a famous (possibly apocryphal) story about the great biologist J.B.S. Haldane.[20th Century] At a major British public occasion, Haldane was sitting next to an Anglican bishop, who asked him what biology had shown him about the designs and predilections of the Creator. Haldane is supposed to have replied "An inordinate fondness for beetles."

'''St. Helena''' 
Island of volcanic origin and a British overseas territory in the South Atlantic Ocean, see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena WIKI].

==Page 75==

'''Tom Birch''' 
18th Century English historian, see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Birch WIKI]. Friend of Ben Franklin, and as well, member of Royal Society.

'''Bodkin''' 
medieval type of arrowhead designed to shoot through the protective chain mail usually worn by Knights.

In this case a thick, blunt needle used in taped or corded hemming, or in leather work. cf. Hamlet solioquy, '...could his quietus make with a bare bodkin'.

==Annotation Index==

{{MD PbP}}

Chapter 26: 257-265

2016-03-01T02:09:42Z

Mattkb: /* Page 260 */ deleted erroneous entry on Scamozz, which has nothing to do with the Italian architect

==Page 257==
'''[[1763#November|November]] 15, 1763''' 

'''Aviating swine''' 
Flying pigs are featured in ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'', The Beatles' ''I Am the Walrus'', Pink Floyd's stage shows and the album ''Animals'', and many more. [See Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_pig]

==Page 258==
'''Whorekill Road''' 
In 1672, Lord Baltimore declared Maryland included the settlement of Whorekills on the west shore of the Delaware Bay, an area under the jurisdiction of the Province of New York. A force was dispatched which attacked and captured this settlement. New York could not immediately respond because New York was soon recaptured by the Dutch. Maryland feared the Dutch would use their Iroquois allies to recapture the settlement. This settlement was restored to the Province of New York when New York was recaptured from the Dutch in November, 1674. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Maryland WIKI]

'''Cape Henlopen''' 
Cape Henlopen is the southern cape of the Delaware Bay along the Atlantic coast of the United States. It lies in the state of Delaware, near the town of Lewes, Delaware. Off the coast on the bay side are two lighthouses, called the Harbor of Refuge Light and the Delaware Breakwater East End Light. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Henlopen WIKI]

See [http://vineland.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_14#Page_316 ''Vineland'', pg. 316-317]: Harbor of Refuge & Delaware Bay similarity

'''New Castle''' 
New Castle, Delaware was originally settled by the Dutch West India Company in 1651, under Peter Stuyvesant on the site of a former Indian village, "Tomakonck" ("Place of the Beaver"). The original name of New Castle was Fort Casimir. This was changed to Fort Trinity following its capture by New Sweden on Trinity Sunday, 1654. After its recapture by the Dutch the following year, the name was changed to Nieuw Amstel. Under Sir Robert Carr, the British routed the Dutch in 1664 and changed the name to New Castle. The Dutch again seized the town in 1673 but it was returned to Great Britain the next year under the Treaty of Westminster. In 1680 it was conveyed to William Penn by the Duke of York and was Penn's landing place when he first set foot on American soil in 1682. This transfer to Penn was contested by Lord Baltimore and the boundary dispute was not resolved until the survey conducted by Mason and Dixon, now famed in history as the Mason-Dixon Line. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Castle,_Delaware WIKI]

'''Dock Creek''' 
Society Hill district is named after the 18th century Free Society of Traders, which had its offices at Front Street on the hill above Dock Creek. Located close to both the Delaware River and Philadelphia's civic buildings, including the Independence Hall, the neighborhood soon became one of the city's most populous areas. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_Hill,_Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania WIKI]

<div id="single_up_all_lines">'''as they single up all lines...'''</div>
Pynchon was in the Navy for a spell and "single up all lines" is a common nautical term. Ships are docked with lines doubled that is, with two sets of ropes or chains holding the vessel to the dock. To "single up all lines" is to remove the redundant second lines in preparation to make way.

"single up all lines" also appears in [http://v.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_1#single_up_all_lines ''V.'', p.11]; [http://cl49.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_2#single_up_all_lines ''The Crying of Lot 49'', p.31]; [http://gravitys-rainbow.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Pages_488-491#single_up_all_lines ''Gravity's Rainbow'', p.489]; [http://against-the-day.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=ATD_1-25#Page_3 ''Against the Day'', p.3]; and [http://inherent-vice.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_8#Page_119 ''Inherent Vice'', p. 119].

'''Swab''' 
A nautical term for a yarn mop, while also a term for the lowest form of sailor, since the most inexperienced members of a ship's company were assigned to this task. From WIKI.

==Page 259==

'''Pills Balsamic and Universal''' 
The promotion of patent medicines was one of the first major products highlighted by the advertising industry, and many advertising and sales techniques were pioneered by patent medicine promoters. Patent medicine advertising often talked up exotic ingredients, even if their actual effects came from more prosaic drugs. One memorable group of patent medicines — liniments that allegedly contained snake oil, supposedly a universal panacea — made snake oil salesman a lasting synonym for a charlatan. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_medicine WIKI]

'''the Spadger hops''' 
A sparrow, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spadger WIKI]

==Page 260==
'''Old Q, the Star of Picadilly''' 
William Douglas, 4th Duke of Queensberry KT (16 December 1724 – 23 December 1810) was a Scottish nobleman. Queensberry was a liberal patron of Italian opera, although, it was said, more out of interest in the prima donnas and dancers than in the music. Latterly known as Old Q., he was notorious for his escapades and dissolute lifestyle and was a member of the Hellfire Club. Raikes, in his Journal, said of 'Old Q': ''He was a little sharp-looking man, very irritable, and swore like ten thousand troopers''. Mackenzie, in ''Anecdotes and Egotisms'' claimed that ''he was a disciple of Epicurus but without the virtue of the Epicurean system; and he had none of the hypocrisy of pretending to virtue or disinterestedness''. Although he had a number of illegitimate children, he never married, and his titles were dispersed on his death. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Douglas,_4th_Duke_of_Queensberry WIKI]

'''Graziana... Daughter of Naples''' 
Graziana is a genus of gastropod (snails/slugs) in the Hydrobiidae family. Seems like the kind of woman a "Dodman" may fall for.

'''''Scamozz'''''' 
Scamorza is a type of cheese, similar to mozzarella, that can be used in the pizza Graziana is demonstrating her skill at creating.

'''single up all lines''' 
''See [[#Page 258|p.258, above]]

'''Whitefield''' 
George Whitefield, also known as George Whitfield, (December 16, 1714 - September 30, 1770), was an Anglican itinerant minister who helped spread the Great Awakening in Great Britain and, especially, in the British North American colonies. His ministry had tremendous impact on American ideology. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Whitefield WIKI] Also, see page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_3:_14-29#Page_14 14].

==Page 261==
'''The New Religion''' 
A reference to the
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Great_Awakening 'First Great Awakening'].

'''Hermits in the desert''' 
Reference to the Desert Fathers: Hermits, Ascetics and Monks who lived mainly in the Scetes desert of Egypt, beginning around the third century. They were the first Christian hermits, who abandoned the cities of the pagan world to live in solitude. These original desert hermits were Christians fleeing the chaos and persecution of the Roman Empire's Crisis of the Third Century. They were men who did not believe in letting themselves be passively guided and ruled by a decadent state. Christians were often scapegoated during these times of unrest, and near the end of the century, the Diocletianic Persecution was more severe and systematic. In Egypt, refugee communities formed at the edges of population centers, far enough away to be safe from Imperial scrutiny. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_fathers WIKI]

==Page 262==
'''Dithyrambists''' 
The dithyramb was an ancient Greek hymn sung and danced in honour of Dionysos, the god of wine and fertility; the term was also used as an epithet of the god: Plato, in The Laws, while discussing various kinds of music mentions "the birth of Dionysos, called, I think, the dithyramb." Plutarch contrasted the dithyramb's wild and ecstatic character with the paean. According to Aristotle, the dithyramb was the origin of Athenian tragedy. A wildly enthusiastic speech or piece of writing is still occasionally described as dithyrambic. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dithyramb WIKI]

'''''the way ev'rything, suddenly, has begun to gravitate towards B-flat major''''' 
B flat major is the easiest key for many wind instruments and therefore very popular for hymns and anthems, as well as later on for jazz.

'''To Anacreon in Heaven''' 
Then a British drinking song; later to become "The Star-Spangled Banner". [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_Anacreon_in_Heaven]

==Page 263==
'''''Ritornelli''''' 
In Baroque music, ritornello was the word for a recurring passage for orchestra in the first or final movement of a solo concerto or aria (also in works for chorus). In ritornello form, the tutti opens with a theme called the ritornello (refrain). This theme, always played by the tutti (i.e. all voices), returns in different keys throughout the movement. However, it usually returns in incomplete fragments. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritornelli WIKI]

'''"As to journey west...grow older, and die...to turn Eastward...defy death"''' 
Journeying westward as following the "Stream of the Day" makes turning eastward a turning "Against the Day", as it were. The Reverend's story, as a means of travelling into the past, is also bound "against the wind".

==Page 264==
'''surrender of Cornwallis''' 
In March 1781, in response to the threat of Cornwallis, General Washington had dispatched Marquis de Lafayette to defend Virginia. The young Frenchman had 3,200 men at his command, but British troops in the state now totaled 7,200. Lafayette skirmished with Cornwallis, avoiding a decisive battle while gathering reinforcements. It was during this period that Cornwallis received orders from Clinton to choose a position on the Virginia Peninsula - referred to in contemporary letters as the "Williamsburg Neck" - and construct a fortified naval post to shelter ships of the line. In complying with this order, Cornwallis put himself in a position where it would be easy to become trapped. With the arrival of the French fleet under the Comte de Grasse and General George Washington's combined French-American army, Cornwallis found himself cut off. After the Royal Navy fleet under Admiral Thomas Graves was defeated by the French at the Battle of the Chesapeake, and the French siege train arrived from Newport, Rhode Island, his position became untenable. He surrendered to General Washington and the French commander, the Comte de Rochambeau, on 19 October 1781. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwallis WIKI]

'''''portamenti''''' 
Portamento (plural: portamenti, literally "carried") is a musical term originated from Italian, originally denoting a chromatic vocal slide between two pitches, and its emulation by instruments such as the violin, and is sometimes used interchangeably with glissando, in which the pitch change is smooth rather than stepped in semitones, and in this sense is also applied to the "note slide" functions of synthesizers. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portamento WIKI]

'''Percussion''' 
First recorded in 1544, "a striking, a blow," from L. percussionem (nom. percussio), from percussus, pp. of percutere "to strike," from per- "through" + quatere "to strike, shake." Reference to musical instruments is first recorded 1776.
[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=percussion]

==Annotation Index==

{{MD PbP}}

Chapter 22: 215-227

2016-02-23T04:17:22Z

Mattkb: /* Page 222 */ added entry on Boscovich's lousy poetry, and fixed useless entry on St Omer.

==Page 215==
'''Fr. Boscovich''' [[Image:Boscovich.gif|thumb|Father Boscovich|right]]
Roger Joseph Boscovich (18 May 1711 – 13 February 1787) was a physicist, astronomer, mathematician, philosopher, diplomat, poet, Jesuit, and according to some a polymath from Ragusa (today Dubrovnik, in Croatia), who lived for a time in France, England and some Italian states. He is famous for his atomic theory and made many important contributions to astronomy, including the first geometric procedure for determining the equator of a rotating planet from three observations of a surface feature and for computing the orbit of a planet from three observations of its position. In 1753 he also discovered the absence of atmosphere on the Moon... Note: like Maskelyne, there is a lunar crater named after him. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boscovich WIKI]

'''Loyolan Image... Stiletto-Waver... which distinguishes ''El Autentico''''' 
Saint Ignatius of Loyola (Basque: Loiolako Inazio, Eneko Loiolakoa, Spanish: Ignacio de Loyola), (1491 – July 31, 1556) was a Spanish knight, who became a hermit and priest, founding the Society of Jesus and becoming its first Superior General. Ignatius and the Jesuits became major figures in the Counter-Reformation, where the Catholic Church worked to reform itself from within and countered the theology of Protestantism. After his death he was beatified and then on March 12, 1622, was canonized. The feast day of Ignatius is celebrated on July 31 — he is the patron saint of soldiers, the Society of Jesus, the Basque Country, the provinces of Guipúzcoa and Biscay, among other things. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola WIKI]. Think of an upside down stilleto knife, viz. a cross.

'''Hob Headless''' 
A hobgoblin. More info on this particular one in history, [http://hypnogoria.blogspot.com/2015/11/folklore-on-friday-headless-hobgoblin.html here]

==Page 216==
'''Haggis''' 
n. A Scottish dish consisting of a mixture of the minced heart, lungs, and liver of a sheep or calf mixed with suet, onions, oatmeal, and seasonings and boiled in the stomach of the slaughtered animal.

'''William Emerson a Wizard''' 
William Emerson (14 May 1701 - 20 May 1782), English mathematician, was born at Hurworth, near Darlington... He had a small estate in Weardale called Castle Gate situated not far from Eastgate where he would repair to work throughout the Summer on projects as disparate as stonemasonry and watchmaking. Unsuccessful as a teacher, he devoted himself entirely to studious retirement. Possessed of remarkable energy and forthrightness of speech, Emerson published many works which are singularly free from errata. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Emerson_(mathematician) WIKI].

[I know that Emerson has already been noted, but for flow of use, wanted to annotate again here, it being the first time the reader "sees" Emerson]

'''Dr. Mesmer''' 
Franz Anton Mesmer (born Friedrich Anton Mesmer; May 23, 1734 – March 5, 1815) was a German physician and astrologist, who discovered what he called magnétisme animal (animal magnetism) and other spiritual forces often grouped together as mesmerism. The evolution of Mesmer's ideas and practices led Scottish surgeon James Braid to develop hypnosis in 1842. Mesmer's name is the root of the English verb "mesmerize". From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Mesmer WIKI].

==Page 218==
'''Ley-Lines''' 
Anachronism: The concept of ley lines was first proposed by Alfred Watkins. On 30 June 1921, Watkins visited Blackwardine in Herefordshire, and went riding a horse near some hills in the vicinity of Bredwardine, when he noted that many of the footpaths there seemed to connect one hilltop to another in a straight line. He was studying a map when he noticed places in alignment. "The whole thing came to me in a flash", he later told his son. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley_line WIKI]

'''Palatine Residence at Bishop Auckland''' 
Now known as the Auckland Castle, it [http://www.englandsnortheast.co.uk/BishopAuckland.html dates to 1183]. Location [https://goo.gl/maps/RWg1pyVCvUN2 here].

'''Bisley Church''' 
Not to be confused with the Bisley in Surrey, or the church there associated with St. John the Baptist. Mason is from Gloucestershire county, where there is also a Bisley.

This Bisley church here is the same one where Mason references [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_11:_105-115#Page_114 Pearse falling into the well] on Page 114. More information about the history of that church [http://www.bisleybenefice.org.uk/All%20Saints%20Bisley.pdf here.]

'''"switched corpes"''' 
A reference to the theory that Queen Elizabeth I died at the age of 10 in Bisley, only to have her body hidden and replaced with a young boy from the town, known as the Bisley Boy. Bram Stoker endorsed and promoted the story [https://archive.org/stream/famousimposters00stokrich#page/282/mode/2up in his book Famous Imposters]

'''"each night the stones were removed and transported in a right line, through the air, at brisk speed, to the church's present site"''' 
Pynchon probably took this from a [https://archive.org/stream/transactionsbris05bris#page/6/mode/2up speech given by the president of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society in 1880]. That speech contains a telling of how the saying about [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_11:_105-115#Page_114 Pearse] came about, just before the tale of the church being moved:

<blockquote>Whatever meets our enquiring attention as a relic of old time, however insignificant it may be, if it is a construction, however quaint and odd, or, if it is a story, however absurd it may sound, it may, perhaps, upon investigation, repay some trouble or even, possibly, merit the distinction of being inserted in the pages of our journal.

As an illustration of my meaning, I may mention that I heard, long ago, a tradition attaching to my parish church of Bisley which seemed to be one of those old wives' tales to which it was unnecessary to attach any sense or importance. It was to the effect that the church was originally not intended to have been built where it now stands, but at a spot nearly two miles off. However, the builders were entirely frustrated in their intentions, for every night the devil, or some agency, removed all the building materials and deposited them afresh in another place, until at last the architect, yielding to inexorable necessity, built the church on the spot thus indicated, which is where it now stands. Now, when the church was restored a few years back we found that this story had a meaning and an origin, for the place where tradition said the church was to have been built is the spot where a Roman villa formerly stood, and in the course of the repairs portions of the materials of that villa were found in the church walls, including the altars of the Penates removed from the Roman shrines.

Here, then, was a tradition which had been handed on regularly from mouth to mouth for between fifteen and sixteen hundred years, and to which the nineteenth century has been able to assign a fair and reasonable interpretation : viz., that the Romans' gods had supplied the materials for the Christian temple. </blockquote>

'''"draw a line straight from the Barrow near Great Badminton we call the Giant's Caves, to the Long Barrow near The Camp, and you'll observe it passes directly over Bisley"''' 
[https://www.google.com/maps/d/edit?mid=zE6SdJAW9HRY.kTWU3INIBqEU&usp=sharing Here is a Google map illustrating such a line exists.] Coordinates come from [http://www.themodernantiquarian.com/ The Modern Antiquarian] website.

'''Great Badminton''' 
Badminton House is a large country house in Gloucestershire, England, and has been the principal seat of the Dukes of Beaufort since the late 17th century, when the family moved from Raglan Castle, which had been ruined in the English Civil War. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton_House WIKI]

'''Giant's Caves''' 
Pictures and coordinates of this burrow [http://www.themodernantiquarian.com/site/1972/giants_cave.html here] and a map and pictures [http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=5074 here].

'''Long Barrow near The Camp''' 
A long barrow is a prehistoric monument dating to the early Neolithic period. They are rectangular or trapezoidal earth mounds traditionally interpreted as collective tombs. Long barrows are also typical for several Celtic, Slavic, and Baltic cultures of Northern Europe of the 1st millennium AD. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_barrow WIKI]. More information about the Long Barrow Mason is referencing is available [http://www.themodernantiquarian.com/site/4644/camp.html here]. Wiki entry on The Camp, a hamlet near Gloucestershire [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Camp,_Gloucestershire here].

==Page 219==
'''Wearside''' 
Northeast England region including Hurworth. Refers to cities on the River Wear.

'''Roman Palimpsest''' 
A palimpsest is a manuscript page from a scroll or book that has been scraped off and used again. The word "palimpsest" comes through Latin from Greek παλιν + ψαω = (palin "again" + psao "I scrape"), and meant "scraped (clean and used) again." Romans wrote on wax-coated tablets that could be smoothed and reused, and a passing use of the rather bookish term "palimpsest" by Cicero seems to refer to this practice. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palimpsest WIKI]. Also appears in GR.

'''Brigantum''' 
Isurium Brigantum was a town in the Roman province of Britannia. Today it is known as Aldborough, in North Yorkshire, England. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isurium_Brigantum WIKI].

'''Mithras''' 
The Mithraic Mysteries or Mysteries of Mithras (also Mithraism) was a mystery religion which became popular among the military in the Roman Empire, from the 1st to 4th centuries AD. Information on the cult is based mainly on interpretations of monuments. These depict Mithras as born from a rock and sacrificing a bull. His worshippers had a complex system of 7 grades of initiation, with ritual meals. Little else is known for certain. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithras WIKI].

'''Chaldrons''' 
A chaldron (also chauldron or chalder) was a dry English measure of volume, not a weight, mostly used for coal; the word itself is an obsolete spelling of cauldron. It was used from the 13th century until 1963 when it was abolished by the Weights and Measures Act.

==Page 220==
'''Euler''' 
Leonhard Paul Euler (15 April 1707 – 18 September 1783) was a pioneering Swiss mathematician and physicist who spent most of his life in Russia and Germany. He made important discoveries in fields as diverse as calculus and graph theory. He also introduced much of the modern mathematical terminology and notation, particularly for mathematical analysis, such as the notion of a mathematical function. He is also renowned for his work in mechanics, fluid dynamics, optics, and astronomy. The asteroid 2002 Euler was named in his honor. He was a devout Christian (and believer in biblical inerrancy) who wrote apologetics and argued forcefully against the prominent atheists of his time. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler WIKI].

'''The first book he publish'd was upon Fluxions.''' 
Newton's name for the form of differential calculus he developed was the "Method of Fluxions", see [http://www.archive.org/details/methodoffluxions00newt].

==Page 221==
'''Dodman''' 
The 'inventor' of ley lines, Alfred Watkins (see above, p.218 re: Ley-Lines), thought that in the words "dodman" and the builder's "hod" there was a survival of an ancient British term for a surveyor. Watkins felt that the name came about because the snail's two horns resembled a surveyor's two surveying rods. Watkins also supported this idea with an etymology from 'doddering ' along and 'dodge' (akin, in his mind, to the series of actions a surveyor would carry out in moving his rod back and forth until it accurately lined up with another one as a backsight or foresight) and the Welsh verb 'dodi' meaning to lay or place. He thus decided that The Long Man of Wilmington was an image of an ancient surveyor. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodman WIKI].

==Page 222==
'''St. Omer''' 
City in Northwest France, home to a Jesuit college and prep school. [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13365c.htm history here.]

'''De Litteraria Expeditions et Soforthia''' 
A reference to Christopher Maire and Roger Boscovitch's book, ''De Litteraria Expeditione Per Pontificiam Ditionem Ad Dimetiendos Duos Meridiani Gradus'' (A report on the expedition to measure through the dominions of the Pope two degrees of the meridian). The 'et Soforthia' is an elaborate ''et cetera'', an acknowledgement of the rest of the long title.

'''Rome to Rimini''' 
The Via Flaminia was a Roman road leading from Rome to Ariminum (Rimini), and was the most important route to the north. It was constructed by Gaius Flaminius during his censorship (220 BC)... The importance of the ancient Via Flaminia is twofold: during the period of Roman expansion in the 3rd century BC and 2nd century BC, the Flaminia became, with the cheaper sea route, a main axis of transportation by which wheat from the Po valley supplied Rome and central Italy; during the period of Roman decline, the Flaminia was the main road leading into the heartland of Italy: it was taken by Julius Caesar at the beginning of the civil war, but also by various barbarian hordes, Byzantine generals, etc. A number of major battles were therefore fought on or near the Via Flaminia, for example at Sentinum (near the modern Sassoferrato) and near Tadinum (the modern Gualdo Tadino). In the early Middle Ages, the road, controlled by the Eastern Empire, was a civilizing influence, and accounted for much of what historians call the "Byzantine corridor". From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_Flaminia WIKI]

'''Father Boscovich's long poem of the Tale at first Hand, that he wrote, as you went...?''' 
Dixon may be sarcastic here, as at least one review says the poem stinks. From the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica:
<blockquote>During his stay in England he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society. He soon after paid this society the compliment of dedicating to it his Latin poem, entitled De Solis et Lunae Defectibus (London, 1764). This prolix composition, one of a class which at that time was much in vogue—metrical epitomes of the facts of science—contains in about five thousand lines, illustrated by voluminous notes, a compendium of astronomy. It was for the most part written on horseback, during the author's rides in the country while engaged in his meridian measurements. The book is characterized by G. B. J. Delambre as " uninstructive to an astronomer and unintelligible to any one else."</blockquote>

==Page 223==
'''mio caro Ruggiero''' 
my dear Roger (Italian)

'''Ragusa''' 
Ragusa (Sicilian: Rausa) is a city in southern Italy. It is the capital of the province of Ragusa, on the island of Sicily, with around 75,000 inhabitants. It is built on a wide limestone hill between two deep valleys, Cava San Leonardo and Cava Santa Domenica. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragusa,_Italy WIKI].

==Page 224==
'''Maria Theresa... our last Protector''' 
Maria Theresa (13 May 1717 – 29 November 1780) was the only female ruler of the Habsburg dominions and the last of the House of Habsburg. She was the sovereign of Austria, Hungary, Croatia, Bohemia, Mantua, Milan, Lodomeria and Galicia, the Austrian Netherlands, and Parma. By marriage, she was Grand Duchess of Tuscany, Duchess of Lorraine, German Queen and Holy Roman Empress. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria WIKI].

Though originally the Jesuits' "protector", it wouldnt be for long: Her relationship with the Jesuits was of complex nature. Members of this order educated her, served as her confessors and supervised the religious education of her eldest son. The Jesuits were powerful and influential in the early years of Maria Theresa's reign. However, the queen's ministers managed to convince her that they pose danger to her monarchical authority. Not without much hesitation and regret, she issued a decree which removed them from all the institutions of the monarchy and carried it out thoroughly. She forbade the publication of Pope Clement XIII's bull which was in favour of the Jesuits and promptly confiscated their property when Pope Clement XIV suppressed the order.

'''Bourbons''' 
The French royal family that ruled from 1589, were ousted in the revolution, restored after Napoleon's abdication, and finally removed in the July revolution of 1830. A cadet branch, the House of Orléans, ruled for a further 18 years (1830–1848), until it too was overthrown. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Bourbon#The_Bourbon_Restoration MORE AT WIKIPEDIA]

==Page 225==
'''Calvert''' 
Frederick Calvert, 6th Baron Baltimore (February 6, 1731–September 4, 1771) was an English nobleman and last in the line of Barons Baltimore. When his father died in 1751, he inherited the Proprietary Governorship of the Province of Maryland. The province was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Calvert,_6th_Baron_Baltimore WIKI].

'''Raby Castle''' 
A castle built by John Neville starting about 1367. Purchased from the Crown by Sir Henry Vane the Elder in 1626. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raby_Castle WIKI].

'''Tale of Sir Henry Vane the younger''' 
Sir Henry Vane (1613 – June 14, 1662), son of Henry Vane the Elder, served as a statesman and Member of Parliament in a career spanning England and Massachusetts. A constant theme of his life was religious tolerance. He was a leading Parliamentarian during the English Civil War. Vane served on the Council of State during the Interregnum, but refused to take the oath which expressed approval of the king's execution. At the Restoration in 1660, after much debate in Parliament, he was exempted from the Indemnity and Oblivion Act. In 1662, he was tried for high treason, found guilty, and beheaded on Tower Hill. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Vane_the_Younger WIKI].

==Page 226==
'''Jacobites''' 
Jacobitism was (and, to a limited extent, remains) the political movement dedicated to the restoration of the Stuart kings to the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland. The movement took its name from the Latin form Jacobus of the name of King James II and VII. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobitism WIKI].

'''Cromwell''' 
Richard Cromwell (4 October 1626 – 12 July 1712) was the third son of Oliver Cromwell, and was the second Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland, for just under nine months, from 3 September 1658 until 25 May 1659. Cromwell's enemies dubbed him Tumbledown Dick or Queen Dick for his indecisive character. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Cromwell WIKI]

'''Restoration''' 
The English Restoration, often shortened to the Restoration, began in 1660 when the English, Scottish and Irish monarchies were all restored under Charles II after the Commonwealth of England that followed the English Civil War... The Protectorate, which had preceded the English Restoration and followed the Commonwealth, might have continued if Oliver Cromwell's son Richard had been capable of carrying on his father's policies. Richard Cromwell's main weakness was that he did not have the confidence of the army. After seven months the army removed him and on 6 May 1659 it reinstalled the Rump Parliament. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Restoration WIKI].

'''William of Orange''' 
William III (14 November 1650 – 8 March 1702) was a sovereign Prince of Orange by birth. From 1672 he governed as Stadtholder William III of Orange over Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Guelders, and Overijssel of the Dutch Republic. From 1689 he reigned as William III over England and Ireland, and as William II over Scotland. He is informally known in Northern Ireland and Scotland as "King Billy". A member of the House of Orange-Nassau, William won the English, Scottish and Irish crowns following the Glorious Revolution, in which his uncle and father-in-law James II was deposed. In England, Scotland and Ireland, William ruled jointly with his wife, Mary II, until her death on 28 December 1694. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_III_of_England WIKI].

'''Hanovers''' 
The House of Hanover (the Hanoverians) is a Germanic royal dynasty which has ruled the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg, the Kingdom of Hanover, the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland. It succeeded the House of Stuart as monarchs of Great Britain and Ireland in 1714 and held that office until the death of Victoria in 1901. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Hanover WIKI]

'''Stuart Charters''' 
The practice in Stuart charters of specifying by name the members of the governing body and holders of special offices opened the way to a "purging" of the hostile spirits when new charters were required. There were also rather vaguely worded clauses authorizing the dismissal of officers for misconduct, though as a rule the appointments were for life. When under the Stuarts and under the Commonwealth political and religious feeling ran high in the boroughs, use was made of these clauses both by the majority on the council and by the central government to mould the character of the council by a drastic "purging." Another means of control first used under the Commonwealth was afforded by the various acts of parliament, which subjected all holders of municipal office to the test of an oath. Under the Commonwealth there was no improvement in the methods used by the central government to control the boroughs. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_borough_status_in_England_and_Wales#Charters WIKI].

'''Pym''' 
John Pym (1584 – 8 December 1643) was an English parliamentarian, leader of the Long Parliament and a prominent critic of James I and then Charles I. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pym WIKI]

Regarding the convo they are having here: Sir Henry Vane Jr. was instrumental in the impeachment of the Earl of Strafford. He passed to John Pym some copied notes of his father's, of a Privy Council meeting. He claimed that these demonstrated that Strafford had an intention to use the Irish Army to subjugate England. The evidence, when examined, turned out to be second-hand, ambiguous, and hotly disputed. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Vane_the_Younger WIKI]

==Page 227==
'''Jansenists''' 
Jansenism was a branch of Catholic thought (condemned by Pope Innocent X in 1655) that arose in the frame of the Counter-Reformation and the aftermath of the Council of Trent (1545-1563). It emphasized original sin, human depravity, the necessity of divine grace, and predestination. Originating in the writings of the Dutch theologian Cornelius Otto Jansen, Jansenism formed a distinct movement within the Catholic Church from the 16th to 18th centuries, and found its most important stronghold in the Parisian convent of Port-Royal, haven of many important theologians and writers (Antoine Arnauld, Pierre Nicole, Blaise Pascal, Jean Racine, etc.).

The term itself was coined by its Jesuit opponents, who accused them of being close to Calvinists, as Jansenists identified themselves as rigorous followers of Augustinism. Several propositions supported by Jansenists, in particular concerning the relationship between human's free will and "efficacious grace", were condemned by the Pope, and the movement thus deemed heretical. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jansenists WIKI].

'''Ramillies Wig''' 
See this [http://www.umich.edu/~ece/student_projects/self-improvement/men'sdress.htm#midM LINK] for a pic of our boy David Garrick wearing a Ramillies wig.

==Annotation Index==

{{MD PbP}}

Chapter 22: 215-227

2016-02-23T03:56:12Z

Mattkb: /* Page 215 */ more on stilleto reference and fixed the hob headless entry, which was a 404

==Page 215==
'''Fr. Boscovich''' [[Image:Boscovich.gif|thumb|Father Boscovich|right]]
Roger Joseph Boscovich (18 May 1711 – 13 February 1787) was a physicist, astronomer, mathematician, philosopher, diplomat, poet, Jesuit, and according to some a polymath from Ragusa (today Dubrovnik, in Croatia), who lived for a time in France, England and some Italian states. He is famous for his atomic theory and made many important contributions to astronomy, including the first geometric procedure for determining the equator of a rotating planet from three observations of a surface feature and for computing the orbit of a planet from three observations of its position. In 1753 he also discovered the absence of atmosphere on the Moon... Note: like Maskelyne, there is a lunar crater named after him. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boscovich WIKI]

'''Loyolan Image... Stiletto-Waver... which distinguishes ''El Autentico''''' 
Saint Ignatius of Loyola (Basque: Loiolako Inazio, Eneko Loiolakoa, Spanish: Ignacio de Loyola), (1491 – July 31, 1556) was a Spanish knight, who became a hermit and priest, founding the Society of Jesus and becoming its first Superior General. Ignatius and the Jesuits became major figures in the Counter-Reformation, where the Catholic Church worked to reform itself from within and countered the theology of Protestantism. After his death he was beatified and then on March 12, 1622, was canonized. The feast day of Ignatius is celebrated on July 31 — he is the patron saint of soldiers, the Society of Jesus, the Basque Country, the provinces of Guipúzcoa and Biscay, among other things. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola WIKI]. Think of an upside down stilleto knife, viz. a cross.

'''Hob Headless''' 
A hobgoblin. More info on this particular one in history, [http://hypnogoria.blogspot.com/2015/11/folklore-on-friday-headless-hobgoblin.html here]

==Page 216==
'''Haggis''' 
n. A Scottish dish consisting of a mixture of the minced heart, lungs, and liver of a sheep or calf mixed with suet, onions, oatmeal, and seasonings and boiled in the stomach of the slaughtered animal.

'''William Emerson a Wizard''' 
William Emerson (14 May 1701 - 20 May 1782), English mathematician, was born at Hurworth, near Darlington... He had a small estate in Weardale called Castle Gate situated not far from Eastgate where he would repair to work throughout the Summer on projects as disparate as stonemasonry and watchmaking. Unsuccessful as a teacher, he devoted himself entirely to studious retirement. Possessed of remarkable energy and forthrightness of speech, Emerson published many works which are singularly free from errata. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Emerson_(mathematician) WIKI].

[I know that Emerson has already been noted, but for flow of use, wanted to annotate again here, it being the first time the reader "sees" Emerson]

'''Dr. Mesmer''' 
Franz Anton Mesmer (born Friedrich Anton Mesmer; May 23, 1734 – March 5, 1815) was a German physician and astrologist, who discovered what he called magnétisme animal (animal magnetism) and other spiritual forces often grouped together as mesmerism. The evolution of Mesmer's ideas and practices led Scottish surgeon James Braid to develop hypnosis in 1842. Mesmer's name is the root of the English verb "mesmerize". From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Mesmer WIKI].

==Page 218==
'''Ley-Lines''' 
Anachronism: The concept of ley lines was first proposed by Alfred Watkins. On 30 June 1921, Watkins visited Blackwardine in Herefordshire, and went riding a horse near some hills in the vicinity of Bredwardine, when he noted that many of the footpaths there seemed to connect one hilltop to another in a straight line. He was studying a map when he noticed places in alignment. "The whole thing came to me in a flash", he later told his son. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley_line WIKI]

'''Palatine Residence at Bishop Auckland''' 
Now known as the Auckland Castle, it [http://www.englandsnortheast.co.uk/BishopAuckland.html dates to 1183]. Location [https://goo.gl/maps/RWg1pyVCvUN2 here].

'''Bisley Church''' 
Not to be confused with the Bisley in Surrey, or the church there associated with St. John the Baptist. Mason is from Gloucestershire county, where there is also a Bisley.

This Bisley church here is the same one where Mason references [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_11:_105-115#Page_114 Pearse falling into the well] on Page 114. More information about the history of that church [http://www.bisleybenefice.org.uk/All%20Saints%20Bisley.pdf here.]

'''"switched corpes"''' 
A reference to the theory that Queen Elizabeth I died at the age of 10 in Bisley, only to have her body hidden and replaced with a young boy from the town, known as the Bisley Boy. Bram Stoker endorsed and promoted the story [https://archive.org/stream/famousimposters00stokrich#page/282/mode/2up in his book Famous Imposters]

'''"each night the stones were removed and transported in a right line, through the air, at brisk speed, to the church's present site"''' 
Pynchon probably took this from a [https://archive.org/stream/transactionsbris05bris#page/6/mode/2up speech given by the president of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society in 1880]. That speech contains a telling of how the saying about [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_11:_105-115#Page_114 Pearse] came about, just before the tale of the church being moved:

<blockquote>Whatever meets our enquiring attention as a relic of old time, however insignificant it may be, if it is a construction, however quaint and odd, or, if it is a story, however absurd it may sound, it may, perhaps, upon investigation, repay some trouble or even, possibly, merit the distinction of being inserted in the pages of our journal.

As an illustration of my meaning, I may mention that I heard, long ago, a tradition attaching to my parish church of Bisley which seemed to be one of those old wives' tales to which it was unnecessary to attach any sense or importance. It was to the effect that the church was originally not intended to have been built where it now stands, but at a spot nearly two miles off. However, the builders were entirely frustrated in their intentions, for every night the devil, or some agency, removed all the building materials and deposited them afresh in another place, until at last the architect, yielding to inexorable necessity, built the church on the spot thus indicated, which is where it now stands. Now, when the church was restored a few years back we found that this story had a meaning and an origin, for the place where tradition said the church was to have been built is the spot where a Roman villa formerly stood, and in the course of the repairs portions of the materials of that villa were found in the church walls, including the altars of the Penates removed from the Roman shrines.

Here, then, was a tradition which had been handed on regularly from mouth to mouth for between fifteen and sixteen hundred years, and to which the nineteenth century has been able to assign a fair and reasonable interpretation : viz., that the Romans' gods had supplied the materials for the Christian temple. </blockquote>

'''"draw a line straight from the Barrow near Great Badminton we call the Giant's Caves, to the Long Barrow near The Camp, and you'll observe it passes directly over Bisley"''' 
[https://www.google.com/maps/d/edit?mid=zE6SdJAW9HRY.kTWU3INIBqEU&usp=sharing Here is a Google map illustrating such a line exists.] Coordinates come from [http://www.themodernantiquarian.com/ The Modern Antiquarian] website.

'''Great Badminton''' 
Badminton House is a large country house in Gloucestershire, England, and has been the principal seat of the Dukes of Beaufort since the late 17th century, when the family moved from Raglan Castle, which had been ruined in the English Civil War. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton_House WIKI]

'''Giant's Caves''' 
Pictures and coordinates of this burrow [http://www.themodernantiquarian.com/site/1972/giants_cave.html here] and a map and pictures [http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=5074 here].

'''Long Barrow near The Camp''' 
A long barrow is a prehistoric monument dating to the early Neolithic period. They are rectangular or trapezoidal earth mounds traditionally interpreted as collective tombs. Long barrows are also typical for several Celtic, Slavic, and Baltic cultures of Northern Europe of the 1st millennium AD. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_barrow WIKI]. More information about the Long Barrow Mason is referencing is available [http://www.themodernantiquarian.com/site/4644/camp.html here]. Wiki entry on The Camp, a hamlet near Gloucestershire [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Camp,_Gloucestershire here].

==Page 219==
'''Wearside''' 
Northeast England region including Hurworth. Refers to cities on the River Wear.

'''Roman Palimpsest''' 
A palimpsest is a manuscript page from a scroll or book that has been scraped off and used again. The word "palimpsest" comes through Latin from Greek παλιν + ψαω = (palin "again" + psao "I scrape"), and meant "scraped (clean and used) again." Romans wrote on wax-coated tablets that could be smoothed and reused, and a passing use of the rather bookish term "palimpsest" by Cicero seems to refer to this practice. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palimpsest WIKI]. Also appears in GR.

'''Brigantum''' 
Isurium Brigantum was a town in the Roman province of Britannia. Today it is known as Aldborough, in North Yorkshire, England. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isurium_Brigantum WIKI].

'''Mithras''' 
The Mithraic Mysteries or Mysteries of Mithras (also Mithraism) was a mystery religion which became popular among the military in the Roman Empire, from the 1st to 4th centuries AD. Information on the cult is based mainly on interpretations of monuments. These depict Mithras as born from a rock and sacrificing a bull. His worshippers had a complex system of 7 grades of initiation, with ritual meals. Little else is known for certain. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithras WIKI].

'''Chaldrons''' 
A chaldron (also chauldron or chalder) was a dry English measure of volume, not a weight, mostly used for coal; the word itself is an obsolete spelling of cauldron. It was used from the 13th century until 1963 when it was abolished by the Weights and Measures Act.

==Page 220==
'''Euler''' 
Leonhard Paul Euler (15 April 1707 – 18 September 1783) was a pioneering Swiss mathematician and physicist who spent most of his life in Russia and Germany. He made important discoveries in fields as diverse as calculus and graph theory. He also introduced much of the modern mathematical terminology and notation, particularly for mathematical analysis, such as the notion of a mathematical function. He is also renowned for his work in mechanics, fluid dynamics, optics, and astronomy. The asteroid 2002 Euler was named in his honor. He was a devout Christian (and believer in biblical inerrancy) who wrote apologetics and argued forcefully against the prominent atheists of his time. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler WIKI].

'''The first book he publish'd was upon Fluxions.''' 
Newton's name for the form of differential calculus he developed was the "Method of Fluxions", see [http://www.archive.org/details/methodoffluxions00newt].

==Page 221==
'''Dodman''' 
The 'inventor' of ley lines, Alfred Watkins (see above, p.218 re: Ley-Lines), thought that in the words "dodman" and the builder's "hod" there was a survival of an ancient British term for a surveyor. Watkins felt that the name came about because the snail's two horns resembled a surveyor's two surveying rods. Watkins also supported this idea with an etymology from 'doddering ' along and 'dodge' (akin, in his mind, to the series of actions a surveyor would carry out in moving his rod back and forth until it accurately lined up with another one as a backsight or foresight) and the Welsh verb 'dodi' meaning to lay or place. He thus decided that The Long Man of Wilmington was an image of an ancient surveyor. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodman WIKI].

==Page 222==
'''St. Omer''' 
Godfrey of Saint-Omer (also known as Gaufred, Godefroi, or Godfrey de St Omer, Saint Omer) was a French knight, one of the founding members of the Knights Templar in 1119. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_de_Saint-Omer WIKI].

'''De Litteraria Expeditions et Soforthia''' 
A reference to Christopher Maire and Roger Boscovitch's book, ''De Litteraria Expeditione Per Pontificiam Ditionem Ad Dimetiendos Duos Meridiani Gradus'' (A report on the expedition to measure through the dominions of the Pope two degrees of the meridian). The 'et Soforthia' is an elaborate ''et cetera'', an acknowledgement of the rest of the long title.

'''Rome to Rimini''' 
The Via Flaminia was a Roman road leading from Rome to Ariminum (Rimini), and was the most important route to the north. It was constructed by Gaius Flaminius during his censorship (220 BC)... The importance of the ancient Via Flaminia is twofold: during the period of Roman expansion in the 3rd century BC and 2nd century BC, the Flaminia became, with the cheaper sea route, a main axis of transportation by which wheat from the Po valley supplied Rome and central Italy; during the period of Roman decline, the Flaminia was the main road leading into the heartland of Italy: it was taken by Julius Caesar at the beginning of the civil war, but also by various barbarian hordes, Byzantine generals, etc. A number of major battles were therefore fought on or near the Via Flaminia, for example at Sentinum (near the modern Sassoferrato) and near Tadinum (the modern Gualdo Tadino). In the early Middle Ages, the road, controlled by the Eastern Empire, was a civilizing influence, and accounted for much of what historians call the "Byzantine corridor". From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_Flaminia WIKI]

==Page 223==
'''mio caro Ruggiero''' 
my dear Roger (Italian)

'''Ragusa''' 
Ragusa (Sicilian: Rausa) is a city in southern Italy. It is the capital of the province of Ragusa, on the island of Sicily, with around 75,000 inhabitants. It is built on a wide limestone hill between two deep valleys, Cava San Leonardo and Cava Santa Domenica. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragusa,_Italy WIKI].

==Page 224==
'''Maria Theresa... our last Protector''' 
Maria Theresa (13 May 1717 – 29 November 1780) was the only female ruler of the Habsburg dominions and the last of the House of Habsburg. She was the sovereign of Austria, Hungary, Croatia, Bohemia, Mantua, Milan, Lodomeria and Galicia, the Austrian Netherlands, and Parma. By marriage, she was Grand Duchess of Tuscany, Duchess of Lorraine, German Queen and Holy Roman Empress. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria WIKI].

Though originally the Jesuits' "protector", it wouldnt be for long: Her relationship with the Jesuits was of complex nature. Members of this order educated her, served as her confessors and supervised the religious education of her eldest son. The Jesuits were powerful and influential in the early years of Maria Theresa's reign. However, the queen's ministers managed to convince her that they pose danger to her monarchical authority. Not without much hesitation and regret, she issued a decree which removed them from all the institutions of the monarchy and carried it out thoroughly. She forbade the publication of Pope Clement XIII's bull which was in favour of the Jesuits and promptly confiscated their property when Pope Clement XIV suppressed the order.

'''Bourbons''' 
The French royal family that ruled from 1589, were ousted in the revolution, restored after Napoleon's abdication, and finally removed in the July revolution of 1830. A cadet branch, the House of Orléans, ruled for a further 18 years (1830–1848), until it too was overthrown. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Bourbon#The_Bourbon_Restoration MORE AT WIKIPEDIA]

==Page 225==
'''Calvert''' 
Frederick Calvert, 6th Baron Baltimore (February 6, 1731–September 4, 1771) was an English nobleman and last in the line of Barons Baltimore. When his father died in 1751, he inherited the Proprietary Governorship of the Province of Maryland. The province was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Calvert,_6th_Baron_Baltimore WIKI].

'''Raby Castle''' 
A castle built by John Neville starting about 1367. Purchased from the Crown by Sir Henry Vane the Elder in 1626. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raby_Castle WIKI].

'''Tale of Sir Henry Vane the younger''' 
Sir Henry Vane (1613 – June 14, 1662), son of Henry Vane the Elder, served as a statesman and Member of Parliament in a career spanning England and Massachusetts. A constant theme of his life was religious tolerance. He was a leading Parliamentarian during the English Civil War. Vane served on the Council of State during the Interregnum, but refused to take the oath which expressed approval of the king's execution. At the Restoration in 1660, after much debate in Parliament, he was exempted from the Indemnity and Oblivion Act. In 1662, he was tried for high treason, found guilty, and beheaded on Tower Hill. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Vane_the_Younger WIKI].

==Page 226==
'''Jacobites''' 
Jacobitism was (and, to a limited extent, remains) the political movement dedicated to the restoration of the Stuart kings to the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland. The movement took its name from the Latin form Jacobus of the name of King James II and VII. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobitism WIKI].

'''Cromwell''' 
Richard Cromwell (4 October 1626 – 12 July 1712) was the third son of Oliver Cromwell, and was the second Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland, for just under nine months, from 3 September 1658 until 25 May 1659. Cromwell's enemies dubbed him Tumbledown Dick or Queen Dick for his indecisive character. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Cromwell WIKI]

'''Restoration''' 
The English Restoration, often shortened to the Restoration, began in 1660 when the English, Scottish and Irish monarchies were all restored under Charles II after the Commonwealth of England that followed the English Civil War... The Protectorate, which had preceded the English Restoration and followed the Commonwealth, might have continued if Oliver Cromwell's son Richard had been capable of carrying on his father's policies. Richard Cromwell's main weakness was that he did not have the confidence of the army. After seven months the army removed him and on 6 May 1659 it reinstalled the Rump Parliament. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Restoration WIKI].

'''William of Orange''' 
William III (14 November 1650 – 8 March 1702) was a sovereign Prince of Orange by birth. From 1672 he governed as Stadtholder William III of Orange over Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Guelders, and Overijssel of the Dutch Republic. From 1689 he reigned as William III over England and Ireland, and as William II over Scotland. He is informally known in Northern Ireland and Scotland as "King Billy". A member of the House of Orange-Nassau, William won the English, Scottish and Irish crowns following the Glorious Revolution, in which his uncle and father-in-law James II was deposed. In England, Scotland and Ireland, William ruled jointly with his wife, Mary II, until her death on 28 December 1694. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_III_of_England WIKI].

'''Hanovers''' 
The House of Hanover (the Hanoverians) is a Germanic royal dynasty which has ruled the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg, the Kingdom of Hanover, the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland. It succeeded the House of Stuart as monarchs of Great Britain and Ireland in 1714 and held that office until the death of Victoria in 1901. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Hanover WIKI]

'''Stuart Charters''' 
The practice in Stuart charters of specifying by name the members of the governing body and holders of special offices opened the way to a "purging" of the hostile spirits when new charters were required. There were also rather vaguely worded clauses authorizing the dismissal of officers for misconduct, though as a rule the appointments were for life. When under the Stuarts and under the Commonwealth political and religious feeling ran high in the boroughs, use was made of these clauses both by the majority on the council and by the central government to mould the character of the council by a drastic "purging." Another means of control first used under the Commonwealth was afforded by the various acts of parliament, which subjected all holders of municipal office to the test of an oath. Under the Commonwealth there was no improvement in the methods used by the central government to control the boroughs. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_borough_status_in_England_and_Wales#Charters WIKI].

'''Pym''' 
John Pym (1584 – 8 December 1643) was an English parliamentarian, leader of the Long Parliament and a prominent critic of James I and then Charles I. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pym WIKI]

Regarding the convo they are having here: Sir Henry Vane Jr. was instrumental in the impeachment of the Earl of Strafford. He passed to John Pym some copied notes of his father's, of a Privy Council meeting. He claimed that these demonstrated that Strafford had an intention to use the Irish Army to subjugate England. The evidence, when examined, turned out to be second-hand, ambiguous, and hotly disputed. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Vane_the_Younger WIKI]

==Page 227==
'''Jansenists''' 
Jansenism was a branch of Catholic thought (condemned by Pope Innocent X in 1655) that arose in the frame of the Counter-Reformation and the aftermath of the Council of Trent (1545-1563). It emphasized original sin, human depravity, the necessity of divine grace, and predestination. Originating in the writings of the Dutch theologian Cornelius Otto Jansen, Jansenism formed a distinct movement within the Catholic Church from the 16th to 18th centuries, and found its most important stronghold in the Parisian convent of Port-Royal, haven of many important theologians and writers (Antoine Arnauld, Pierre Nicole, Blaise Pascal, Jean Racine, etc.).

The term itself was coined by its Jesuit opponents, who accused them of being close to Calvinists, as Jansenists identified themselves as rigorous followers of Augustinism. Several propositions supported by Jansenists, in particular concerning the relationship between human's free will and "efficacious grace", were condemned by the Pope, and the movement thus deemed heretical. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jansenists WIKI].

'''Ramillies Wig''' 
See this [http://www.umich.edu/~ece/student_projects/self-improvement/men'sdress.htm#midM LINK] for a pic of our boy David Garrick wearing a Ramillies wig.

==Annotation Index==

{{MD PbP}}

Chapter 22: 215-227

2016-02-23T02:17:10Z

Mattkb: /* Page 219 */ entry on Wearside

==Page 215==
'''Fr. Boscovich''' [[Image:Boscovich.gif|thumb|Father Boscovich|right]]
Roger Joseph Boscovich (18 May 1711 – 13 February 1787) was a physicist, astronomer, mathematician, philosopher, diplomat, poet, Jesuit, and according to some a polymath from Ragusa (today Dubrovnik, in Croatia), who lived for a time in France, England and some Italian states. He is famous for his atomic theory and made many important contributions to astronomy, including the first geometric procedure for determining the equator of a rotating planet from three observations of a surface feature and for computing the orbit of a planet from three observations of its position. In 1753 he also discovered the absence of atmosphere on the Moon... Note: like Maskelyne, there is a lunar crater named after him. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boscovich WIKI]

'''Loyolan Image... Stiletto-Waver... which distinguishes ''El Autentico''''' 
Saint Ignatius of Loyola (Basque: Loiolako Inazio, Eneko Loiolakoa, Spanish: Ignacio de Loyola), (1491 – July 31, 1556) was a Spanish knight, who became a hermit and priest, founding the Society of Jesus and becoming its first Superior General. Ignatius and the Jesuits became major figures in the Counter-Reformation, where the Catholic Church worked to reform itself from within and countered the theology of Protestantism. After his death he was beatified and then on March 12, 1622, was canonized. The feast day of Ignatius is celebrated on July 31 — he is the patron saint of soldiers, the Society of Jesus, the Basque Country, the provinces of Guipúzcoa and Biscay, among other things. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola WIKI].

'''Hob Headless''' 
A hobgoblin. More info on this particular one in history, [http://www.nemain.co.uk/index.php/european-legendary-creatures/236-hob-headless.html here].

==Page 216==
'''Haggis''' 
n. A Scottish dish consisting of a mixture of the minced heart, lungs, and liver of a sheep or calf mixed with suet, onions, oatmeal, and seasonings and boiled in the stomach of the slaughtered animal.

'''William Emerson a Wizard''' 
William Emerson (14 May 1701 - 20 May 1782), English mathematician, was born at Hurworth, near Darlington... He had a small estate in Weardale called Castle Gate situated not far from Eastgate where he would repair to work throughout the Summer on projects as disparate as stonemasonry and watchmaking. Unsuccessful as a teacher, he devoted himself entirely to studious retirement. Possessed of remarkable energy and forthrightness of speech, Emerson published many works which are singularly free from errata. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Emerson_(mathematician) WIKI].

[I know that Emerson has already been noted, but for flow of use, wanted to annotate again here, it being the first time the reader "sees" Emerson]

'''Dr. Mesmer''' 
Franz Anton Mesmer (born Friedrich Anton Mesmer; May 23, 1734 – March 5, 1815) was a German physician and astrologist, who discovered what he called magnétisme animal (animal magnetism) and other spiritual forces often grouped together as mesmerism. The evolution of Mesmer's ideas and practices led Scottish surgeon James Braid to develop hypnosis in 1842. Mesmer's name is the root of the English verb "mesmerize". From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Mesmer WIKI].

==Page 218==
'''Ley-Lines''' 
Anachronism: The concept of ley lines was first proposed by Alfred Watkins. On 30 June 1921, Watkins visited Blackwardine in Herefordshire, and went riding a horse near some hills in the vicinity of Bredwardine, when he noted that many of the footpaths there seemed to connect one hilltop to another in a straight line. He was studying a map when he noticed places in alignment. "The whole thing came to me in a flash", he later told his son. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley_line WIKI]

'''Palatine Residence at Bishop Auckland''' 
Now known as the Auckland Castle, it [http://www.englandsnortheast.co.uk/BishopAuckland.html dates to 1183]. Location [https://goo.gl/maps/RWg1pyVCvUN2 here].

'''Bisley Church''' 
Not to be confused with the Bisley in Surrey, or the church there associated with St. John the Baptist. Mason is from Gloucestershire county, where there is also a Bisley.

This Bisley church here is the same one where Mason references [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_11:_105-115#Page_114 Pearse falling into the well] on Page 114. More information about the history of that church [http://www.bisleybenefice.org.uk/All%20Saints%20Bisley.pdf here.]

'''"switched corpes"''' 
A reference to the theory that Queen Elizabeth I died at the age of 10 in Bisley, only to have her body hidden and replaced with a young boy from the town, known as the Bisley Boy. Bram Stoker endorsed and promoted the story [https://archive.org/stream/famousimposters00stokrich#page/282/mode/2up in his book Famous Imposters]

'''"each night the stones were removed and transported in a right line, through the air, at brisk speed, to the church's present site"''' 
Pynchon probably took this from a [https://archive.org/stream/transactionsbris05bris#page/6/mode/2up speech given by the president of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society in 1880]. That speech contains a telling of how the saying about [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_11:_105-115#Page_114 Pearse] came about, just before the tale of the church being moved:

<blockquote>Whatever meets our enquiring attention as a relic of old time, however insignificant it may be, if it is a construction, however quaint and odd, or, if it is a story, however absurd it may sound, it may, perhaps, upon investigation, repay some trouble or even, possibly, merit the distinction of being inserted in the pages of our journal.

As an illustration of my meaning, I may mention that I heard, long ago, a tradition attaching to my parish church of Bisley which seemed to be one of those old wives' tales to which it was unnecessary to attach any sense or importance. It was to the effect that the church was originally not intended to have been built where it now stands, but at a spot nearly two miles off. However, the builders were entirely frustrated in their intentions, for every night the devil, or some agency, removed all the building materials and deposited them afresh in another place, until at last the architect, yielding to inexorable necessity, built the church on the spot thus indicated, which is where it now stands. Now, when the church was restored a few years back we found that this story had a meaning and an origin, for the place where tradition said the church was to have been built is the spot where a Roman villa formerly stood, and in the course of the repairs portions of the materials of that villa were found in the church walls, including the altars of the Penates removed from the Roman shrines.

Here, then, was a tradition which had been handed on regularly from mouth to mouth for between fifteen and sixteen hundred years, and to which the nineteenth century has been able to assign a fair and reasonable interpretation : viz., that the Romans' gods had supplied the materials for the Christian temple. </blockquote>

'''"draw a line straight from the Barrow near Great Badminton we call the Giant's Caves, to the Long Barrow near The Camp, and you'll observe it passes directly over Bisley"''' 
[https://www.google.com/maps/d/edit?mid=zE6SdJAW9HRY.kTWU3INIBqEU&usp=sharing Here is a Google map illustrating such a line exists.] Coordinates come from [http://www.themodernantiquarian.com/ The Modern Antiquarian] website.

'''Great Badminton''' 
Badminton House is a large country house in Gloucestershire, England, and has been the principal seat of the Dukes of Beaufort since the late 17th century, when the family moved from Raglan Castle, which had been ruined in the English Civil War. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton_House WIKI]

'''Giant's Caves''' 
Pictures and coordinates of this burrow [http://www.themodernantiquarian.com/site/1972/giants_cave.html here] and a map and pictures [http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=5074 here].

'''Long Barrow near The Camp''' 
A long barrow is a prehistoric monument dating to the early Neolithic period. They are rectangular or trapezoidal earth mounds traditionally interpreted as collective tombs. Long barrows are also typical for several Celtic, Slavic, and Baltic cultures of Northern Europe of the 1st millennium AD. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_barrow WIKI]. More information about the Long Barrow Mason is referencing is available [http://www.themodernantiquarian.com/site/4644/camp.html here]. Wiki entry on The Camp, a hamlet near Gloucestershire [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Camp,_Gloucestershire here].

==Page 219==
'''Wearside''' 
Northeast England region including Hurworth. Refers to cities on the River Wear.

'''Roman Palimpsest''' 
A palimpsest is a manuscript page from a scroll or book that has been scraped off and used again. The word "palimpsest" comes through Latin from Greek παλιν + ψαω = (palin "again" + psao "I scrape"), and meant "scraped (clean and used) again." Romans wrote on wax-coated tablets that could be smoothed and reused, and a passing use of the rather bookish term "palimpsest" by Cicero seems to refer to this practice. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palimpsest WIKI]. Also appears in GR.

'''Brigantum''' 
Isurium Brigantum was a town in the Roman province of Britannia. Today it is known as Aldborough, in North Yorkshire, England. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isurium_Brigantum WIKI].

'''Mithras''' 
The Mithraic Mysteries or Mysteries of Mithras (also Mithraism) was a mystery religion which became popular among the military in the Roman Empire, from the 1st to 4th centuries AD. Information on the cult is based mainly on interpretations of monuments. These depict Mithras as born from a rock and sacrificing a bull. His worshippers had a complex system of 7 grades of initiation, with ritual meals. Little else is known for certain. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithras WIKI].

'''Chaldrons''' 
A chaldron (also chauldron or chalder) was a dry English measure of volume, not a weight, mostly used for coal; the word itself is an obsolete spelling of cauldron. It was used from the 13th century until 1963 when it was abolished by the Weights and Measures Act.

==Page 220==
'''Euler''' 
Leonhard Paul Euler (15 April 1707 – 18 September 1783) was a pioneering Swiss mathematician and physicist who spent most of his life in Russia and Germany. He made important discoveries in fields as diverse as calculus and graph theory. He also introduced much of the modern mathematical terminology and notation, particularly for mathematical analysis, such as the notion of a mathematical function. He is also renowned for his work in mechanics, fluid dynamics, optics, and astronomy. The asteroid 2002 Euler was named in his honor. He was a devout Christian (and believer in biblical inerrancy) who wrote apologetics and argued forcefully against the prominent atheists of his time. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler WIKI].

'''The first book he publish'd was upon Fluxions.''' 
Newton's name for the form of differential calculus he developed was the "Method of Fluxions", see [http://www.archive.org/details/methodoffluxions00newt].

==Page 221==
'''Dodman''' 
The 'inventor' of ley lines, Alfred Watkins (see above, p.218 re: Ley-Lines), thought that in the words "dodman" and the builder's "hod" there was a survival of an ancient British term for a surveyor. Watkins felt that the name came about because the snail's two horns resembled a surveyor's two surveying rods. Watkins also supported this idea with an etymology from 'doddering ' along and 'dodge' (akin, in his mind, to the series of actions a surveyor would carry out in moving his rod back and forth until it accurately lined up with another one as a backsight or foresight) and the Welsh verb 'dodi' meaning to lay or place. He thus decided that The Long Man of Wilmington was an image of an ancient surveyor. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodman WIKI].

==Page 222==
'''St. Omer''' 
Godfrey of Saint-Omer (also known as Gaufred, Godefroi, or Godfrey de St Omer, Saint Omer) was a French knight, one of the founding members of the Knights Templar in 1119. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_de_Saint-Omer WIKI].

'''De Litteraria Expeditions et Soforthia''' 
A reference to Christopher Maire and Roger Boscovitch's book, ''De Litteraria Expeditione Per Pontificiam Ditionem Ad Dimetiendos Duos Meridiani Gradus'' (A report on the expedition to measure through the dominions of the Pope two degrees of the meridian). The 'et Soforthia' is an elaborate ''et cetera'', an acknowledgement of the rest of the long title.

'''Rome to Rimini''' 
The Via Flaminia was a Roman road leading from Rome to Ariminum (Rimini), and was the most important route to the north. It was constructed by Gaius Flaminius during his censorship (220 BC)... The importance of the ancient Via Flaminia is twofold: during the period of Roman expansion in the 3rd century BC and 2nd century BC, the Flaminia became, with the cheaper sea route, a main axis of transportation by which wheat from the Po valley supplied Rome and central Italy; during the period of Roman decline, the Flaminia was the main road leading into the heartland of Italy: it was taken by Julius Caesar at the beginning of the civil war, but also by various barbarian hordes, Byzantine generals, etc. A number of major battles were therefore fought on or near the Via Flaminia, for example at Sentinum (near the modern Sassoferrato) and near Tadinum (the modern Gualdo Tadino). In the early Middle Ages, the road, controlled by the Eastern Empire, was a civilizing influence, and accounted for much of what historians call the "Byzantine corridor". From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_Flaminia WIKI]

==Page 223==
'''mio caro Ruggiero''' 
my dear Roger (Italian)

'''Ragusa''' 
Ragusa (Sicilian: Rausa) is a city in southern Italy. It is the capital of the province of Ragusa, on the island of Sicily, with around 75,000 inhabitants. It is built on a wide limestone hill between two deep valleys, Cava San Leonardo and Cava Santa Domenica. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragusa,_Italy WIKI].

==Page 224==
'''Maria Theresa... our last Protector''' 
Maria Theresa (13 May 1717 – 29 November 1780) was the only female ruler of the Habsburg dominions and the last of the House of Habsburg. She was the sovereign of Austria, Hungary, Croatia, Bohemia, Mantua, Milan, Lodomeria and Galicia, the Austrian Netherlands, and Parma. By marriage, she was Grand Duchess of Tuscany, Duchess of Lorraine, German Queen and Holy Roman Empress. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria WIKI].

Though originally the Jesuits' "protector", it wouldnt be for long: Her relationship with the Jesuits was of complex nature. Members of this order educated her, served as her confessors and supervised the religious education of her eldest son. The Jesuits were powerful and influential in the early years of Maria Theresa's reign. However, the queen's ministers managed to convince her that they pose danger to her monarchical authority. Not without much hesitation and regret, she issued a decree which removed them from all the institutions of the monarchy and carried it out thoroughly. She forbade the publication of Pope Clement XIII's bull which was in favour of the Jesuits and promptly confiscated their property when Pope Clement XIV suppressed the order.

'''Bourbons''' 
The French royal family that ruled from 1589, were ousted in the revolution, restored after Napoleon's abdication, and finally removed in the July revolution of 1830. A cadet branch, the House of Orléans, ruled for a further 18 years (1830–1848), until it too was overthrown. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Bourbon#The_Bourbon_Restoration MORE AT WIKIPEDIA]

==Page 225==
'''Calvert''' 
Frederick Calvert, 6th Baron Baltimore (February 6, 1731–September 4, 1771) was an English nobleman and last in the line of Barons Baltimore. When his father died in 1751, he inherited the Proprietary Governorship of the Province of Maryland. The province was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Calvert,_6th_Baron_Baltimore WIKI].

'''Raby Castle''' 
A castle built by John Neville starting about 1367. Purchased from the Crown by Sir Henry Vane the Elder in 1626. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raby_Castle WIKI].

'''Tale of Sir Henry Vane the younger''' 
Sir Henry Vane (1613 – June 14, 1662), son of Henry Vane the Elder, served as a statesman and Member of Parliament in a career spanning England and Massachusetts. A constant theme of his life was religious tolerance. He was a leading Parliamentarian during the English Civil War. Vane served on the Council of State during the Interregnum, but refused to take the oath which expressed approval of the king's execution. At the Restoration in 1660, after much debate in Parliament, he was exempted from the Indemnity and Oblivion Act. In 1662, he was tried for high treason, found guilty, and beheaded on Tower Hill. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Vane_the_Younger WIKI].

==Page 226==
'''Jacobites''' 
Jacobitism was (and, to a limited extent, remains) the political movement dedicated to the restoration of the Stuart kings to the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland. The movement took its name from the Latin form Jacobus of the name of King James II and VII. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobitism WIKI].

'''Cromwell''' 
Richard Cromwell (4 October 1626 – 12 July 1712) was the third son of Oliver Cromwell, and was the second Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland, for just under nine months, from 3 September 1658 until 25 May 1659. Cromwell's enemies dubbed him Tumbledown Dick or Queen Dick for his indecisive character. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Cromwell WIKI]

'''Restoration''' 
The English Restoration, often shortened to the Restoration, began in 1660 when the English, Scottish and Irish monarchies were all restored under Charles II after the Commonwealth of England that followed the English Civil War... The Protectorate, which had preceded the English Restoration and followed the Commonwealth, might have continued if Oliver Cromwell's son Richard had been capable of carrying on his father's policies. Richard Cromwell's main weakness was that he did not have the confidence of the army. After seven months the army removed him and on 6 May 1659 it reinstalled the Rump Parliament. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Restoration WIKI].

'''William of Orange''' 
William III (14 November 1650 – 8 March 1702) was a sovereign Prince of Orange by birth. From 1672 he governed as Stadtholder William III of Orange over Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Guelders, and Overijssel of the Dutch Republic. From 1689 he reigned as William III over England and Ireland, and as William II over Scotland. He is informally known in Northern Ireland and Scotland as "King Billy". A member of the House of Orange-Nassau, William won the English, Scottish and Irish crowns following the Glorious Revolution, in which his uncle and father-in-law James II was deposed. In England, Scotland and Ireland, William ruled jointly with his wife, Mary II, until her death on 28 December 1694. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_III_of_England WIKI].

'''Hanovers''' 
The House of Hanover (the Hanoverians) is a Germanic royal dynasty which has ruled the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg, the Kingdom of Hanover, the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland. It succeeded the House of Stuart as monarchs of Great Britain and Ireland in 1714 and held that office until the death of Victoria in 1901. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Hanover WIKI]

'''Stuart Charters''' 
The practice in Stuart charters of specifying by name the members of the governing body and holders of special offices opened the way to a "purging" of the hostile spirits when new charters were required. There were also rather vaguely worded clauses authorizing the dismissal of officers for misconduct, though as a rule the appointments were for life. When under the Stuarts and under the Commonwealth political and religious feeling ran high in the boroughs, use was made of these clauses both by the majority on the council and by the central government to mould the character of the council by a drastic "purging." Another means of control first used under the Commonwealth was afforded by the various acts of parliament, which subjected all holders of municipal office to the test of an oath. Under the Commonwealth there was no improvement in the methods used by the central government to control the boroughs. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_borough_status_in_England_and_Wales#Charters WIKI].

'''Pym''' 
John Pym (1584 – 8 December 1643) was an English parliamentarian, leader of the Long Parliament and a prominent critic of James I and then Charles I. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pym WIKI]

Regarding the convo they are having here: Sir Henry Vane Jr. was instrumental in the impeachment of the Earl of Strafford. He passed to John Pym some copied notes of his father's, of a Privy Council meeting. He claimed that these demonstrated that Strafford had an intention to use the Irish Army to subjugate England. The evidence, when examined, turned out to be second-hand, ambiguous, and hotly disputed. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Vane_the_Younger WIKI]

==Page 227==
'''Jansenists''' 
Jansenism was a branch of Catholic thought (condemned by Pope Innocent X in 1655) that arose in the frame of the Counter-Reformation and the aftermath of the Council of Trent (1545-1563). It emphasized original sin, human depravity, the necessity of divine grace, and predestination. Originating in the writings of the Dutch theologian Cornelius Otto Jansen, Jansenism formed a distinct movement within the Catholic Church from the 16th to 18th centuries, and found its most important stronghold in the Parisian convent of Port-Royal, haven of many important theologians and writers (Antoine Arnauld, Pierre Nicole, Blaise Pascal, Jean Racine, etc.).

The term itself was coined by its Jesuit opponents, who accused them of being close to Calvinists, as Jansenists identified themselves as rigorous followers of Augustinism. Several propositions supported by Jansenists, in particular concerning the relationship between human's free will and "efficacious grace", were condemned by the Pope, and the movement thus deemed heretical. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jansenists WIKI].

'''Ramillies Wig''' 
See this [http://www.umich.edu/~ece/student_projects/self-improvement/men'sdress.htm#midM LINK] for a pic of our boy David Garrick wearing a Ramillies wig.

==Annotation Index==

{{MD PbP}}

Chapter 22: 215-227

2016-02-23T02:13:30Z

Mattkb: /* Page 218 */ added entry on the Bisley Boy and Bishop Auckland.

==Page 215==
'''Fr. Boscovich''' [[Image:Boscovich.gif|thumb|Father Boscovich|right]]
Roger Joseph Boscovich (18 May 1711 – 13 February 1787) was a physicist, astronomer, mathematician, philosopher, diplomat, poet, Jesuit, and according to some a polymath from Ragusa (today Dubrovnik, in Croatia), who lived for a time in France, England and some Italian states. He is famous for his atomic theory and made many important contributions to astronomy, including the first geometric procedure for determining the equator of a rotating planet from three observations of a surface feature and for computing the orbit of a planet from three observations of its position. In 1753 he also discovered the absence of atmosphere on the Moon... Note: like Maskelyne, there is a lunar crater named after him. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boscovich WIKI]

'''Loyolan Image... Stiletto-Waver... which distinguishes ''El Autentico''''' 
Saint Ignatius of Loyola (Basque: Loiolako Inazio, Eneko Loiolakoa, Spanish: Ignacio de Loyola), (1491 – July 31, 1556) was a Spanish knight, who became a hermit and priest, founding the Society of Jesus and becoming its first Superior General. Ignatius and the Jesuits became major figures in the Counter-Reformation, where the Catholic Church worked to reform itself from within and countered the theology of Protestantism. After his death he was beatified and then on March 12, 1622, was canonized. The feast day of Ignatius is celebrated on July 31 — he is the patron saint of soldiers, the Society of Jesus, the Basque Country, the provinces of Guipúzcoa and Biscay, among other things. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola WIKI].

'''Hob Headless''' 
A hobgoblin. More info on this particular one in history, [http://www.nemain.co.uk/index.php/european-legendary-creatures/236-hob-headless.html here].

==Page 216==
'''Haggis''' 
n. A Scottish dish consisting of a mixture of the minced heart, lungs, and liver of a sheep or calf mixed with suet, onions, oatmeal, and seasonings and boiled in the stomach of the slaughtered animal.

'''William Emerson a Wizard''' 
William Emerson (14 May 1701 - 20 May 1782), English mathematician, was born at Hurworth, near Darlington... He had a small estate in Weardale called Castle Gate situated not far from Eastgate where he would repair to work throughout the Summer on projects as disparate as stonemasonry and watchmaking. Unsuccessful as a teacher, he devoted himself entirely to studious retirement. Possessed of remarkable energy and forthrightness of speech, Emerson published many works which are singularly free from errata. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Emerson_(mathematician) WIKI].

[I know that Emerson has already been noted, but for flow of use, wanted to annotate again here, it being the first time the reader "sees" Emerson]

'''Dr. Mesmer''' 
Franz Anton Mesmer (born Friedrich Anton Mesmer; May 23, 1734 – March 5, 1815) was a German physician and astrologist, who discovered what he called magnétisme animal (animal magnetism) and other spiritual forces often grouped together as mesmerism. The evolution of Mesmer's ideas and practices led Scottish surgeon James Braid to develop hypnosis in 1842. Mesmer's name is the root of the English verb "mesmerize". From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Mesmer WIKI].

==Page 218==
'''Ley-Lines''' 
Anachronism: The concept of ley lines was first proposed by Alfred Watkins. On 30 June 1921, Watkins visited Blackwardine in Herefordshire, and went riding a horse near some hills in the vicinity of Bredwardine, when he noted that many of the footpaths there seemed to connect one hilltop to another in a straight line. He was studying a map when he noticed places in alignment. "The whole thing came to me in a flash", he later told his son. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley_line WIKI]

'''Palatine Residence at Bishop Auckland''' 
Now known as the Auckland Castle, it [http://www.englandsnortheast.co.uk/BishopAuckland.html dates to 1183]. Location [https://goo.gl/maps/RWg1pyVCvUN2 here].

'''Bisley Church''' 
Not to be confused with the Bisley in Surrey, or the church there associated with St. John the Baptist. Mason is from Gloucestershire county, where there is also a Bisley.

This Bisley church here is the same one where Mason references [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_11:_105-115#Page_114 Pearse falling into the well] on Page 114. More information about the history of that church [http://www.bisleybenefice.org.uk/All%20Saints%20Bisley.pdf here.]

'''"switched corpes"''' 
A reference to the theory that Queen Elizabeth I died at the age of 10 in Bisley, only to have her body hidden and replaced with a young boy from the town, known as the Bisley Boy. Bram Stoker endorsed and promoted the story [https://archive.org/stream/famousimposters00stokrich#page/282/mode/2up in his book Famous Imposters]

'''"each night the stones were removed and transported in a right line, through the air, at brisk speed, to the church's present site"''' 
Pynchon probably took this from a [https://archive.org/stream/transactionsbris05bris#page/6/mode/2up speech given by the president of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society in 1880]. That speech contains a telling of how the saying about [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_11:_105-115#Page_114 Pearse] came about, just before the tale of the church being moved:

<blockquote>Whatever meets our enquiring attention as a relic of old time, however insignificant it may be, if it is a construction, however quaint and odd, or, if it is a story, however absurd it may sound, it may, perhaps, upon investigation, repay some trouble or even, possibly, merit the distinction of being inserted in the pages of our journal.

As an illustration of my meaning, I may mention that I heard, long ago, a tradition attaching to my parish church of Bisley which seemed to be one of those old wives' tales to which it was unnecessary to attach any sense or importance. It was to the effect that the church was originally not intended to have been built where it now stands, but at a spot nearly two miles off. However, the builders were entirely frustrated in their intentions, for every night the devil, or some agency, removed all the building materials and deposited them afresh in another place, until at last the architect, yielding to inexorable necessity, built the church on the spot thus indicated, which is where it now stands. Now, when the church was restored a few years back we found that this story had a meaning and an origin, for the place where tradition said the church was to have been built is the spot where a Roman villa formerly stood, and in the course of the repairs portions of the materials of that villa were found in the church walls, including the altars of the Penates removed from the Roman shrines.

Here, then, was a tradition which had been handed on regularly from mouth to mouth for between fifteen and sixteen hundred years, and to which the nineteenth century has been able to assign a fair and reasonable interpretation : viz., that the Romans' gods had supplied the materials for the Christian temple. </blockquote>

'''"draw a line straight from the Barrow near Great Badminton we call the Giant's Caves, to the Long Barrow near The Camp, and you'll observe it passes directly over Bisley"''' 
[https://www.google.com/maps/d/edit?mid=zE6SdJAW9HRY.kTWU3INIBqEU&usp=sharing Here is a Google map illustrating such a line exists.] Coordinates come from [http://www.themodernantiquarian.com/ The Modern Antiquarian] website.

'''Great Badminton''' 
Badminton House is a large country house in Gloucestershire, England, and has been the principal seat of the Dukes of Beaufort since the late 17th century, when the family moved from Raglan Castle, which had been ruined in the English Civil War. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton_House WIKI]

'''Giant's Caves''' 
Pictures and coordinates of this burrow [http://www.themodernantiquarian.com/site/1972/giants_cave.html here] and a map and pictures [http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=5074 here].

'''Long Barrow near The Camp''' 
A long barrow is a prehistoric monument dating to the early Neolithic period. They are rectangular or trapezoidal earth mounds traditionally interpreted as collective tombs. Long barrows are also typical for several Celtic, Slavic, and Baltic cultures of Northern Europe of the 1st millennium AD. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_barrow WIKI]. More information about the Long Barrow Mason is referencing is available [http://www.themodernantiquarian.com/site/4644/camp.html here]. Wiki entry on The Camp, a hamlet near Gloucestershire [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Camp,_Gloucestershire here].

==Page 219==
'''Roman Palimpsest''' 
A palimpsest is a manuscript page from a scroll or book that has been scraped off and used again. The word "palimpsest" comes through Latin from Greek παλιν + ψαω = (palin "again" + psao "I scrape"), and meant "scraped (clean and used) again." Romans wrote on wax-coated tablets that could be smoothed and reused, and a passing use of the rather bookish term "palimpsest" by Cicero seems to refer to this practice. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palimpsest WIKI]. Also appears in GR.

'''Brigantum''' 
Isurium Brigantum was a town in the Roman province of Britannia. Today it is known as Aldborough, in North Yorkshire, England. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isurium_Brigantum WIKI].

'''Mithras''' 
The Mithraic Mysteries or Mysteries of Mithras (also Mithraism) was a mystery religion which became popular among the military in the Roman Empire, from the 1st to 4th centuries AD. Information on the cult is based mainly on interpretations of monuments. These depict Mithras as born from a rock and sacrificing a bull. His worshippers had a complex system of 7 grades of initiation, with ritual meals. Little else is known for certain. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithras WIKI].

'''Chaldrons''' 
A chaldron (also chauldron or chalder) was a dry English measure of volume, not a weight, mostly used for coal; the word itself is an obsolete spelling of cauldron. It was used from the 13th century until 1963 when it was abolished by the Weights and Measures Act.

==Page 220==
'''Euler''' 
Leonhard Paul Euler (15 April 1707 – 18 September 1783) was a pioneering Swiss mathematician and physicist who spent most of his life in Russia and Germany. He made important discoveries in fields as diverse as calculus and graph theory. He also introduced much of the modern mathematical terminology and notation, particularly for mathematical analysis, such as the notion of a mathematical function. He is also renowned for his work in mechanics, fluid dynamics, optics, and astronomy. The asteroid 2002 Euler was named in his honor. He was a devout Christian (and believer in biblical inerrancy) who wrote apologetics and argued forcefully against the prominent atheists of his time. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler WIKI].

'''The first book he publish'd was upon Fluxions.''' 
Newton's name for the form of differential calculus he developed was the "Method of Fluxions", see [http://www.archive.org/details/methodoffluxions00newt].

==Page 221==
'''Dodman''' 
The 'inventor' of ley lines, Alfred Watkins (see above, p.218 re: Ley-Lines), thought that in the words "dodman" and the builder's "hod" there was a survival of an ancient British term for a surveyor. Watkins felt that the name came about because the snail's two horns resembled a surveyor's two surveying rods. Watkins also supported this idea with an etymology from 'doddering ' along and 'dodge' (akin, in his mind, to the series of actions a surveyor would carry out in moving his rod back and forth until it accurately lined up with another one as a backsight or foresight) and the Welsh verb 'dodi' meaning to lay or place. He thus decided that The Long Man of Wilmington was an image of an ancient surveyor. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodman WIKI].

==Page 222==
'''St. Omer''' 
Godfrey of Saint-Omer (also known as Gaufred, Godefroi, or Godfrey de St Omer, Saint Omer) was a French knight, one of the founding members of the Knights Templar in 1119. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_de_Saint-Omer WIKI].

'''De Litteraria Expeditions et Soforthia''' 
A reference to Christopher Maire and Roger Boscovitch's book, ''De Litteraria Expeditione Per Pontificiam Ditionem Ad Dimetiendos Duos Meridiani Gradus'' (A report on the expedition to measure through the dominions of the Pope two degrees of the meridian). The 'et Soforthia' is an elaborate ''et cetera'', an acknowledgement of the rest of the long title.

'''Rome to Rimini''' 
The Via Flaminia was a Roman road leading from Rome to Ariminum (Rimini), and was the most important route to the north. It was constructed by Gaius Flaminius during his censorship (220 BC)... The importance of the ancient Via Flaminia is twofold: during the period of Roman expansion in the 3rd century BC and 2nd century BC, the Flaminia became, with the cheaper sea route, a main axis of transportation by which wheat from the Po valley supplied Rome and central Italy; during the period of Roman decline, the Flaminia was the main road leading into the heartland of Italy: it was taken by Julius Caesar at the beginning of the civil war, but also by various barbarian hordes, Byzantine generals, etc. A number of major battles were therefore fought on or near the Via Flaminia, for example at Sentinum (near the modern Sassoferrato) and near Tadinum (the modern Gualdo Tadino). In the early Middle Ages, the road, controlled by the Eastern Empire, was a civilizing influence, and accounted for much of what historians call the "Byzantine corridor". From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_Flaminia WIKI]

==Page 223==
'''mio caro Ruggiero''' 
my dear Roger (Italian)

'''Ragusa''' 
Ragusa (Sicilian: Rausa) is a city in southern Italy. It is the capital of the province of Ragusa, on the island of Sicily, with around 75,000 inhabitants. It is built on a wide limestone hill between two deep valleys, Cava San Leonardo and Cava Santa Domenica. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragusa,_Italy WIKI].

==Page 224==
'''Maria Theresa... our last Protector''' 
Maria Theresa (13 May 1717 – 29 November 1780) was the only female ruler of the Habsburg dominions and the last of the House of Habsburg. She was the sovereign of Austria, Hungary, Croatia, Bohemia, Mantua, Milan, Lodomeria and Galicia, the Austrian Netherlands, and Parma. By marriage, she was Grand Duchess of Tuscany, Duchess of Lorraine, German Queen and Holy Roman Empress. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria WIKI].

Though originally the Jesuits' "protector", it wouldnt be for long: Her relationship with the Jesuits was of complex nature. Members of this order educated her, served as her confessors and supervised the religious education of her eldest son. The Jesuits were powerful and influential in the early years of Maria Theresa's reign. However, the queen's ministers managed to convince her that they pose danger to her monarchical authority. Not without much hesitation and regret, she issued a decree which removed them from all the institutions of the monarchy and carried it out thoroughly. She forbade the publication of Pope Clement XIII's bull which was in favour of the Jesuits and promptly confiscated their property when Pope Clement XIV suppressed the order.

'''Bourbons''' 
The French royal family that ruled from 1589, were ousted in the revolution, restored after Napoleon's abdication, and finally removed in the July revolution of 1830. A cadet branch, the House of Orléans, ruled for a further 18 years (1830–1848), until it too was overthrown. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Bourbon#The_Bourbon_Restoration MORE AT WIKIPEDIA]

==Page 225==
'''Calvert''' 
Frederick Calvert, 6th Baron Baltimore (February 6, 1731–September 4, 1771) was an English nobleman and last in the line of Barons Baltimore. When his father died in 1751, he inherited the Proprietary Governorship of the Province of Maryland. The province was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Calvert,_6th_Baron_Baltimore WIKI].

'''Raby Castle''' 
A castle built by John Neville starting about 1367. Purchased from the Crown by Sir Henry Vane the Elder in 1626. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raby_Castle WIKI].

'''Tale of Sir Henry Vane the younger''' 
Sir Henry Vane (1613 – June 14, 1662), son of Henry Vane the Elder, served as a statesman and Member of Parliament in a career spanning England and Massachusetts. A constant theme of his life was religious tolerance. He was a leading Parliamentarian during the English Civil War. Vane served on the Council of State during the Interregnum, but refused to take the oath which expressed approval of the king's execution. At the Restoration in 1660, after much debate in Parliament, he was exempted from the Indemnity and Oblivion Act. In 1662, he was tried for high treason, found guilty, and beheaded on Tower Hill. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Vane_the_Younger WIKI].

==Page 226==
'''Jacobites''' 
Jacobitism was (and, to a limited extent, remains) the political movement dedicated to the restoration of the Stuart kings to the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland. The movement took its name from the Latin form Jacobus of the name of King James II and VII. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobitism WIKI].

'''Cromwell''' 
Richard Cromwell (4 October 1626 – 12 July 1712) was the third son of Oliver Cromwell, and was the second Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland, for just under nine months, from 3 September 1658 until 25 May 1659. Cromwell's enemies dubbed him Tumbledown Dick or Queen Dick for his indecisive character. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Cromwell WIKI]

'''Restoration''' 
The English Restoration, often shortened to the Restoration, began in 1660 when the English, Scottish and Irish monarchies were all restored under Charles II after the Commonwealth of England that followed the English Civil War... The Protectorate, which had preceded the English Restoration and followed the Commonwealth, might have continued if Oliver Cromwell's son Richard had been capable of carrying on his father's policies. Richard Cromwell's main weakness was that he did not have the confidence of the army. After seven months the army removed him and on 6 May 1659 it reinstalled the Rump Parliament. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Restoration WIKI].

'''William of Orange''' 
William III (14 November 1650 – 8 March 1702) was a sovereign Prince of Orange by birth. From 1672 he governed as Stadtholder William III of Orange over Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Guelders, and Overijssel of the Dutch Republic. From 1689 he reigned as William III over England and Ireland, and as William II over Scotland. He is informally known in Northern Ireland and Scotland as "King Billy". A member of the House of Orange-Nassau, William won the English, Scottish and Irish crowns following the Glorious Revolution, in which his uncle and father-in-law James II was deposed. In England, Scotland and Ireland, William ruled jointly with his wife, Mary II, until her death on 28 December 1694. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_III_of_England WIKI].

'''Hanovers''' 
The House of Hanover (the Hanoverians) is a Germanic royal dynasty which has ruled the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg, the Kingdom of Hanover, the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland. It succeeded the House of Stuart as monarchs of Great Britain and Ireland in 1714 and held that office until the death of Victoria in 1901. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Hanover WIKI]

'''Stuart Charters''' 
The practice in Stuart charters of specifying by name the members of the governing body and holders of special offices opened the way to a "purging" of the hostile spirits when new charters were required. There were also rather vaguely worded clauses authorizing the dismissal of officers for misconduct, though as a rule the appointments were for life. When under the Stuarts and under the Commonwealth political and religious feeling ran high in the boroughs, use was made of these clauses both by the majority on the council and by the central government to mould the character of the council by a drastic "purging." Another means of control first used under the Commonwealth was afforded by the various acts of parliament, which subjected all holders of municipal office to the test of an oath. Under the Commonwealth there was no improvement in the methods used by the central government to control the boroughs. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_borough_status_in_England_and_Wales#Charters WIKI].

'''Pym''' 
John Pym (1584 – 8 December 1643) was an English parliamentarian, leader of the Long Parliament and a prominent critic of James I and then Charles I. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pym WIKI]

Regarding the convo they are having here: Sir Henry Vane Jr. was instrumental in the impeachment of the Earl of Strafford. He passed to John Pym some copied notes of his father's, of a Privy Council meeting. He claimed that these demonstrated that Strafford had an intention to use the Irish Army to subjugate England. The evidence, when examined, turned out to be second-hand, ambiguous, and hotly disputed. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Vane_the_Younger WIKI]

==Page 227==
'''Jansenists''' 
Jansenism was a branch of Catholic thought (condemned by Pope Innocent X in 1655) that arose in the frame of the Counter-Reformation and the aftermath of the Council of Trent (1545-1563). It emphasized original sin, human depravity, the necessity of divine grace, and predestination. Originating in the writings of the Dutch theologian Cornelius Otto Jansen, Jansenism formed a distinct movement within the Catholic Church from the 16th to 18th centuries, and found its most important stronghold in the Parisian convent of Port-Royal, haven of many important theologians and writers (Antoine Arnauld, Pierre Nicole, Blaise Pascal, Jean Racine, etc.).

The term itself was coined by its Jesuit opponents, who accused them of being close to Calvinists, as Jansenists identified themselves as rigorous followers of Augustinism. Several propositions supported by Jansenists, in particular concerning the relationship between human's free will and "efficacious grace", were condemned by the Pope, and the movement thus deemed heretical. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jansenists WIKI].

'''Ramillies Wig''' 
See this [http://www.umich.edu/~ece/student_projects/self-improvement/men'sdress.htm#midM LINK] for a pic of our boy David Garrick wearing a Ramillies wig.

==Annotation Index==

{{MD PbP}}

Chapter 22: 215-227

2016-02-22T02:47:02Z

Mattkb: /* Page 218 */

==Page 215==
'''Fr. Boscovich''' [[Image:Boscovich.gif|thumb|Father Boscovich|right]]
Roger Joseph Boscovich (18 May 1711 – 13 February 1787) was a physicist, astronomer, mathematician, philosopher, diplomat, poet, Jesuit, and according to some a polymath from Ragusa (today Dubrovnik, in Croatia), who lived for a time in France, England and some Italian states. He is famous for his atomic theory and made many important contributions to astronomy, including the first geometric procedure for determining the equator of a rotating planet from three observations of a surface feature and for computing the orbit of a planet from three observations of its position. In 1753 he also discovered the absence of atmosphere on the Moon... Note: like Maskelyne, there is a lunar crater named after him. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boscovich WIKI]

'''Loyolan Image... Stiletto-Waver... which distinguishes ''El Autentico''''' 
Saint Ignatius of Loyola (Basque: Loiolako Inazio, Eneko Loiolakoa, Spanish: Ignacio de Loyola), (1491 – July 31, 1556) was a Spanish knight, who became a hermit and priest, founding the Society of Jesus and becoming its first Superior General. Ignatius and the Jesuits became major figures in the Counter-Reformation, where the Catholic Church worked to reform itself from within and countered the theology of Protestantism. After his death he was beatified and then on March 12, 1622, was canonized. The feast day of Ignatius is celebrated on July 31 — he is the patron saint of soldiers, the Society of Jesus, the Basque Country, the provinces of Guipúzcoa and Biscay, among other things. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola WIKI].

'''Hob Headless''' 
A hobgoblin. More info on this particular one in history, [http://www.nemain.co.uk/index.php/european-legendary-creatures/236-hob-headless.html here].

==Page 216==
'''Haggis''' 
n. A Scottish dish consisting of a mixture of the minced heart, lungs, and liver of a sheep or calf mixed with suet, onions, oatmeal, and seasonings and boiled in the stomach of the slaughtered animal.

'''William Emerson a Wizard''' 
William Emerson (14 May 1701 - 20 May 1782), English mathematician, was born at Hurworth, near Darlington... He had a small estate in Weardale called Castle Gate situated not far from Eastgate where he would repair to work throughout the Summer on projects as disparate as stonemasonry and watchmaking. Unsuccessful as a teacher, he devoted himself entirely to studious retirement. Possessed of remarkable energy and forthrightness of speech, Emerson published many works which are singularly free from errata. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Emerson_(mathematician) WIKI].

[I know that Emerson has already been noted, but for flow of use, wanted to annotate again here, it being the first time the reader "sees" Emerson]

'''Dr. Mesmer''' 
Franz Anton Mesmer (born Friedrich Anton Mesmer; May 23, 1734 – March 5, 1815) was a German physician and astrologist, who discovered what he called magnétisme animal (animal magnetism) and other spiritual forces often grouped together as mesmerism. The evolution of Mesmer's ideas and practices led Scottish surgeon James Braid to develop hypnosis in 1842. Mesmer's name is the root of the English verb "mesmerize". From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Mesmer WIKI].

==Page 218==
'''Ley-Lines''' 
Anachronism: The concept of ley lines was first proposed by Alfred Watkins. On 30 June 1921, Watkins visited Blackwardine in Herefordshire, and went riding a horse near some hills in the vicinity of Bredwardine, when he noted that many of the footpaths there seemed to connect one hilltop to another in a straight line. He was studying a map when he noticed places in alignment. "The whole thing came to me in a flash", he later told his son. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley_line WIKI]

'''Bisley Church''' 
Not to be confused with the Bisley in Surrey, or the church there associated with St. John the Baptist. Mason is from Gloucestershire county, where there is also a Bisley.

This Bisley church here is the same one where Mason references [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_11:_105-115#Page_114 Pearse falling into the well] on Page 114. More information about the history of that church [http://www.bisleybenefice.org.uk/All%20Saints%20Bisley.pdf here.]

'''"each night the stones were removed and transported in a right line, through the air, at brisk speed, to the church's present site"''' 
Pynchon probably took this from a [https://archive.org/stream/transactionsbris05bris#page/6/mode/2up speech given by the president of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society in 1880]. That speech contains a telling of how the saying about [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_11:_105-115#Page_114 Pearse] came about, just before the tale of the church being moved:

<blockquote>Whatever meets our enquiring attention as a relic of old time, however insignificant it may be, if it is a construction, however quaint and odd, or, if it is a story, however absurd it may sound, it may, perhaps, upon investigation, repay some trouble or even, possibly, merit the distinction of being inserted in the pages of our journal.

As an illustration of my meaning, I may mention that I heard, long ago, a tradition attaching to my parish church of Bisley which seemed to be one of those old wives' tales to which it was unnecessary to attach any sense or importance. It was to the effect that the church was originally not intended to have been built where it now stands, but at a spot nearly two miles off. However, the builders were entirely frustrated in their intentions, for every night the devil, or some agency, removed all the building materials and deposited them afresh in another place, until at last the architect, yielding to inexorable necessity, built the church on the spot thus indicated, which is where it now stands. Now, when the church was restored a few years back we found that this story had a meaning and an origin, for the place where tradition said the church was to have been built is the spot where a Roman villa formerly stood, and in the course of the repairs portions of the materials of that villa were found in the church walls, including the altars of the Penates removed from the Roman shrines.

Here, then, was a tradition which had been handed on regularly from mouth to mouth for between fifteen and sixteen hundred years, and to which the nineteenth century has been able to assign a fair and reasonable interpretation : viz., that the Romans' gods had supplied the materials for the Christian temple. </blockquote>

'''"draw a line straight from the Barrow near Great Badminton we call the Giant's Caves, to the Long Barrow near The Camp, and you'll observe it passes directly over Bisley"''' 
[https://www.google.com/maps/d/edit?mid=zE6SdJAW9HRY.kTWU3INIBqEU&usp=sharing Here is a Google map illustrating such a line exists.] Coordinates come from [http://www.themodernantiquarian.com/ The Modern Antiquarian] website.

'''Great Badminton''' 
Badminton House is a large country house in Gloucestershire, England, and has been the principal seat of the Dukes of Beaufort since the late 17th century, when the family moved from Raglan Castle, which had been ruined in the English Civil War. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton_House WIKI]

'''Giant's Caves''' 
Pictures and coordinates of this burrow [http://www.themodernantiquarian.com/site/1972/giants_cave.html here] and a map and pictures [http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=5074 here].

'''Long Barrow near The Camp''' 
A long barrow is a prehistoric monument dating to the early Neolithic period. They are rectangular or trapezoidal earth mounds traditionally interpreted as collective tombs. Long barrows are also typical for several Celtic, Slavic, and Baltic cultures of Northern Europe of the 1st millennium AD. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_barrow WIKI]. More information about the Long Barrow Mason is referencing is available [http://www.themodernantiquarian.com/site/4644/camp.html here]. Wiki entry on The Camp, a hamlet near Gloucestershire [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Camp,_Gloucestershire here].

==Page 219==
'''Roman Palimpsest''' 
A palimpsest is a manuscript page from a scroll or book that has been scraped off and used again. The word "palimpsest" comes through Latin from Greek παλιν + ψαω = (palin "again" + psao "I scrape"), and meant "scraped (clean and used) again." Romans wrote on wax-coated tablets that could be smoothed and reused, and a passing use of the rather bookish term "palimpsest" by Cicero seems to refer to this practice. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palimpsest WIKI]. Also appears in GR.

'''Brigantum''' 
Isurium Brigantum was a town in the Roman province of Britannia. Today it is known as Aldborough, in North Yorkshire, England. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isurium_Brigantum WIKI].

'''Mithras''' 
The Mithraic Mysteries or Mysteries of Mithras (also Mithraism) was a mystery religion which became popular among the military in the Roman Empire, from the 1st to 4th centuries AD. Information on the cult is based mainly on interpretations of monuments. These depict Mithras as born from a rock and sacrificing a bull. His worshippers had a complex system of 7 grades of initiation, with ritual meals. Little else is known for certain. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithras WIKI].

'''Chaldrons''' 
A chaldron (also chauldron or chalder) was a dry English measure of volume, not a weight, mostly used for coal; the word itself is an obsolete spelling of cauldron. It was used from the 13th century until 1963 when it was abolished by the Weights and Measures Act.

==Page 220==
'''Euler''' 
Leonhard Paul Euler (15 April 1707 – 18 September 1783) was a pioneering Swiss mathematician and physicist who spent most of his life in Russia and Germany. He made important discoveries in fields as diverse as calculus and graph theory. He also introduced much of the modern mathematical terminology and notation, particularly for mathematical analysis, such as the notion of a mathematical function. He is also renowned for his work in mechanics, fluid dynamics, optics, and astronomy. The asteroid 2002 Euler was named in his honor. He was a devout Christian (and believer in biblical inerrancy) who wrote apologetics and argued forcefully against the prominent atheists of his time. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler WIKI].

'''The first book he publish'd was upon Fluxions.''' 
Newton's name for the form of differential calculus he developed was the "Method of Fluxions", see [http://www.archive.org/details/methodoffluxions00newt].

==Page 221==
'''Dodman''' 
The 'inventor' of ley lines, Alfred Watkins (see above, p.218 re: Ley-Lines), thought that in the words "dodman" and the builder's "hod" there was a survival of an ancient British term for a surveyor. Watkins felt that the name came about because the snail's two horns resembled a surveyor's two surveying rods. Watkins also supported this idea with an etymology from 'doddering ' along and 'dodge' (akin, in his mind, to the series of actions a surveyor would carry out in moving his rod back and forth until it accurately lined up with another one as a backsight or foresight) and the Welsh verb 'dodi' meaning to lay or place. He thus decided that The Long Man of Wilmington was an image of an ancient surveyor. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodman WIKI].

==Page 222==
'''St. Omer''' 
Godfrey of Saint-Omer (also known as Gaufred, Godefroi, or Godfrey de St Omer, Saint Omer) was a French knight, one of the founding members of the Knights Templar in 1119. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_de_Saint-Omer WIKI].

'''De Litteraria Expeditions et Soforthia''' 
A reference to Christopher Maire and Roger Boscovitch's book, ''De Litteraria Expeditione Per Pontificiam Ditionem Ad Dimetiendos Duos Meridiani Gradus'' (A report on the expedition to measure through the dominions of the Pope two degrees of the meridian). The 'et Soforthia' is an elaborate ''et cetera'', an acknowledgement of the rest of the long title.

'''Rome to Rimini''' 
The Via Flaminia was a Roman road leading from Rome to Ariminum (Rimini), and was the most important route to the north. It was constructed by Gaius Flaminius during his censorship (220 BC)... The importance of the ancient Via Flaminia is twofold: during the period of Roman expansion in the 3rd century BC and 2nd century BC, the Flaminia became, with the cheaper sea route, a main axis of transportation by which wheat from the Po valley supplied Rome and central Italy; during the period of Roman decline, the Flaminia was the main road leading into the heartland of Italy: it was taken by Julius Caesar at the beginning of the civil war, but also by various barbarian hordes, Byzantine generals, etc. A number of major battles were therefore fought on or near the Via Flaminia, for example at Sentinum (near the modern Sassoferrato) and near Tadinum (the modern Gualdo Tadino). In the early Middle Ages, the road, controlled by the Eastern Empire, was a civilizing influence, and accounted for much of what historians call the "Byzantine corridor". From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_Flaminia WIKI]

==Page 223==
'''mio caro Ruggiero''' 
my dear Roger (Italian)

'''Ragusa''' 
Ragusa (Sicilian: Rausa) is a city in southern Italy. It is the capital of the province of Ragusa, on the island of Sicily, with around 75,000 inhabitants. It is built on a wide limestone hill between two deep valleys, Cava San Leonardo and Cava Santa Domenica. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragusa,_Italy WIKI].

==Page 224==
'''Maria Theresa... our last Protector''' 
Maria Theresa (13 May 1717 – 29 November 1780) was the only female ruler of the Habsburg dominions and the last of the House of Habsburg. She was the sovereign of Austria, Hungary, Croatia, Bohemia, Mantua, Milan, Lodomeria and Galicia, the Austrian Netherlands, and Parma. By marriage, she was Grand Duchess of Tuscany, Duchess of Lorraine, German Queen and Holy Roman Empress. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria WIKI].

Though originally the Jesuits' "protector", it wouldnt be for long: Her relationship with the Jesuits was of complex nature. Members of this order educated her, served as her confessors and supervised the religious education of her eldest son. The Jesuits were powerful and influential in the early years of Maria Theresa's reign. However, the queen's ministers managed to convince her that they pose danger to her monarchical authority. Not without much hesitation and regret, she issued a decree which removed them from all the institutions of the monarchy and carried it out thoroughly. She forbade the publication of Pope Clement XIII's bull which was in favour of the Jesuits and promptly confiscated their property when Pope Clement XIV suppressed the order.

'''Bourbons''' 
The French royal family that ruled from 1589, were ousted in the revolution, restored after Napoleon's abdication, and finally removed in the July revolution of 1830. A cadet branch, the House of Orléans, ruled for a further 18 years (1830–1848), until it too was overthrown. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Bourbon#The_Bourbon_Restoration MORE AT WIKIPEDIA]

==Page 225==
'''Calvert''' 
Frederick Calvert, 6th Baron Baltimore (February 6, 1731–September 4, 1771) was an English nobleman and last in the line of Barons Baltimore. When his father died in 1751, he inherited the Proprietary Governorship of the Province of Maryland. The province was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Calvert,_6th_Baron_Baltimore WIKI].

'''Raby Castle''' 
A castle built by John Neville starting about 1367. Purchased from the Crown by Sir Henry Vane the Elder in 1626. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raby_Castle WIKI].

'''Tale of Sir Henry Vane the younger''' 
Sir Henry Vane (1613 – June 14, 1662), son of Henry Vane the Elder, served as a statesman and Member of Parliament in a career spanning England and Massachusetts. A constant theme of his life was religious tolerance. He was a leading Parliamentarian during the English Civil War. Vane served on the Council of State during the Interregnum, but refused to take the oath which expressed approval of the king's execution. At the Restoration in 1660, after much debate in Parliament, he was exempted from the Indemnity and Oblivion Act. In 1662, he was tried for high treason, found guilty, and beheaded on Tower Hill. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Vane_the_Younger WIKI].

==Page 226==
'''Jacobites''' 
Jacobitism was (and, to a limited extent, remains) the political movement dedicated to the restoration of the Stuart kings to the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland. The movement took its name from the Latin form Jacobus of the name of King James II and VII. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobitism WIKI].

'''Cromwell''' 
Richard Cromwell (4 October 1626 – 12 July 1712) was the third son of Oliver Cromwell, and was the second Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland, for just under nine months, from 3 September 1658 until 25 May 1659. Cromwell's enemies dubbed him Tumbledown Dick or Queen Dick for his indecisive character. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Cromwell WIKI]

'''Restoration''' 
The English Restoration, often shortened to the Restoration, began in 1660 when the English, Scottish and Irish monarchies were all restored under Charles II after the Commonwealth of England that followed the English Civil War... The Protectorate, which had preceded the English Restoration and followed the Commonwealth, might have continued if Oliver Cromwell's son Richard had been capable of carrying on his father's policies. Richard Cromwell's main weakness was that he did not have the confidence of the army. After seven months the army removed him and on 6 May 1659 it reinstalled the Rump Parliament. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Restoration WIKI].

'''William of Orange''' 
William III (14 November 1650 – 8 March 1702) was a sovereign Prince of Orange by birth. From 1672 he governed as Stadtholder William III of Orange over Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Guelders, and Overijssel of the Dutch Republic. From 1689 he reigned as William III over England and Ireland, and as William II over Scotland. He is informally known in Northern Ireland and Scotland as "King Billy". A member of the House of Orange-Nassau, William won the English, Scottish and Irish crowns following the Glorious Revolution, in which his uncle and father-in-law James II was deposed. In England, Scotland and Ireland, William ruled jointly with his wife, Mary II, until her death on 28 December 1694. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_III_of_England WIKI].

'''Hanovers''' 
The House of Hanover (the Hanoverians) is a Germanic royal dynasty which has ruled the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg, the Kingdom of Hanover, the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland. It succeeded the House of Stuart as monarchs of Great Britain and Ireland in 1714 and held that office until the death of Victoria in 1901. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Hanover WIKI]

'''Stuart Charters''' 
The practice in Stuart charters of specifying by name the members of the governing body and holders of special offices opened the way to a "purging" of the hostile spirits when new charters were required. There were also rather vaguely worded clauses authorizing the dismissal of officers for misconduct, though as a rule the appointments were for life. When under the Stuarts and under the Commonwealth political and religious feeling ran high in the boroughs, use was made of these clauses both by the majority on the council and by the central government to mould the character of the council by a drastic "purging." Another means of control first used under the Commonwealth was afforded by the various acts of parliament, which subjected all holders of municipal office to the test of an oath. Under the Commonwealth there was no improvement in the methods used by the central government to control the boroughs. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_borough_status_in_England_and_Wales#Charters WIKI].

'''Pym''' 
John Pym (1584 – 8 December 1643) was an English parliamentarian, leader of the Long Parliament and a prominent critic of James I and then Charles I. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pym WIKI]

Regarding the convo they are having here: Sir Henry Vane Jr. was instrumental in the impeachment of the Earl of Strafford. He passed to John Pym some copied notes of his father's, of a Privy Council meeting. He claimed that these demonstrated that Strafford had an intention to use the Irish Army to subjugate England. The evidence, when examined, turned out to be second-hand, ambiguous, and hotly disputed. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Vane_the_Younger WIKI]

==Page 227==
'''Jansenists''' 
Jansenism was a branch of Catholic thought (condemned by Pope Innocent X in 1655) that arose in the frame of the Counter-Reformation and the aftermath of the Council of Trent (1545-1563). It emphasized original sin, human depravity, the necessity of divine grace, and predestination. Originating in the writings of the Dutch theologian Cornelius Otto Jansen, Jansenism formed a distinct movement within the Catholic Church from the 16th to 18th centuries, and found its most important stronghold in the Parisian convent of Port-Royal, haven of many important theologians and writers (Antoine Arnauld, Pierre Nicole, Blaise Pascal, Jean Racine, etc.).

The term itself was coined by its Jesuit opponents, who accused them of being close to Calvinists, as Jansenists identified themselves as rigorous followers of Augustinism. Several propositions supported by Jansenists, in particular concerning the relationship between human's free will and "efficacious grace", were condemned by the Pope, and the movement thus deemed heretical. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jansenists WIKI].

'''Ramillies Wig''' 
See this [http://www.umich.edu/~ece/student_projects/self-improvement/men'sdress.htm#midM LINK] for a pic of our boy David Garrick wearing a Ramillies wig.

==Annotation Index==

{{MD PbP}}

Chapter 22: 215-227

2016-02-22T02:38:41Z

Mattkb: /* Page 218 */ added a map I spent too much time researching on the line between The Camp's burrow and The Giant's Caves. Also cleaned up entries.

==Page 215==
'''Fr. Boscovich''' [[Image:Boscovich.gif|thumb|Father Boscovich|right]]
Roger Joseph Boscovich (18 May 1711 – 13 February 1787) was a physicist, astronomer, mathematician, philosopher, diplomat, poet, Jesuit, and according to some a polymath from Ragusa (today Dubrovnik, in Croatia), who lived for a time in France, England and some Italian states. He is famous for his atomic theory and made many important contributions to astronomy, including the first geometric procedure for determining the equator of a rotating planet from three observations of a surface feature and for computing the orbit of a planet from three observations of its position. In 1753 he also discovered the absence of atmosphere on the Moon... Note: like Maskelyne, there is a lunar crater named after him. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boscovich WIKI]

'''Loyolan Image... Stiletto-Waver... which distinguishes ''El Autentico''''' 
Saint Ignatius of Loyola (Basque: Loiolako Inazio, Eneko Loiolakoa, Spanish: Ignacio de Loyola), (1491 – July 31, 1556) was a Spanish knight, who became a hermit and priest, founding the Society of Jesus and becoming its first Superior General. Ignatius and the Jesuits became major figures in the Counter-Reformation, where the Catholic Church worked to reform itself from within and countered the theology of Protestantism. After his death he was beatified and then on March 12, 1622, was canonized. The feast day of Ignatius is celebrated on July 31 — he is the patron saint of soldiers, the Society of Jesus, the Basque Country, the provinces of Guipúzcoa and Biscay, among other things. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola WIKI].

'''Hob Headless''' 
A hobgoblin. More info on this particular one in history, [http://www.nemain.co.uk/index.php/european-legendary-creatures/236-hob-headless.html here].

==Page 216==
'''Haggis''' 
n. A Scottish dish consisting of a mixture of the minced heart, lungs, and liver of a sheep or calf mixed with suet, onions, oatmeal, and seasonings and boiled in the stomach of the slaughtered animal.

'''William Emerson a Wizard''' 
William Emerson (14 May 1701 - 20 May 1782), English mathematician, was born at Hurworth, near Darlington... He had a small estate in Weardale called Castle Gate situated not far from Eastgate where he would repair to work throughout the Summer on projects as disparate as stonemasonry and watchmaking. Unsuccessful as a teacher, he devoted himself entirely to studious retirement. Possessed of remarkable energy and forthrightness of speech, Emerson published many works which are singularly free from errata. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Emerson_(mathematician) WIKI].

[I know that Emerson has already been noted, but for flow of use, wanted to annotate again here, it being the first time the reader "sees" Emerson]

'''Dr. Mesmer''' 
Franz Anton Mesmer (born Friedrich Anton Mesmer; May 23, 1734 – March 5, 1815) was a German physician and astrologist, who discovered what he called magnétisme animal (animal magnetism) and other spiritual forces often grouped together as mesmerism. The evolution of Mesmer's ideas and practices led Scottish surgeon James Braid to develop hypnosis in 1842. Mesmer's name is the root of the English verb "mesmerize". From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Mesmer WIKI].

==Page 218==
'''Ley-Lines''' 
Anachronism: The concept of ley lines was first proposed by Alfred Watkins. On 30 June 1921, Watkins visited Blackwardine in Herefordshire, and went riding a horse near some hills in the vicinity of Bredwardine, when he noted that many of the footpaths there seemed to connect one hilltop to another in a straight line. He was studying a map when he noticed places in alignment. "The whole thing came to me in a flash", he later told his son. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley_line WIKI]

'''Bisley Church''' 
Not to be confused with the Bisley in Surrey, or the church there associated with St. John the Baptist. Mason is from Gloucestershire county, where there is also a Bisley.

This Bisley church here is the same one where Mason references [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_11:_105-115#Page_114 Pearse falling into the well] on Page 114. More information about the history of that church [http://www.bisleybenefice.org.uk/All%20Saints%20Bisley.pdf here.]

'''"each night the stones were removed and transported in a right line, through the air, at brisk speed, to the church's present site"''' 
Pynchon probably took this from a [https://archive.org/stream/transactionsbris05bris#page/6/mode/2up speech given by the president of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society in 1880]. That speech contains a telling of how the saying about [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_11:_105-115#Page_114 Pearse] came about, just before the tale of the church being moved:

<blockquote>Whatever meets our enquiring attention as a relic of old time, however insignificant it may be, if it is a construction, however quaint and odd, or, if it is a story, however absurd it may sound, it may, perhaps, upon investigation, repay some trouble or even, possibly, merit the distinction of being inserted in the pages of our journal.

As an illustration of my meaning, I may mention that I heard, long ago, a tradition attaching to my parish church of Bisley which seemed to be one of those old wives' tales to which it was unnecessary to attach any sense or importance. It was to the effect that the church was originally not intended to have been built where it now stands, but at a spot nearly two miles off. However, the builders were entirely frustrated in their intentions, for every night the devil, or some agency, removed all the building materials and deposited them afresh in another place, until at last the architect, yielding to inexorable necessity, built the church on the spot thus indicated, which is where it now stands. Now, when the church was restored a few years back we found that this story had a meaning and an origin, for the place where tradition said the church was to have been built is the spot where a Roman villa formerly stood, and in the course of the repairs portions of the materials of that villa were found in the church walls, including the altars of the Penates removed from the Roman shrines.

Here, then, was a tradition which had been handed on regularly from mouth to mouth for between fifteen and sixteen hundred years, and to which the nineteenth century has been able to assign a fair and reasonable interpretation : viz., that the Romans' gods had supplied the materials for the Christian temple. </blockquote>

'''"draw a line straight from the Barrow near Great Badminton we call the Giant's Caves, to the Long Barrow near The Camp, and you'll observe it passes directly over Bisley"''' 
[https://www.google.com/maps/d/edit?mid=zE6SdJAW9HRY.kTWU3INIBqEU&usp=sharing Here is a Google map illustrating such a line exists.] Coordinates come from [http://www.themodernantiquarian.com/ The Modern Antiquarian] website.

'''Great Badminton''' 
Badminton House is a large country house in Gloucestershire, England, and has been the principal seat of the Dukes of Beaufort since the late 17th century, when the family moved from Raglan Castle, which had been ruined in the English Civil War. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton_House WIKI]

'''Giant's Caves''' 
Pictures and coordinates of this burrow [http://www.themodernantiquarian.com/site/1972/giants_cave.html here].

'''Long Barrow near The Camp''' 
A long barrow is a prehistoric monument dating to the early Neolithic period. They are rectangular or trapezoidal earth mounds traditionally interpreted as collective tombs. Long barrows are also typical for several Celtic, Slavic, and Baltic cultures of Northern Europe of the 1st millennium AD. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_barrow WIKI]. More information about the Long Barrow Mason is referencing is available [http://www.themodernantiquarian.com/site/4644/camp.html here]. Wiki entry on The Camp, a hamlet near Gloucestershire [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Camp,_Gloucestershire here].

==Page 219==
'''Roman Palimpsest''' 
A palimpsest is a manuscript page from a scroll or book that has been scraped off and used again. The word "palimpsest" comes through Latin from Greek παλιν + ψαω = (palin "again" + psao "I scrape"), and meant "scraped (clean and used) again." Romans wrote on wax-coated tablets that could be smoothed and reused, and a passing use of the rather bookish term "palimpsest" by Cicero seems to refer to this practice. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palimpsest WIKI]. Also appears in GR.

'''Brigantum''' 
Isurium Brigantum was a town in the Roman province of Britannia. Today it is known as Aldborough, in North Yorkshire, England. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isurium_Brigantum WIKI].

'''Mithras''' 
The Mithraic Mysteries or Mysteries of Mithras (also Mithraism) was a mystery religion which became popular among the military in the Roman Empire, from the 1st to 4th centuries AD. Information on the cult is based mainly on interpretations of monuments. These depict Mithras as born from a rock and sacrificing a bull. His worshippers had a complex system of 7 grades of initiation, with ritual meals. Little else is known for certain. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithras WIKI].

'''Chaldrons''' 
A chaldron (also chauldron or chalder) was a dry English measure of volume, not a weight, mostly used for coal; the word itself is an obsolete spelling of cauldron. It was used from the 13th century until 1963 when it was abolished by the Weights and Measures Act.

==Page 220==
'''Euler''' 
Leonhard Paul Euler (15 April 1707 – 18 September 1783) was a pioneering Swiss mathematician and physicist who spent most of his life in Russia and Germany. He made important discoveries in fields as diverse as calculus and graph theory. He also introduced much of the modern mathematical terminology and notation, particularly for mathematical analysis, such as the notion of a mathematical function. He is also renowned for his work in mechanics, fluid dynamics, optics, and astronomy. The asteroid 2002 Euler was named in his honor. He was a devout Christian (and believer in biblical inerrancy) who wrote apologetics and argued forcefully against the prominent atheists of his time. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler WIKI].

'''The first book he publish'd was upon Fluxions.''' 
Newton's name for the form of differential calculus he developed was the "Method of Fluxions", see [http://www.archive.org/details/methodoffluxions00newt].

==Page 221==
'''Dodman''' 
The 'inventor' of ley lines, Alfred Watkins (see above, p.218 re: Ley-Lines), thought that in the words "dodman" and the builder's "hod" there was a survival of an ancient British term for a surveyor. Watkins felt that the name came about because the snail's two horns resembled a surveyor's two surveying rods. Watkins also supported this idea with an etymology from 'doddering ' along and 'dodge' (akin, in his mind, to the series of actions a surveyor would carry out in moving his rod back and forth until it accurately lined up with another one as a backsight or foresight) and the Welsh verb 'dodi' meaning to lay or place. He thus decided that The Long Man of Wilmington was an image of an ancient surveyor. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodman WIKI].

==Page 222==
'''St. Omer''' 
Godfrey of Saint-Omer (also known as Gaufred, Godefroi, or Godfrey de St Omer, Saint Omer) was a French knight, one of the founding members of the Knights Templar in 1119. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_de_Saint-Omer WIKI].

'''De Litteraria Expeditions et Soforthia''' 
A reference to Christopher Maire and Roger Boscovitch's book, ''De Litteraria Expeditione Per Pontificiam Ditionem Ad Dimetiendos Duos Meridiani Gradus'' (A report on the expedition to measure through the dominions of the Pope two degrees of the meridian). The 'et Soforthia' is an elaborate ''et cetera'', an acknowledgement of the rest of the long title.

'''Rome to Rimini''' 
The Via Flaminia was a Roman road leading from Rome to Ariminum (Rimini), and was the most important route to the north. It was constructed by Gaius Flaminius during his censorship (220 BC)... The importance of the ancient Via Flaminia is twofold: during the period of Roman expansion in the 3rd century BC and 2nd century BC, the Flaminia became, with the cheaper sea route, a main axis of transportation by which wheat from the Po valley supplied Rome and central Italy; during the period of Roman decline, the Flaminia was the main road leading into the heartland of Italy: it was taken by Julius Caesar at the beginning of the civil war, but also by various barbarian hordes, Byzantine generals, etc. A number of major battles were therefore fought on or near the Via Flaminia, for example at Sentinum (near the modern Sassoferrato) and near Tadinum (the modern Gualdo Tadino). In the early Middle Ages, the road, controlled by the Eastern Empire, was a civilizing influence, and accounted for much of what historians call the "Byzantine corridor". From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_Flaminia WIKI]

==Page 223==
'''mio caro Ruggiero''' 
my dear Roger (Italian)

'''Ragusa''' 
Ragusa (Sicilian: Rausa) is a city in southern Italy. It is the capital of the province of Ragusa, on the island of Sicily, with around 75,000 inhabitants. It is built on a wide limestone hill between two deep valleys, Cava San Leonardo and Cava Santa Domenica. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragusa,_Italy WIKI].

==Page 224==
'''Maria Theresa... our last Protector''' 
Maria Theresa (13 May 1717 – 29 November 1780) was the only female ruler of the Habsburg dominions and the last of the House of Habsburg. She was the sovereign of Austria, Hungary, Croatia, Bohemia, Mantua, Milan, Lodomeria and Galicia, the Austrian Netherlands, and Parma. By marriage, she was Grand Duchess of Tuscany, Duchess of Lorraine, German Queen and Holy Roman Empress. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria WIKI].

Though originally the Jesuits' "protector", it wouldnt be for long: Her relationship with the Jesuits was of complex nature. Members of this order educated her, served as her confessors and supervised the religious education of her eldest son. The Jesuits were powerful and influential in the early years of Maria Theresa's reign. However, the queen's ministers managed to convince her that they pose danger to her monarchical authority. Not without much hesitation and regret, she issued a decree which removed them from all the institutions of the monarchy and carried it out thoroughly. She forbade the publication of Pope Clement XIII's bull which was in favour of the Jesuits and promptly confiscated their property when Pope Clement XIV suppressed the order.

'''Bourbons''' 
The French royal family that ruled from 1589, were ousted in the revolution, restored after Napoleon's abdication, and finally removed in the July revolution of 1830. A cadet branch, the House of Orléans, ruled for a further 18 years (1830–1848), until it too was overthrown. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Bourbon#The_Bourbon_Restoration MORE AT WIKIPEDIA]

==Page 225==
'''Calvert''' 
Frederick Calvert, 6th Baron Baltimore (February 6, 1731–September 4, 1771) was an English nobleman and last in the line of Barons Baltimore. When his father died in 1751, he inherited the Proprietary Governorship of the Province of Maryland. The province was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Calvert,_6th_Baron_Baltimore WIKI].

'''Raby Castle''' 
A castle built by John Neville starting about 1367. Purchased from the Crown by Sir Henry Vane the Elder in 1626. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raby_Castle WIKI].

'''Tale of Sir Henry Vane the younger''' 
Sir Henry Vane (1613 – June 14, 1662), son of Henry Vane the Elder, served as a statesman and Member of Parliament in a career spanning England and Massachusetts. A constant theme of his life was religious tolerance. He was a leading Parliamentarian during the English Civil War. Vane served on the Council of State during the Interregnum, but refused to take the oath which expressed approval of the king's execution. At the Restoration in 1660, after much debate in Parliament, he was exempted from the Indemnity and Oblivion Act. In 1662, he was tried for high treason, found guilty, and beheaded on Tower Hill. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Vane_the_Younger WIKI].

==Page 226==
'''Jacobites''' 
Jacobitism was (and, to a limited extent, remains) the political movement dedicated to the restoration of the Stuart kings to the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland. The movement took its name from the Latin form Jacobus of the name of King James II and VII. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobitism WIKI].

'''Cromwell''' 
Richard Cromwell (4 October 1626 – 12 July 1712) was the third son of Oliver Cromwell, and was the second Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland, for just under nine months, from 3 September 1658 until 25 May 1659. Cromwell's enemies dubbed him Tumbledown Dick or Queen Dick for his indecisive character. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Cromwell WIKI]

'''Restoration''' 
The English Restoration, often shortened to the Restoration, began in 1660 when the English, Scottish and Irish monarchies were all restored under Charles II after the Commonwealth of England that followed the English Civil War... The Protectorate, which had preceded the English Restoration and followed the Commonwealth, might have continued if Oliver Cromwell's son Richard had been capable of carrying on his father's policies. Richard Cromwell's main weakness was that he did not have the confidence of the army. After seven months the army removed him and on 6 May 1659 it reinstalled the Rump Parliament. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Restoration WIKI].

'''William of Orange''' 
William III (14 November 1650 – 8 March 1702) was a sovereign Prince of Orange by birth. From 1672 he governed as Stadtholder William III of Orange over Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Guelders, and Overijssel of the Dutch Republic. From 1689 he reigned as William III over England and Ireland, and as William II over Scotland. He is informally known in Northern Ireland and Scotland as "King Billy". A member of the House of Orange-Nassau, William won the English, Scottish and Irish crowns following the Glorious Revolution, in which his uncle and father-in-law James II was deposed. In England, Scotland and Ireland, William ruled jointly with his wife, Mary II, until her death on 28 December 1694. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_III_of_England WIKI].

'''Hanovers''' 
The House of Hanover (the Hanoverians) is a Germanic royal dynasty which has ruled the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg, the Kingdom of Hanover, the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland. It succeeded the House of Stuart as monarchs of Great Britain and Ireland in 1714 and held that office until the death of Victoria in 1901. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Hanover WIKI]

'''Stuart Charters''' 
The practice in Stuart charters of specifying by name the members of the governing body and holders of special offices opened the way to a "purging" of the hostile spirits when new charters were required. There were also rather vaguely worded clauses authorizing the dismissal of officers for misconduct, though as a rule the appointments were for life. When under the Stuarts and under the Commonwealth political and religious feeling ran high in the boroughs, use was made of these clauses both by the majority on the council and by the central government to mould the character of the council by a drastic "purging." Another means of control first used under the Commonwealth was afforded by the various acts of parliament, which subjected all holders of municipal office to the test of an oath. Under the Commonwealth there was no improvement in the methods used by the central government to control the boroughs. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_borough_status_in_England_and_Wales#Charters WIKI].

'''Pym''' 
John Pym (1584 – 8 December 1643) was an English parliamentarian, leader of the Long Parliament and a prominent critic of James I and then Charles I. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pym WIKI]

Regarding the convo they are having here: Sir Henry Vane Jr. was instrumental in the impeachment of the Earl of Strafford. He passed to John Pym some copied notes of his father's, of a Privy Council meeting. He claimed that these demonstrated that Strafford had an intention to use the Irish Army to subjugate England. The evidence, when examined, turned out to be second-hand, ambiguous, and hotly disputed. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Vane_the_Younger WIKI]

==Page 227==
'''Jansenists''' 
Jansenism was a branch of Catholic thought (condemned by Pope Innocent X in 1655) that arose in the frame of the Counter-Reformation and the aftermath of the Council of Trent (1545-1563). It emphasized original sin, human depravity, the necessity of divine grace, and predestination. Originating in the writings of the Dutch theologian Cornelius Otto Jansen, Jansenism formed a distinct movement within the Catholic Church from the 16th to 18th centuries, and found its most important stronghold in the Parisian convent of Port-Royal, haven of many important theologians and writers (Antoine Arnauld, Pierre Nicole, Blaise Pascal, Jean Racine, etc.).

The term itself was coined by its Jesuit opponents, who accused them of being close to Calvinists, as Jansenists identified themselves as rigorous followers of Augustinism. Several propositions supported by Jansenists, in particular concerning the relationship between human's free will and "efficacious grace", were condemned by the Pope, and the movement thus deemed heretical. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jansenists WIKI].

'''Ramillies Wig''' 
See this [http://www.umich.edu/~ece/student_projects/self-improvement/men'sdress.htm#midM LINK] for a pic of our boy David Garrick wearing a Ramillies wig.

==Annotation Index==

{{MD PbP}}

Chapter 22: 215-227

2016-02-22T00:52:41Z

Mattkb: /* Page 218 */ deleted erroneous reference to the wrong Bisley church, added quote from speech that TP probably drew from

==Page 215==
'''Fr. Boscovich''' [[Image:Boscovich.gif|thumb|Father Boscovich|right]]
Roger Joseph Boscovich (18 May 1711 – 13 February 1787) was a physicist, astronomer, mathematician, philosopher, diplomat, poet, Jesuit, and according to some a polymath from Ragusa (today Dubrovnik, in Croatia), who lived for a time in France, England and some Italian states. He is famous for his atomic theory and made many important contributions to astronomy, including the first geometric procedure for determining the equator of a rotating planet from three observations of a surface feature and for computing the orbit of a planet from three observations of its position. In 1753 he also discovered the absence of atmosphere on the Moon... Note: like Maskelyne, there is a lunar crater named after him. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boscovich WIKI]

'''Loyolan Image... Stiletto-Waver... which distinguishes ''El Autentico''''' 
Saint Ignatius of Loyola (Basque: Loiolako Inazio, Eneko Loiolakoa, Spanish: Ignacio de Loyola), (1491 – July 31, 1556) was a Spanish knight, who became a hermit and priest, founding the Society of Jesus and becoming its first Superior General. Ignatius and the Jesuits became major figures in the Counter-Reformation, where the Catholic Church worked to reform itself from within and countered the theology of Protestantism. After his death he was beatified and then on March 12, 1622, was canonized. The feast day of Ignatius is celebrated on July 31 — he is the patron saint of soldiers, the Society of Jesus, the Basque Country, the provinces of Guipúzcoa and Biscay, among other things. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola WIKI].

'''Hob Headless''' 
A hobgoblin. More info on this particular one in history, [http://www.nemain.co.uk/index.php/european-legendary-creatures/236-hob-headless.html here].

==Page 216==
'''Haggis''' 
n. A Scottish dish consisting of a mixture of the minced heart, lungs, and liver of a sheep or calf mixed with suet, onions, oatmeal, and seasonings and boiled in the stomach of the slaughtered animal.

'''William Emerson a Wizard''' 
William Emerson (14 May 1701 - 20 May 1782), English mathematician, was born at Hurworth, near Darlington... He had a small estate in Weardale called Castle Gate situated not far from Eastgate where he would repair to work throughout the Summer on projects as disparate as stonemasonry and watchmaking. Unsuccessful as a teacher, he devoted himself entirely to studious retirement. Possessed of remarkable energy and forthrightness of speech, Emerson published many works which are singularly free from errata. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Emerson_(mathematician) WIKI].

[I know that Emerson has already been noted, but for flow of use, wanted to annotate again here, it being the first time the reader "sees" Emerson]

'''Dr. Mesmer''' 
Franz Anton Mesmer (born Friedrich Anton Mesmer; May 23, 1734 – March 5, 1815) was a German physician and astrologist, who discovered what he called magnétisme animal (animal magnetism) and other spiritual forces often grouped together as mesmerism. The evolution of Mesmer's ideas and practices led Scottish surgeon James Braid to develop hypnosis in 1842. Mesmer's name is the root of the English verb "mesmerize". From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Mesmer WIKI].

==Page 218==
'''Ley-Lines''' 
Anachronism: The concept of ley lines was first proposed by Alfred Watkins. On 30 June 1921, Watkins visited Blackwardine in Herefordshire, and went riding a horse near some hills in the vicinity of Bredwardine, when he noted that many of the footpaths there seemed to connect one hilltop to another in a straight line. He was studying a map when he noticed places in alignment. "The whole thing came to me in a flash", he later told his son. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley_line WIKI]

'''Bisley Church''' 
Not to be confused with the Bisley in Surrey, or the church there associated with St. John the Baptist. Mason is from Gloucestershire county, where there is also a Bisley.

This Bisley church here is the same one where Mason references [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_11:_105-115#Page_114 Pearse falling into the well] on Page 114.

'''"each night the stones were removed and transported in a right line, through the air, at brisk speed, to the church's present site"'''
Pynchon probably took this from a [https://archive.org/stream/transactionsbris05bris#page/6/mode/2up speech given by the president of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society in 1880]. That speech contains a telling of how the saying about [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_11:_105-115#Page_114 Pearse] came about, just before the tale of the church being moved.

<blockquote>Whatever meets our enquiring attention as a relic of old time, however insignificant it may be, if it is a construction, however quaint and odd, or, if it is a story, however absurd it may sound, it may, perhaps, upon investigation, repay some trouble or even, possibly, merit the distinction of being inserted in the pages of our journal.

As an illustration of my meaning, I may mention that I heard, long ago, a tradition attaching to my parish church of Bisley which seemed to be one of those old wives' tales to which it was unnecessary to attach any sense or importance. It was to the effect that the church was originally not intended to have been built where it now stands, but at a spot nearly two miles off. However, the builders were entirely frustrated in their intentions, for every night the devil, or some agency, removed all the building materials and deposited them afresh in another place, until at last the architect, yielding to inexorable necessity, built the church on the spot thus indicated, which is where it now stands. Now, when the church was restored a few years back we found that this story had a meaning and an origin, for the place where tradition said the church was to have been built is the spot where a Roman villa formerly stood, and in the course of the repairs portions of the materials of that villa were found in the church walls, including the altars of the Penates removed from the Roman shrines.

Here, then, was a tradition which had been handed on regularly from mouth to mouth for between fifteen and sixteen hundred years, and to which the nineteenth century has been able to assign a fair and reasonable
interpretation : viz., that the Romans' gods had supplied the materials for the Christian temple. </blockquote>

'''Great Badminton''' 
Badminton House is a large country house in Gloucestershire, England, and has been the principal seat of the Dukes of Beaufort since the late 17th century, when the family moved from Raglan Castle, which had been ruined in the English Civil War. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton_House WIKI]

'''Long Barrow''' 
A long barrow is a prehistoric monument dating to the early Neolithic period. They are rectangular or trapezoidal earth mounds traditionally interpreted as collective tombs. Long barrows are also typical for several Celtic, Slavic, and Baltic cultures of Northern Europe of the 1st millennium AD. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_barrow WIKI].

==Page 219==
'''Roman Palimpsest''' 
A palimpsest is a manuscript page from a scroll or book that has been scraped off and used again. The word "palimpsest" comes through Latin from Greek παλιν + ψαω = (palin "again" + psao "I scrape"), and meant "scraped (clean and used) again." Romans wrote on wax-coated tablets that could be smoothed and reused, and a passing use of the rather bookish term "palimpsest" by Cicero seems to refer to this practice. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palimpsest WIKI]. Also appears in GR.

'''Brigantum''' 
Isurium Brigantum was a town in the Roman province of Britannia. Today it is known as Aldborough, in North Yorkshire, England. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isurium_Brigantum WIKI].

'''Mithras''' 
The Mithraic Mysteries or Mysteries of Mithras (also Mithraism) was a mystery religion which became popular among the military in the Roman Empire, from the 1st to 4th centuries AD. Information on the cult is based mainly on interpretations of monuments. These depict Mithras as born from a rock and sacrificing a bull. His worshippers had a complex system of 7 grades of initiation, with ritual meals. Little else is known for certain. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithras WIKI].

'''Chaldrons''' 
A chaldron (also chauldron or chalder) was a dry English measure of volume, not a weight, mostly used for coal; the word itself is an obsolete spelling of cauldron. It was used from the 13th century until 1963 when it was abolished by the Weights and Measures Act.

==Page 220==
'''Euler''' 
Leonhard Paul Euler (15 April 1707 – 18 September 1783) was a pioneering Swiss mathematician and physicist who spent most of his life in Russia and Germany. He made important discoveries in fields as diverse as calculus and graph theory. He also introduced much of the modern mathematical terminology and notation, particularly for mathematical analysis, such as the notion of a mathematical function. He is also renowned for his work in mechanics, fluid dynamics, optics, and astronomy. The asteroid 2002 Euler was named in his honor. He was a devout Christian (and believer in biblical inerrancy) who wrote apologetics and argued forcefully against the prominent atheists of his time. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler WIKI].

'''The first book he publish'd was upon Fluxions.''' 
Newton's name for the form of differential calculus he developed was the "Method of Fluxions", see [http://www.archive.org/details/methodoffluxions00newt].

==Page 221==
'''Dodman''' 
The 'inventor' of ley lines, Alfred Watkins (see above, p.218 re: Ley-Lines), thought that in the words "dodman" and the builder's "hod" there was a survival of an ancient British term for a surveyor. Watkins felt that the name came about because the snail's two horns resembled a surveyor's two surveying rods. Watkins also supported this idea with an etymology from 'doddering ' along and 'dodge' (akin, in his mind, to the series of actions a surveyor would carry out in moving his rod back and forth until it accurately lined up with another one as a backsight or foresight) and the Welsh verb 'dodi' meaning to lay or place. He thus decided that The Long Man of Wilmington was an image of an ancient surveyor. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodman WIKI].

==Page 222==
'''St. Omer''' 
Godfrey of Saint-Omer (also known as Gaufred, Godefroi, or Godfrey de St Omer, Saint Omer) was a French knight, one of the founding members of the Knights Templar in 1119. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_de_Saint-Omer WIKI].

'''De Litteraria Expeditions et Soforthia''' 
A reference to Christopher Maire and Roger Boscovitch's book, ''De Litteraria Expeditione Per Pontificiam Ditionem Ad Dimetiendos Duos Meridiani Gradus'' (A report on the expedition to measure through the dominions of the Pope two degrees of the meridian). The 'et Soforthia' is an elaborate ''et cetera'', an acknowledgement of the rest of the long title.

'''Rome to Rimini''' 
The Via Flaminia was a Roman road leading from Rome to Ariminum (Rimini), and was the most important route to the north. It was constructed by Gaius Flaminius during his censorship (220 BC)... The importance of the ancient Via Flaminia is twofold: during the period of Roman expansion in the 3rd century BC and 2nd century BC, the Flaminia became, with the cheaper sea route, a main axis of transportation by which wheat from the Po valley supplied Rome and central Italy; during the period of Roman decline, the Flaminia was the main road leading into the heartland of Italy: it was taken by Julius Caesar at the beginning of the civil war, but also by various barbarian hordes, Byzantine generals, etc. A number of major battles were therefore fought on or near the Via Flaminia, for example at Sentinum (near the modern Sassoferrato) and near Tadinum (the modern Gualdo Tadino). In the early Middle Ages, the road, controlled by the Eastern Empire, was a civilizing influence, and accounted for much of what historians call the "Byzantine corridor". From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_Flaminia WIKI]

==Page 223==
'''mio caro Ruggiero''' 
my dear Roger (Italian)

'''Ragusa''' 
Ragusa (Sicilian: Rausa) is a city in southern Italy. It is the capital of the province of Ragusa, on the island of Sicily, with around 75,000 inhabitants. It is built on a wide limestone hill between two deep valleys, Cava San Leonardo and Cava Santa Domenica. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragusa,_Italy WIKI].

==Page 224==
'''Maria Theresa... our last Protector''' 
Maria Theresa (13 May 1717 – 29 November 1780) was the only female ruler of the Habsburg dominions and the last of the House of Habsburg. She was the sovereign of Austria, Hungary, Croatia, Bohemia, Mantua, Milan, Lodomeria and Galicia, the Austrian Netherlands, and Parma. By marriage, she was Grand Duchess of Tuscany, Duchess of Lorraine, German Queen and Holy Roman Empress. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria WIKI].

Though originally the Jesuits' "protector", it wouldnt be for long: Her relationship with the Jesuits was of complex nature. Members of this order educated her, served as her confessors and supervised the religious education of her eldest son. The Jesuits were powerful and influential in the early years of Maria Theresa's reign. However, the queen's ministers managed to convince her that they pose danger to her monarchical authority. Not without much hesitation and regret, she issued a decree which removed them from all the institutions of the monarchy and carried it out thoroughly. She forbade the publication of Pope Clement XIII's bull which was in favour of the Jesuits and promptly confiscated their property when Pope Clement XIV suppressed the order.

'''Bourbons''' 
The French royal family that ruled from 1589, were ousted in the revolution, restored after Napoleon's abdication, and finally removed in the July revolution of 1830. A cadet branch, the House of Orléans, ruled for a further 18 years (1830–1848), until it too was overthrown. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Bourbon#The_Bourbon_Restoration MORE AT WIKIPEDIA]

==Page 225==
'''Calvert''' 
Frederick Calvert, 6th Baron Baltimore (February 6, 1731–September 4, 1771) was an English nobleman and last in the line of Barons Baltimore. When his father died in 1751, he inherited the Proprietary Governorship of the Province of Maryland. The province was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Calvert,_6th_Baron_Baltimore WIKI].

'''Raby Castle''' 
A castle built by John Neville starting about 1367. Purchased from the Crown by Sir Henry Vane the Elder in 1626. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raby_Castle WIKI].

'''Tale of Sir Henry Vane the younger''' 
Sir Henry Vane (1613 – June 14, 1662), son of Henry Vane the Elder, served as a statesman and Member of Parliament in a career spanning England and Massachusetts. A constant theme of his life was religious tolerance. He was a leading Parliamentarian during the English Civil War. Vane served on the Council of State during the Interregnum, but refused to take the oath which expressed approval of the king's execution. At the Restoration in 1660, after much debate in Parliament, he was exempted from the Indemnity and Oblivion Act. In 1662, he was tried for high treason, found guilty, and beheaded on Tower Hill. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Vane_the_Younger WIKI].

==Page 226==
'''Jacobites''' 
Jacobitism was (and, to a limited extent, remains) the political movement dedicated to the restoration of the Stuart kings to the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland. The movement took its name from the Latin form Jacobus of the name of King James II and VII. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobitism WIKI].

'''Cromwell''' 
Richard Cromwell (4 October 1626 – 12 July 1712) was the third son of Oliver Cromwell, and was the second Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland, for just under nine months, from 3 September 1658 until 25 May 1659. Cromwell's enemies dubbed him Tumbledown Dick or Queen Dick for his indecisive character. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Cromwell WIKI]

'''Restoration''' 
The English Restoration, often shortened to the Restoration, began in 1660 when the English, Scottish and Irish monarchies were all restored under Charles II after the Commonwealth of England that followed the English Civil War... The Protectorate, which had preceded the English Restoration and followed the Commonwealth, might have continued if Oliver Cromwell's son Richard had been capable of carrying on his father's policies. Richard Cromwell's main weakness was that he did not have the confidence of the army. After seven months the army removed him and on 6 May 1659 it reinstalled the Rump Parliament. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Restoration WIKI].

'''William of Orange''' 
William III (14 November 1650 – 8 March 1702) was a sovereign Prince of Orange by birth. From 1672 he governed as Stadtholder William III of Orange over Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Guelders, and Overijssel of the Dutch Republic. From 1689 he reigned as William III over England and Ireland, and as William II over Scotland. He is informally known in Northern Ireland and Scotland as "King Billy". A member of the House of Orange-Nassau, William won the English, Scottish and Irish crowns following the Glorious Revolution, in which his uncle and father-in-law James II was deposed. In England, Scotland and Ireland, William ruled jointly with his wife, Mary II, until her death on 28 December 1694. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_III_of_England WIKI].

'''Hanovers''' 
The House of Hanover (the Hanoverians) is a Germanic royal dynasty which has ruled the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg, the Kingdom of Hanover, the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland. It succeeded the House of Stuart as monarchs of Great Britain and Ireland in 1714 and held that office until the death of Victoria in 1901. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Hanover WIKI]

'''Stuart Charters''' 
The practice in Stuart charters of specifying by name the members of the governing body and holders of special offices opened the way to a "purging" of the hostile spirits when new charters were required. There were also rather vaguely worded clauses authorizing the dismissal of officers for misconduct, though as a rule the appointments were for life. When under the Stuarts and under the Commonwealth political and religious feeling ran high in the boroughs, use was made of these clauses both by the majority on the council and by the central government to mould the character of the council by a drastic "purging." Another means of control first used under the Commonwealth was afforded by the various acts of parliament, which subjected all holders of municipal office to the test of an oath. Under the Commonwealth there was no improvement in the methods used by the central government to control the boroughs. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_borough_status_in_England_and_Wales#Charters WIKI].

'''Pym''' 
John Pym (1584 – 8 December 1643) was an English parliamentarian, leader of the Long Parliament and a prominent critic of James I and then Charles I. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pym WIKI]

Regarding the convo they are having here: Sir Henry Vane Jr. was instrumental in the impeachment of the Earl of Strafford. He passed to John Pym some copied notes of his father's, of a Privy Council meeting. He claimed that these demonstrated that Strafford had an intention to use the Irish Army to subjugate England. The evidence, when examined, turned out to be second-hand, ambiguous, and hotly disputed. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Vane_the_Younger WIKI]

==Page 227==
'''Jansenists''' 
Jansenism was a branch of Catholic thought (condemned by Pope Innocent X in 1655) that arose in the frame of the Counter-Reformation and the aftermath of the Council of Trent (1545-1563). It emphasized original sin, human depravity, the necessity of divine grace, and predestination. Originating in the writings of the Dutch theologian Cornelius Otto Jansen, Jansenism formed a distinct movement within the Catholic Church from the 16th to 18th centuries, and found its most important stronghold in the Parisian convent of Port-Royal, haven of many important theologians and writers (Antoine Arnauld, Pierre Nicole, Blaise Pascal, Jean Racine, etc.).

The term itself was coined by its Jesuit opponents, who accused them of being close to Calvinists, as Jansenists identified themselves as rigorous followers of Augustinism. Several propositions supported by Jansenists, in particular concerning the relationship between human's free will and "efficacious grace", were condemned by the Pope, and the movement thus deemed heretical. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jansenists WIKI].

'''Ramillies Wig''' 
See this [http://www.umich.edu/~ece/student_projects/self-improvement/men'sdress.htm#midM LINK] for a pic of our boy David Garrick wearing a Ramillies wig.

==Annotation Index==

{{MD PbP}}

Chapter 21: 207-214

2016-02-20T21:54:52Z

Mattkb: /* Page 211 */

==Page 209==
'''Pelhamites''' 
Followers of Henry Pelham (25 September 1694 – 6 March 1754), a British Whig statesman, who served as Prime Minister of Great Britain from 27 August 1743 until his death in 1754. He was the younger brother of the politician the Duke of Newcastle who succeeded him as Prime Minister. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Pelham WIKI].

'''Placeman''' 
''British''- a person appointed to a position, esp. one in the government, as a reward for political support of an elected official.

==Page 210==
'''Stonehenge''' 
See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge WIKI] for nice photo etc.

'''Pillion''' 
A pillion is a secondary pad, cushion, or seat behind the main seat or saddle on a horse, motorcycle, or moped. A passenger in this seat is said to "ride pillion" or may themselves be referred to as a "pillion."
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pillion

'''"you don't look Druid"''' 
TP cribbing a Mel Brooks routine from Spaceballs???

Princess Vespa: I am Princess Vespa, daughter of Roland, King of the Druids.

Lone Starr: Oh great. That's all we needed. A Druish princess.

Barf: Funny, she doesn't look Druish.

'''"...put people in those wicker things, and set them on fire?"''' 
The Wicker Man was a large wicker statue of a human used by the ancient Druids (priests of Celtic paganism) for human sacrifice by burning it in effigy, according to Julius Caesar in his Commentarii de Bello Gallico (Commentary on the Gallic Wars). From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicker_man WIKI]. See the classic 1973 British horror film, titled ''The Wicker Man'', directed by Robin Hardy.

==Page 211==
'''Flamsteed''' 
John Flamsteed FRS (19 August 1646 – 31 December 1719) was an English astronomer and the first Astronomer Royal. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamsteed WIKI].

'''"St. Kenelm's in the sunlight."''' 
St. Kenelm's church in Sapperton is the final resting place of Rebekah Mason. See [http://www.britainexpress.com/counties/glouces/churches/sapperton.htm a very impressive photo gallery here] and a news story about the church's poor fortunes [http://www.wiltsglosstandard.co.uk/news/13321231.Loyd_Grossman_takes_a_peek_through_the_keyhole_of_St__Kenelm___s_Church_in_Sapperton/ here]

==Page 213==
'''Lalande''' 
Joseph Jérôme Lefrançois de Lalande (July 11, 1732 – April 4, 1807) was a French astronomer and writer. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Lalande WIKI]

'''J.N. Delisle''' 
Joseph-Nicolas Delisle (April 4, 1688 Paris - 1768 Paris) was a French astronomer. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph-Nicolas_Delisle WIKI]

'''Lemonnier''' 
Pierre Charles Le Monnier (23 November 1715 – 31 May 1799) was a French astronomer. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_Le_Monnier WIKI]

'''Herschel''' 
Sir Frederick William Herschel, KH, FRS, German: Friedrich Wilhelm Herschel,[1] (15 November 1738 – 25 August 1822) was a German-born English astronomer, technical expert and composer who became famous for discovering Uranus. He also discovered infrared radiation and made many other discoveries in astronomy.

In 1755 the Hanoverian Guards regiment, in whose band William and his brother Jacob were engaged as oboists, was ordered to England... This brief visit made an impression, and the next year the brothers resigned from the Guards band and moved to London. William learned English quickly and, at age nineteen, he changed his name to Frederick William Herschel...
He became organist of the Octagon Chapel, Bath, in which town he was also Director of Public Concerts. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Herschel WIKI]

'''Octagon Chapel''' 
The church, as a popular venue to "see and be seen", was not popular with The 'Enthusiastics', later known as Methodists... William Herschel was appointed as the organist in 1766 and gave his introductory concert on 1 Jan 1767. As the organ was still incomplete he performed his own compositions including a violin concerto, an oboe concerto and a harpsichord sonata. The organ was completed in October 1767, built by Snezler. Part of the keyboards and pipes have survived and are on display at the Herschel Museum of Astronomy. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octagon_Chapel,_Bath WIKI].

==Page 214==
'''Drury Lane''' 
By the eighteenth century Drury Lane had become one of the worst slums in London, dominated by prostitution and gin palaces. The area was eventually cleared to make way for the developments of Kingsway and Aldwych... The name of the street is often used to refer to the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, which has in different incarnations been located in Drury Lane since the 17th century... Also note, beginning in 1747, David Garrick (see pg. [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_18:_183-189 184]) managed the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane until his retirement from management in 1776. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drury_Lane WIKI].

'''''Florizel and Perdita''''' 
Play written by David Garrick (see pg. [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_18:_183-189 184]), a "dramatic pastoral" in three acts, based on William Shakespear's ''The Winter's Tale''. See [http://www.faculty.umb.edu/elizabeth_fay/floriz1.html transcipt]

==Annotation Index==

{{MD PbP}}

Chapter 21: 207-214

2016-02-17T05:03:31Z

Mattkb: /* Page 211 */ added entry on st kenelms

==Page 209==
'''Pelhamites''' 
Followers of Henry Pelham (25 September 1694 – 6 March 1754), a British Whig statesman, who served as Prime Minister of Great Britain from 27 August 1743 until his death in 1754. He was the younger brother of the politician the Duke of Newcastle who succeeded him as Prime Minister. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Pelham WIKI].

'''Placeman''' 
''British''- a person appointed to a position, esp. one in the government, as a reward for political support of an elected official.

==Page 210==
'''Stonehenge''' 
See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge WIKI] for nice photo etc.

'''Pillion''' 
A pillion is a secondary pad, cushion, or seat behind the main seat or saddle on a horse, motorcycle, or moped. A passenger in this seat is said to "ride pillion" or may themselves be referred to as a "pillion."
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pillion

'''"you don't look Druid"''' 
TP cribbing a Mel Brooks routine from Spaceballs???

Princess Vespa: I am Princess Vespa, daughter of Roland, King of the Druids.

Lone Starr: Oh great. That's all we needed. A Druish princess.

Barf: Funny, she doesn't look Druish.

'''"...put people in those wicker things, and set them on fire?"''' 
The Wicker Man was a large wicker statue of a human used by the ancient Druids (priests of Celtic paganism) for human sacrifice by burning it in effigy, according to Julius Caesar in his Commentarii de Bello Gallico (Commentary on the Gallic Wars). From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicker_man WIKI]. See the classic 1973 British horror film, titled ''The Wicker Man'', directed by Robin Hardy.

==Page 211==
'''Flamsteed''' 
John Flamsteed FRS (19 August 1646 – 31 December 1719) was an English astronomer and the first Astronomer Royal. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamsteed WIKI].

'''"St. Kenelm's in the sunlight."'''
St. Kenelm's church in Sapperton is the final resting place of Rebekah Mason. See [http://www.britainexpress.com/counties/glouces/churches/sapperton.htm a very impressive photo gallery here] and a news story about the church's poor fortunes [http://www.wiltsglosstandard.co.uk/news/13321231.Loyd_Grossman_takes_a_peek_through_the_keyhole_of_St__Kenelm___s_Church_in_Sapperton/ here]

==Page 213==
'''Lalande''' 
Joseph Jérôme Lefrançois de Lalande (July 11, 1732 – April 4, 1807) was a French astronomer and writer. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Lalande WIKI]

'''J.N. Delisle''' 
Joseph-Nicolas Delisle (April 4, 1688 Paris - 1768 Paris) was a French astronomer. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph-Nicolas_Delisle WIKI]

'''Lemonnier''' 
Pierre Charles Le Monnier (23 November 1715 – 31 May 1799) was a French astronomer. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_Le_Monnier WIKI]

'''Herschel''' 
Sir Frederick William Herschel, KH, FRS, German: Friedrich Wilhelm Herschel,[1] (15 November 1738 – 25 August 1822) was a German-born English astronomer, technical expert and composer who became famous for discovering Uranus. He also discovered infrared radiation and made many other discoveries in astronomy.

In 1755 the Hanoverian Guards regiment, in whose band William and his brother Jacob were engaged as oboists, was ordered to England... This brief visit made an impression, and the next year the brothers resigned from the Guards band and moved to London. William learned English quickly and, at age nineteen, he changed his name to Frederick William Herschel...
He became organist of the Octagon Chapel, Bath, in which town he was also Director of Public Concerts. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Herschel WIKI]

'''Octagon Chapel''' 
The church, as a popular venue to "see and be seen", was not popular with The 'Enthusiastics', later known as Methodists... William Herschel was appointed as the organist in 1766 and gave his introductory concert on 1 Jan 1767. As the organ was still incomplete he performed his own compositions including a violin concerto, an oboe concerto and a harpsichord sonata. The organ was completed in October 1767, built by Snezler. Part of the keyboards and pipes have survived and are on display at the Herschel Museum of Astronomy. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octagon_Chapel,_Bath WIKI].

==Page 214==
'''Drury Lane''' 
By the eighteenth century Drury Lane had become one of the worst slums in London, dominated by prostitution and gin palaces. The area was eventually cleared to make way for the developments of Kingsway and Aldwych... The name of the street is often used to refer to the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, which has in different incarnations been located in Drury Lane since the 17th century... Also note, beginning in 1747, David Garrick (see pg. [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_18:_183-189 184]) managed the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane until his retirement from management in 1776. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drury_Lane WIKI].

'''''Florizel and Perdita''''' 
Play written by David Garrick (see pg. [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_18:_183-189 184]), a "dramatic pastoral" in three acts, based on William Shakespear's ''The Winter's Tale''. See [http://www.faculty.umb.edu/elizabeth_fay/floriz1.html transcipt]

==Annotation Index==

{{MD PbP}}

Chapter 21: 207-214

2016-02-17T04:25:28Z

Mattkb: /* Page 210 */

==Page 209==
'''Pelhamites''' 
Followers of Henry Pelham (25 September 1694 – 6 March 1754), a British Whig statesman, who served as Prime Minister of Great Britain from 27 August 1743 until his death in 1754. He was the younger brother of the politician the Duke of Newcastle who succeeded him as Prime Minister. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Pelham WIKI].

'''Placeman''' 
''British''- a person appointed to a position, esp. one in the government, as a reward for political support of an elected official.

==Page 210==
'''Stonehenge''' 
See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge WIKI] for nice photo etc.

'''Pillion''' 
A pillion is a secondary pad, cushion, or seat behind the main seat or saddle on a horse, motorcycle, or moped. A passenger in this seat is said to "ride pillion" or may themselves be referred to as a "pillion."
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pillion

'''"you don't look Druid"''' 
TP cribbing a Mel Brooks routine from Spaceballs???

Princess Vespa: I am Princess Vespa, daughter of Roland, King of the Druids.

Lone Starr: Oh great. That's all we needed. A Druish princess.

Barf: Funny, she doesn't look Druish.

'''"...put people in those wicker things, and set them on fire?"''' 
The Wicker Man was a large wicker statue of a human used by the ancient Druids (priests of Celtic paganism) for human sacrifice by burning it in effigy, according to Julius Caesar in his Commentarii de Bello Gallico (Commentary on the Gallic Wars). From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicker_man WIKI]. See the classic 1973 British horror film, titled ''The Wicker Man'', directed by Robin Hardy.

==Page 211==
'''Flamsteed''' 
John Flamsteed FRS (19 August 1646 – 31 December 1719) was an English astronomer and the first Astronomer Royal. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamsteed WIKI].

==Page 213==
'''Lalande''' 
Joseph Jérôme Lefrançois de Lalande (July 11, 1732 – April 4, 1807) was a French astronomer and writer. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Lalande WIKI]

'''J.N. Delisle''' 
Joseph-Nicolas Delisle (April 4, 1688 Paris - 1768 Paris) was a French astronomer. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph-Nicolas_Delisle WIKI]

'''Lemonnier''' 
Pierre Charles Le Monnier (23 November 1715 – 31 May 1799) was a French astronomer. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_Le_Monnier WIKI]

'''Herschel''' 
Sir Frederick William Herschel, KH, FRS, German: Friedrich Wilhelm Herschel,[1] (15 November 1738 – 25 August 1822) was a German-born English astronomer, technical expert and composer who became famous for discovering Uranus. He also discovered infrared radiation and made many other discoveries in astronomy.

In 1755 the Hanoverian Guards regiment, in whose band William and his brother Jacob were engaged as oboists, was ordered to England... This brief visit made an impression, and the next year the brothers resigned from the Guards band and moved to London. William learned English quickly and, at age nineteen, he changed his name to Frederick William Herschel...
He became organist of the Octagon Chapel, Bath, in which town he was also Director of Public Concerts. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Herschel WIKI]

'''Octagon Chapel''' 
The church, as a popular venue to "see and be seen", was not popular with The 'Enthusiastics', later known as Methodists... William Herschel was appointed as the organist in 1766 and gave his introductory concert on 1 Jan 1767. As the organ was still incomplete he performed his own compositions including a violin concerto, an oboe concerto and a harpsichord sonata. The organ was completed in October 1767, built by Snezler. Part of the keyboards and pipes have survived and are on display at the Herschel Museum of Astronomy. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octagon_Chapel,_Bath WIKI].

==Page 214==
'''Drury Lane''' 
By the eighteenth century Drury Lane had become one of the worst slums in London, dominated by prostitution and gin palaces. The area was eventually cleared to make way for the developments of Kingsway and Aldwych... The name of the street is often used to refer to the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, which has in different incarnations been located in Drury Lane since the 17th century... Also note, beginning in 1747, David Garrick (see pg. [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_18:_183-189 184]) managed the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane until his retirement from management in 1776. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drury_Lane WIKI].

'''''Florizel and Perdita''''' 
Play written by David Garrick (see pg. [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_18:_183-189 184]), a "dramatic pastoral" in three acts, based on William Shakespear's ''The Winter's Tale''. See [http://www.faculty.umb.edu/elizabeth_fay/floriz1.html transcipt]

==Annotation Index==

{{MD PbP}}

Chapter 21: 207-214

2016-02-17T04:25:00Z

Mattkb: /* Page 210 */

==Page 209==
'''Pelhamites''' 
Followers of Henry Pelham (25 September 1694 – 6 March 1754), a British Whig statesman, who served as Prime Minister of Great Britain from 27 August 1743 until his death in 1754. He was the younger brother of the politician the Duke of Newcastle who succeeded him as Prime Minister. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Pelham WIKI].

'''Placeman''' 
''British''- a person appointed to a position, esp. one in the government, as a reward for political support of an elected official.

==Page 210==
'''Stonehenge''' 
See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge WIKI] for nice photo etc.

'''Pillion''' 
A pillion is a secondary pad, cushion, or seat behind the main seat or saddle on a horse, motorcycle, or moped. A passenger in this seat is said to "ride pillion" or may themselves be referred to as a "pillion."
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pillion

'''"you don't look Druid"''' 
TP cribbing a Mel Brooks routine from Spaceballs???
Princess Vespa: I am Princess Vespa, daughter of Roland, King of the Druids.
Lone Starr: Oh great. That's all we needed. A Druish princess.
Barf: Funny, she doesn't look Druish.

'''"...put people in those wicker things, and set them on fire?"''' 
The Wicker Man was a large wicker statue of a human used by the ancient Druids (priests of Celtic paganism) for human sacrifice by burning it in effigy, according to Julius Caesar in his Commentarii de Bello Gallico (Commentary on the Gallic Wars). From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicker_man WIKI]. See the classic 1973 British horror film, titled ''The Wicker Man'', directed by Robin Hardy.

==Page 211==
'''Flamsteed''' 
John Flamsteed FRS (19 August 1646 – 31 December 1719) was an English astronomer and the first Astronomer Royal. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamsteed WIKI].

==Page 213==
'''Lalande''' 
Joseph Jérôme Lefrançois de Lalande (July 11, 1732 – April 4, 1807) was a French astronomer and writer. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Lalande WIKI]

'''J.N. Delisle''' 
Joseph-Nicolas Delisle (April 4, 1688 Paris - 1768 Paris) was a French astronomer. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph-Nicolas_Delisle WIKI]

'''Lemonnier''' 
Pierre Charles Le Monnier (23 November 1715 – 31 May 1799) was a French astronomer. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_Le_Monnier WIKI]

'''Herschel''' 
Sir Frederick William Herschel, KH, FRS, German: Friedrich Wilhelm Herschel,[1] (15 November 1738 – 25 August 1822) was a German-born English astronomer, technical expert and composer who became famous for discovering Uranus. He also discovered infrared radiation and made many other discoveries in astronomy.

In 1755 the Hanoverian Guards regiment, in whose band William and his brother Jacob were engaged as oboists, was ordered to England... This brief visit made an impression, and the next year the brothers resigned from the Guards band and moved to London. William learned English quickly and, at age nineteen, he changed his name to Frederick William Herschel...
He became organist of the Octagon Chapel, Bath, in which town he was also Director of Public Concerts. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Herschel WIKI]

'''Octagon Chapel''' 
The church, as a popular venue to "see and be seen", was not popular with The 'Enthusiastics', later known as Methodists... William Herschel was appointed as the organist in 1766 and gave his introductory concert on 1 Jan 1767. As the organ was still incomplete he performed his own compositions including a violin concerto, an oboe concerto and a harpsichord sonata. The organ was completed in October 1767, built by Snezler. Part of the keyboards and pipes have survived and are on display at the Herschel Museum of Astronomy. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octagon_Chapel,_Bath WIKI].

==Page 214==
'''Drury Lane''' 
By the eighteenth century Drury Lane had become one of the worst slums in London, dominated by prostitution and gin palaces. The area was eventually cleared to make way for the developments of Kingsway and Aldwych... The name of the street is often used to refer to the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, which has in different incarnations been located in Drury Lane since the 17th century... Also note, beginning in 1747, David Garrick (see pg. [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_18:_183-189 184]) managed the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane until his retirement from management in 1776. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drury_Lane WIKI].

'''''Florizel and Perdita''''' 
Play written by David Garrick (see pg. [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_18:_183-189 184]), a "dramatic pastoral" in three acts, based on William Shakespear's ''The Winter's Tale''. See [http://www.faculty.umb.edu/elizabeth_fay/floriz1.html transcipt]

==Annotation Index==

{{MD PbP}}

Chapter 21: 207-214

2016-02-17T04:24:23Z

Mattkb: /* Page 210 */ adding Mel Brooks speculation, the kind of thing I got an advanced degrees for

==Page 209==
'''Pelhamites''' 
Followers of Henry Pelham (25 September 1694 – 6 March 1754), a British Whig statesman, who served as Prime Minister of Great Britain from 27 August 1743 until his death in 1754. He was the younger brother of the politician the Duke of Newcastle who succeeded him as Prime Minister. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Pelham WIKI].

'''Placeman''' 
''British''- a person appointed to a position, esp. one in the government, as a reward for political support of an elected official.

==Page 210==
'''Stonehenge''' 
See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge WIKI] for nice photo etc.

'''Pillion''' 
A pillion is a secondary pad, cushion, or seat behind the main seat or saddle on a horse, motorcycle, or moped. A passenger in this seat is said to "ride pillion" or may themselves be referred to as a "pillion."
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pillion

'''you don't look Druid'''' 
TP cribbing a Mel Brooks routine from Spaceballs???
Princess Vespa: I am Princess Vespa, daughter of Roland, King of the Druids.
Lone Starr: Oh great. That's all we needed. A Druish princess.
Barf: Funny, she doesn't look Druish.

'''"...put people in those wicker things, and set them on fire?"''' 
The Wicker Man was a large wicker statue of a human used by the ancient Druids (priests of Celtic paganism) for human sacrifice by burning it in effigy, according to Julius Caesar in his Commentarii de Bello Gallico (Commentary on the Gallic Wars). From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicker_man WIKI]. See the classic 1973 British horror film, titled ''The Wicker Man'', directed by Robin Hardy.

==Page 211==
'''Flamsteed''' 
John Flamsteed FRS (19 August 1646 – 31 December 1719) was an English astronomer and the first Astronomer Royal. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamsteed WIKI].

==Page 213==
'''Lalande''' 
Joseph Jérôme Lefrançois de Lalande (July 11, 1732 – April 4, 1807) was a French astronomer and writer. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Lalande WIKI]

'''J.N. Delisle''' 
Joseph-Nicolas Delisle (April 4, 1688 Paris - 1768 Paris) was a French astronomer. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph-Nicolas_Delisle WIKI]

'''Lemonnier''' 
Pierre Charles Le Monnier (23 November 1715 – 31 May 1799) was a French astronomer. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_Le_Monnier WIKI]

'''Herschel''' 
Sir Frederick William Herschel, KH, FRS, German: Friedrich Wilhelm Herschel,[1] (15 November 1738 – 25 August 1822) was a German-born English astronomer, technical expert and composer who became famous for discovering Uranus. He also discovered infrared radiation and made many other discoveries in astronomy.

In 1755 the Hanoverian Guards regiment, in whose band William and his brother Jacob were engaged as oboists, was ordered to England... This brief visit made an impression, and the next year the brothers resigned from the Guards band and moved to London. William learned English quickly and, at age nineteen, he changed his name to Frederick William Herschel...
He became organist of the Octagon Chapel, Bath, in which town he was also Director of Public Concerts. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Herschel WIKI]

'''Octagon Chapel''' 
The church, as a popular venue to "see and be seen", was not popular with The 'Enthusiastics', later known as Methodists... William Herschel was appointed as the organist in 1766 and gave his introductory concert on 1 Jan 1767. As the organ was still incomplete he performed his own compositions including a violin concerto, an oboe concerto and a harpsichord sonata. The organ was completed in October 1767, built by Snezler. Part of the keyboards and pipes have survived and are on display at the Herschel Museum of Astronomy. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octagon_Chapel,_Bath WIKI].

==Page 214==
'''Drury Lane''' 
By the eighteenth century Drury Lane had become one of the worst slums in London, dominated by prostitution and gin palaces. The area was eventually cleared to make way for the developments of Kingsway and Aldwych... The name of the street is often used to refer to the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, which has in different incarnations been located in Drury Lane since the 17th century... Also note, beginning in 1747, David Garrick (see pg. [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_18:_183-189 184]) managed the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane until his retirement from management in 1776. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drury_Lane WIKI].

'''''Florizel and Perdita''''' 
Play written by David Garrick (see pg. [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_18:_183-189 184]), a "dramatic pastoral" in three acts, based on William Shakespear's ''The Winter's Tale''. See [http://www.faculty.umb.edu/elizabeth_fay/floriz1.html transcipt]

==Annotation Index==

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==Page 190==
'''Macclesfield and that gang''' 
Reference to George Parker, 2nd Earl of Macclesfield, who was very prominent in effecting the changeover to the Gregorian calendar, which came into effect in 1752. From 1752 until his death, Macclesfield was president of the Royal Society. See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Parker,_2nd_Earl_of_Macclesfield WIKI].

'''Eleven Days''' 
Reference to a lost "Eleven Days" when the English finally adopted the Gregorian calendar. The Gregorian calendar, a modification of the Julian, introduced in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII and at first adopted by only Catholic countries, was not adopted in England until 1752. It is the present calendar system which removed the leap year three times every four hundred years from the Julian calendar. It does a better job at keeping the summer solstice on June 21st. By 1752 England and the eastern part of America was finding that the summer solstice arrived on June 10th hence the need for an eleven day addition. See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_calendar WIKI].

'''Roman Whore's Time''' 
English epithet for the Catholic Church, the religion of the hated French; the adoption of "Roman Whore's Time" was Protestant England's long-delayed adoption of Pope Gregory XIII's reform (1582) of the Julian calendar which resulted in the loss of eleven days.

==Page 192==
'''"Time, ye see," says the Landlord, "is the money of Science, isn't it." 
Cf. thematically, Time, science in Against the Day.

'''Schizochronick year of '52''' 
Schizochronick = the splitting, or fission of time

==Page 193==
'''''Walpole-Gang''''' 
Reference to Horatio (or Horace) Walpole, 4th Earl of Orford (24 September 1717 – 2 March 1797), who was an art historian, man of letters, antiquarian and politician. He is now largely remembered for Strawberry Hill, the home he built in Twickenham, south-west London where he revived the Gothic style some decades before his Victorian successors, and for his Gothic novel, The Castle of Otranto. As well as the book, his literary reputation rests on his Letters, which are of significant social and political interest. He was the son of Sir Robert Walpole, and cousin of Lord Nelson. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Walpole,_4th_Earl_of_Orford WIKI]

'''My Father requires but four years as Earl of Macclesfield to bring the Name down''' 
This Macclesfield is the second in his line, his father having in fact been impeached and gone to the Tower of London only four years after being named Earl. Note that Bradley was also im-peached in a sense with Susannah.

From the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica:
"In 1721 the title of earl of Macclesfield was revived in favour of Thomas Parker (c. 1666-1732). The son of Thomas Parker, an attorney at Leek, young Parker was a student at Trinity College, Cambridge, and became a barrister in 1691. In 1705 he was elected member of parliament for Derby, and having gained some reputation in his profession, he took a leading part in the proceedings against Sacheverell in 1710. In the same year he was appointed lord chief justice of the queen's bench, but he refused to become lord chancellor in the following year; however he accepted this office in 1718, two years after he had been made Baron Parker of Macclesfield by George L, who held him in high esteem. In 1721 he was created Viscount Parker and earl of Macclesfield, but when serious charges of corruption were brought against him he resigned his position as lord chancellor in 1725. In the same year Macclesfield was impeached, and although he made a very able defence he was found guilty by the House of Lords. His sentence was a fine of £30,000 and imprisonment until this was paid. He was confined in the Tower of London for six weeks, and after his release he took no further part in public affairs. The earl, who built a grammar school at Leek, died in London on the 28th of April 1732."

'''Shirburn Castle''' 
The moated, sometime home of the Earls of Macclesfield. It is pictured on the 1797 penny token from the Globe Series issued by Peter Skidmore.

George Parker, 2nd Earl of Macclesfield (c.1695–1764), celebrated as an astronomer, spent much time conducting astronomical observations at Shirburn Castle, which his father had bought in 1716. Here he built an observatory and a chemical laboratory. In 1761 the astronomer Thomas Hornsby observed the transit of Venus from the castle grounds. From[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirburn_Castle WIKI]

'''Leek, Staffordshire''' 
A busy market town in the Moorlands..Staffordshire is known
as the Queen of the Moorlands

'''Lord Chesterfield's House''' 
Home of Philip Dormer Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield PC KG (22 September 1694 – 24 March 1773), who was a British statesman and man of letters... Though Dukedom refused, he continued for some years to attend the Upper House, and to take part in its proceedings. In 1751, seconded by Lord Macclesfield, president of the Royal Society, and James Bradley, the eminent mathematician, he distinguished himself greatly in the debates on the calendar, and succeeded in making the new style a fact: the Act of Parliament is sometimes known as Chesterfield's Act. Deafness, however, was gradually affecting him, and he withdrew little by little from society and the practice of politics. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Stanhope,_4th_Earl_of_Chesterfield WIKI].

==Page 194==
'''Mathesis''' 
Ma·the·sis n. Learning; especially, mathematics

See page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_13:_125-145#Page_134 134].

'''Time must be denied its freedom to elapse''' 
again, ATD must be referenced thematically.

==Page 195==
'''Stepney''' 
Joke on 'far, far east": Stepney is an inner-city district in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. It is located 3.6 miles (5.8 km) east north-east of Charing Cross and forms part of the East End of London.

'''quite another relation to Time....not...the terror of time's passage''' 

Major themes of ''Against the Day'' include time travel and time vs. timelessness.

==Page 196==
'''playing upon enormous Chimes of Crystal Antimony''' 
Yes, this may be stretching it, but given the scene here, and its relation to space/time/Reason etc., it is interesting to note that switching the "m" and the "second n" in Antimony, gives us Antinomy, from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antinomy WIKI]:

The term acquired a special significance in the philosophy of Immanuel Kant (1724-1804), who used it to describe the equally rational but contradictory results of applying to the universe of pure thought the categories or criteria of reason proper to the universe of sensible perception or experience (phenomena). Empirical reason cannot here play the role of establishing rational truths because it goes beyond possible experience and is applied to the sphere of that which transcends it.

For Kant there are four antinomies connected with

1. the limitation of the universe in respect of space and time,
2. the theory that the whole consists of indivisible atoms (whereas, in fact, none such exist),
3. the problem of free will in relation to universal causality
4. the existence of a necessary being

about each of which pure reason contradicts the empirical, as thesis and antithesis. This was part of Kant's critical program of determining limits to science and philosophical inquiry.

: ...''Or'' Pynchon could mean antimony, a naturally occurring metalloid [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antinomy WIKI]

'''"...despite these enigmatick Gaolers?"''' 
Seems to be a reference to the Royal Society, Macclesfield, Bradley, etc. as "cryptic jailors" of these alien Pygmies now inhabiting the lost eleven days.

'''Black Hole 
of Calcutta, main meaning. See Wikipedia. But black holes, as discovered
and named by astronomers in the 20th Century, are collapsed stars where
light can not even escape because of the pull of gravity (!). Time changes, astronomers say, inside black holes. Resonance with the discussion of the loss of eleven days going on in the text here.

'''the Hoogli''' 
Hoogli River, a distributary of the Ganges River, both in India.

==Page 197==
'''Lord's Assizes''' 
The Courts of Assize, or Assizes, were periodic criminal courts held around England and Wales... An Act passed in the reign of King Edward I provided that writs summoning juries to Westminster were to appoint a time and place for hearing the causes with the county of origin. Thus they were known as writs of nisi prius (Latin "unless before"): the jury would hear the case at Westminster unless the king's justices had assembled a court in the county to deal with the case beforehand. The commission of oyer and terminer, was a general commission to hear and decide cases, while the commission of gaol delivery required the justices to try all prisoners held in the gaols (jails). From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assize WIKI]

'''Albedo''' 
n. , pl. -dos . The fraction of incident electromagnetic radiation reflected by a surface, especially of a celestial body. The amount of light reflected by a moon or planet.

==Page 198==
'''the Defenestration of the Clothiers in '56''' [[Image:Defenestration of Prague.jpg|thumb|[http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=The_Defenestration_of_Prague Defenestration (of Prague)]|right]]Clothiers were recorded in 1685, 1689, 1692, 1712, and 1756 and the trade apparently ceased towards the end of the 18th century.- Economic History of England

==Annotation Index==

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==Page 105==

'''The St. Helena...mourn''' 
Paradise lost---and mourned. Thematic?

==Page 106==
'''what is never to be named directly''' 
darkness? see page 107. Darkness as the void? See ATD also.

'''the terrible Authorization?''' 
to murder? by the Seamen? to go aboard ship ???
A closer reading suggests that it is the 'swinging boots', not the seamen, whose destinies include homicide; presumably by kicking victims to death, taking their tempo from the 'Brutal Pulse'. 
Pynchon frequently uses the word ''terrible'' when referring to death. See page 436 of ATD: "Such to the dead might appear the world of the living - charged with information, with meaning, yet somehow always just, terribly, beyond that fateful limen." Pynchon also uses the word after Brigadier Pudding eats shit on page 239 of GR: "The pain is terrible." Interesting that a writer of such vocabulary keeps returning to the word to describe things that are, well, terrible.
==Page 107==
'''no change here is gradual''' 
A Pynchon motif....rapid change is not good, not natural. And, next line, distances should not be vast....life 'goes for nought" then. see page 122
and the Dutch clocks' "that strike without warning" and their effect on M & D.

==Page 108==
'''a Company of Giant rob'd Beings, risen incalculably far away over the horizon''' 
These robed figures at the edge of the world can be found in Gravity's Rainbow, on page 217, after Slothrop gets Sir Stephen Dodson-Truck drunk: ''But out at the horizon, out near the burnished edge of the world, who are these visitors standing...these robed figures''

==Page 109==
'''Black Hole of Calcutta''' 
See [[b#blackhole|Alphabetical Entry]]

==Page 110==
'''In lower-situated imitations of the Hellfire Club''' 
The Hellfire Club was the popular name for a number of supposed exclusive clubs for high society rakes established all over Britain and Ireland in the 18th century. These clubs were rumoured to be the meeting places of "persons of quality" who wished to take part in immoral acts, and the members were often very involved in politics. The very first Hellfire Club was founded in London in 1719, by Philip, Duke of Wharton and a handful of other high society friends. The most infamous club associated with the name was established in England by Sir Francis Dashwood, and met irregularly from around 1749 to around 1760, and possibly up until 1766. Other clubs using the name "Hellfire Club" were set up throughout the 18th century. Most of these clubs were set up in Ireland after Wharton's was dispelled. The club motto was ''Fais ce que tu voudras (Do what thou wilt)'', a philosophy of life associated with François Rabelais' fictional abbey at Thélème and later used by Aleister Crowley. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellfire_club Wikipedia] 

Although here used as a nice periphrase for a brothel or a house of loose morals, note that the ''Hellfire Club'' concept is very pynchonian: a place outside the laws and rules of society, hidden away from the eyes of authorities, which has it's own, different kinds of laws. There are many examples of these places all throughout Pynchon's work.

==Page 111==
'''Hanging of Lord Ferrers''' 
Lord Ferrers killed Mr Johnson, his land-steward, was tried, condemned for murder and hanged at Tyburn on 5 May 1760. He is the last British peer to die a felon's death. See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_ferrers WIKI].

==Page 112==
'''Kalee''' 
: Probably means '''Kālī''', the Hindu goddess of time and destruction. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kālī WIKI] 

==Page 113==
'''Mr. Bubb Dodington''' 
English politician and nobleman, see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Dodington,_1st_Baron_Melcombe WIKI].

==Page 114==
'''There's one, says Pearse, as he fell in the Well''' 
According to a [https://archive.org/stream/transactionsbris05bris#page/8/mode/2up/search/pearse speech] attributed to the president of the Bristol and Glouchestershire Arcaeological Society in July 1880, this is an old proverb from Glouchester, with a story behind it:

<blockquote>I came across, also, another quaintly told story the other day, which supplied evidence as to another tradition. We have at Bisley an ancient cross, somewhat celebrated in its way. Tradition says
it is erected over a well into which a man accidentally falling was drowned. There is in the Bodleian Library at Oxford a manuscript History of Gloucestershire, by Abel Wantner, citizen of Gloucester, dated 1714.

Writing of Bisley, he says : " I shall conclude my discourse of Bisley with a Gloucester proverb : viz., " There is one, says Pearse, when he fell into the well," which saying was thus occasioned. " The church of Bisley was out of repair, and the officers of the parish set some men at work to mend what was amiss ; amongst those labourers there was one whose name was Pearse, who, with the rest at dinner time, came into the churchyard where was a winch-well, and where they usually sate round whilst they did eat their victuals. Now it fortuned that as they were just waiteing for the strikeing of the clocke to go to worke, that as the clocke struck Pearse replyed ther's one, which word was no sooner spoken but he fell
backwards into the well and was there drowned. Whereupon the church-yard was excommunicated, and the parish did bury their dead at Bibury which is eight miles a Sunder, & the Burial way thereunto, was over
Biers-way (or Burials way) Bridge, the same that is now called Bearwoods (or Barrods) Bridge, which was no more than a foote path before, though now it be become the maine Roade way from Gloucester to London."
</blockquote>

Charles Mason was born in Oakridge Lynch, which is about 2 miles away from the Bisley in the story, so it makes some sense he would use such a phrase. [https://books.google.com/books?id=HPgHAAAAQAAJ&lpg=PA182&ots=wU1GdXEE0l&dq=history%20of%20gloucester%20abel%20wantner&pg=PA182#v=onepage&q=history%20of%20gloucester%20abel%20wantner&f=false According to B.H. Blacker's "Gloucestershire notes and queries" (1881)], Abel Wanter's book was never published. So barring a trip to the local archives in Gloucestershire (not out of the question), TP probably found this saying from reading old archaeology logs.

The entire speech is available [https://archive.org/stream/transactionsbris05bris#page/8/mode/2up/search/pearse here], and has many pynchonian accents to it.

==Annotation Index==

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==Page 183==
'''Ploughman's Lunch''' 
A ploughman's lunch is a cold snack or meal, comprising at a minimum a thick piece of cheese (usually Cheddar, Stilton, or other local cheese), pickle (often Branston Pickle, sometimes piccalilli and/or pickled onions), crusty bap or chunk of bread, and butter. It is often accompanied by a green salad; other common additions are half an apple, celery, pâté, sliced hard-cooked egg or beetroot. It is a common menu item in English pubs, often shortened when ordering to "a ploughman's".

Designed to sound traditional, the term was invented in the 1960's as part of a campaign to encourage people to eat in pubs, so Pynchon's use of it here is an anachronism.

'''The Jolly Pitman'''
A pitman is a miner. Unlikely profession in which to be jolly in the 18th (or any other) century. See [https://books.google.com/books?id=XI9EAQAAMAAJ&lpg=PA256&ots=AaUzbKk0aV&dq=jolly%20pitman&pg=PA256#v=onepage&q=jolly%20pitman&f=false this description], which we can't prove TP cribbed the term from. See also photo of a 1909 pitman [http://www.pontvalleynet.co.uk/the-pitman.html here]. Difficult to be jolly and disfigured, one imagines.

'''Staindrop''' 
Staindrop is an attractive village near Raby Castle, former stronghold of the Nevills, and has always been associated with the Lords of Raby. See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staindrop WIKI]

'''devoirs''' 
expressions of respect: expressions or acts of courtesy and respect. It is French for 'duty', and as a verb it means ''must''. It also denotes school homework.

'''Rockingham Whigs''' 
After a decade of factional chaos,.., a new system emerged, with two separate opposition groups. The Rockingham Whigs claimed the mantle of "Old Whigs," as the purported successors of the party of the Pelhams and the great Whig families. With such noted intellectuals as Edmund Burke behind them, the Rockingham Whigs laid out a philosophy which for the first time extolled the virtues of faction, or at least their faction. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockingham_Whigs Wikipedia]

'''Cock Lane Ghost''' 
The story of the Cock Lane ghost attracted mass public attention in eighteenth-century England. Cock Lane is a short alleyway adjacent to London's Smithfield market and only a few minutes' walk from St Paul's Cathedral. The tall buildings and narrowness of this road give it a dark, foreboding presence and help to retain a sense of its origins as a medieval red-light district. In the eighteenth century this district housed London's working poor. It was this environment that, in January 1762, gave rise to an extraordinary scandal that engulfed all London.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cock_Lane_Ghost

From the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica:

"COCK LANE GHOST, a supposed apparition, the vagaries of which attracted extraordinary public attention in London during 1762. At a house in Cock Lane, Smithfield, tenanted by one Parsons, knockings and other noises were said to occur at night varied by the appearance of a luminous figure, alleged to be the ghost of a Mrs Kent who had died in the house some two years before. A thorough investigation revealed that Parsons' daughter, a child of eleven, was the source of the disturbance. The object of the Parsons family seems to have been to accuse the husband of the deceased woman of murdering her, with a view to blackmail. Parsons was prosecuted and condemned to the pillory. Among the crowds who visited the house was Dr Johnson, who was in consequence made the object of a scurrilous attack by the poet Charles Churchill in " The Ghost." See A. Lang, Cock Lane and Common Sense (1894)"

==Page 184==
'''Mrs. Woffington''' 
Margaret Woffington (c. 1720-1760) was a well-known Irish actress in Georgian London. See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Woffington WIKI].

'''[David] Garrick''' 
David Garrick (c. 1717-1779), a British actor; Garrick and Woffington were amorously linked and lived together from 1742-45. Apparently Woffington never married and the "Mrs." was more along the lines of an honorary title. Although Garrick married in 1749 and remained so until his death there seems some evidence that he retained an attachment to Woffington (e.g. he wore the shoe buckles she gave him until his death). He was also author of the play, ''Florizel and Perdita'', "A Dramatic Pastoral, in Three Acts."; Garrick was also a pupil of Dr. Samuel Johnson and a member of his literary club, along with James Boswell and others. See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Garrick WIKI].

'''bum-boat''' 
bumboat ( ) n. A small boat used to peddle provisions to ships anchored offshore. [Probably partial translation of Low German bumboot , ship's boat]. cf Gilbert and Sullivan's HMS Pinafore, where Buttercup is described as a "Portsmouth bumboat woman".

==Page 185==
<div id="parlour">'''Parlor-Game'''</div>
A parlour game is a group game played indoors. During the Victorian era in Great Britain and in the USA, these games were extremely popular among the upper and middle classes. They were often played in a parlour, hence the name.

There are a variety of historic Parlour Games and Pynchon here seems to be defining this one in the subsequent lines. But one old possibly relevant version for ''M & D'' was called Consequences: Consequences is an old parlour game similar to the surrealist game exquisite corpse or Mad Libs.

Each person takes a turn choosing a word for one of six questions, in this order.

:Man's name 
:Woman's name 
:Place name 
:A comment 
:Another comment 
:An outcome

Then the story is read: #1 met #2 at #3, and he said #4, she said #5, and the consequence was #6. In some versions of the game the man gets to reply to the woman, thus the consequence moves to #7. Another version includes 'the world said' at #7, which is meant to represent the response of the public to the consequence.

'''Pope Joan''' 
Pope Joan is the name of a female pope who supposedly reigned for less than two years in the 850s,[1] based on a legend that circulated in the Middle Ages.[citation needed] Pope Joan is regarded by most modern historians and religion scholars as fictitious, possibly originating as an anti-papal satire, but her existence is still debated. Wikipedia

Encyclopedia Britannica 1911: "POPE-JOAN, a round game of cards, named after a legendary female Pope of the 9th century. An ordinary pack is used, from which the eight of diamonds has been removed, and a special round board in the form of eight compartments, named respectively Pope-Joan, Matrimony, Intrigue, Ace, King, Queen, Knave and Game (King, Queen and Knave are sometimes omitted)."

Probably unrelated, but Nabokov has a novel called King, Queen, Knave.

'''Piquet''' 
Piquet is a card game for two players, using a shortened pack of 32 cards which omits 2 to 6 in each suit. In ascending order, the cards rank 7, 8, 9, 10, J, Q, K, A (high). A number of French terms are traditionally used for various features of the game. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piquet Wikipedia entry]

<div id="farces"></div>'''four-door Farces?''' 
"four-door farce" also occurs in [http://against-the-day.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=ATD_557-587#Page_567 ''Against the Day'', p.567]. One of the recurring physical jokes in such plays involves sets with many doors and people coming in and out, just missing each other. A French writer, George Feydeau, was famous for writing them at the time of ''ATD'', which makes the possible pun on his last name Feydeau, four-door anachronous in ''M & D'' but still resonant, perhaps. See a modern example, Peter Bogdanovich's movie ''What's Up Doc?''.

'''Some of us are Outlaws, and some Trespassers upon the very world''' 
Pynchonian thematic....of course, Trespassers are part of the plot of ''Against The Day''.

==Page 186==
'''"My marriageable years had ebb'd away... never knew the moment I was beach'd upon the Fearful Isle where no Flower grows" 
Rebekah's choice of metaphor here, while telling young Miss Bradley about when she met Mason, seems a lot like St. Helena, eh? Much like the area her ghost will first physically reveal itself to Mason.

'''Morning Tussah''' 
tus·sah (tŭs'ə, tŭs'ô') also tus·sore (tŭs'ôr', -ōr')
n.
An Asian silkworm, the larva of a large saturniid moth (Antheraea paphia), that produces a coarse brownish or yellowish silk.
The silk produced by this worm or a fabric woven from it.
[Hindi tasar, from Sanskrit tasaram, shuttle (probably from the shape of its cocoon).]

==Page 187==
'''buzz-men''' 
slang for pickpockets

'''Prie-Dieux''' 
custom-built Church kneelers

'''quotinoctian''' 
occurring every night

==Page 188==

'''perihelion''' 
Point nearest the sun.

'''Dr. Hooke''' 
Robert Hooke, FRS (18 July 1635 – 3 March 1703) was an English natural philosopher, architect and polymath who played an important role in the scientific revolution, through both experimental and theoretical work. See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hooke WIKI]

==Annotation Index==

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==Page 183==
'''Ploughman's Lunch''' 
A ploughman's lunch is a cold snack or meal, comprising at a minimum a thick piece of cheese (usually Cheddar, Stilton, or other local cheese), pickle (often Branston Pickle, sometimes piccalilli and/or pickled onions), crusty bap or chunk of bread, and butter. It is often accompanied by a green salad; other common additions are half an apple, celery, pâté, sliced hard-cooked egg or beetroot. It is a common menu item in English pubs, often shortened when ordering to "a ploughman's".

Designed to sound traditional, the term was invented in the 1960's as part of a campaign to encourage people to eat in pubs, so Pynchon's use of it here is an anachronism.

'''The Jolly Pitman'''
A pitman is a miner. Unlikely profession in which to be jolly in the 18th (or any other) century. See [https://books.google.com/books?id=XI9EAQAAMAAJ&lpg=PA256&ots=AaUzbKk0aV&dq=jolly%20pitman&pg=PA256#v=onepage&q=jolly%20pitman&f=false this description], which we can't prove TP cribbed the term from. See also photo of a 1909 pitman [http://www.pontvalleynet.co.uk/the-pitman.html here]. Difficult to be jolly and disfigured, one imagines.

'''Staindrop''' 
Staindrop is an attractive village near Raby Castle, former stronghold of the Nevills, and has always been associated with the Lords of Raby. See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staindrop WIKI]

'''devoirs''' 
expressions of respect: expressions or acts of courtesy and respect. It is French for 'duty', and as a verb it means ''must''. It also denotes school homework.

'''Rockingham Whigs''' 
After a decade of factional chaos,.., a new system emerged, with two separate opposition groups. The Rockingham Whigs claimed the mantle of "Old Whigs," as the purported successors of the party of the Pelhams and the great Whig families. With such noted intellectuals as Edmund Burke behind them, the Rockingham Whigs laid out a philosophy which for the first time extolled the virtues of faction, or at least their faction. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockingham_Whigs Wikipedia]

'''Cock Lane Ghost''' 
The story of the Cock Lane ghost attracted mass public attention in eighteenth-century England. Cock Lane is a short alleyway adjacent to London's Smithfield market and only a few minutes' walk from St Paul's Cathedral. The tall buildings and narrowness of this road give it a dark, foreboding presence and help to retain a sense of its origins as a medieval red-light district. In the eighteenth century this district housed London's working poor. It was this environment that, in January 1762, gave rise to an extraordinary scandal that engulfed all London.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cock_Lane_Ghost

From the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica:

"COCK LANE GHOST, a supposed apparition, the vagaries of which attracted extraordinary public attention in London during 1762. At a house in Cock Lane, Smithfield, tenanted by one Parsons, knockings and other noises were said to occur at night varied by the appearance of a luminous figure, alleged to be the ghost of a Mrs Kent who had died in the house some two years before. A thorough investigation revealed that Parsons' daughter, a child of eleven, was the source of the disturbance. The object of the Parsons family seems to have been to accuse the husband of the deceased woman of murdering her, with a view to blackmail. Parsons was prosecuted and condemned to the pillory. Among the crowds who visited the house was Dr Johnson, who was in consequence made the object of a scurrilous attack by the poet Charles Churchill in " The Ghost." See A. Lang, Cock Lane and Common Sense (1894)"

==Page 184==
'''Mrs. Woffington''' 
Margaret Woffington (c. 1720-1760) was a well-known Irish actress in Georgian London. See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Woffington WIKI].

'''[David] Garrick''' 
David Garrick (c. 1717-1779), a British actor; Garrick and Woffington were amorously linked and lived together from 1742-45. Apparently Woffington never married and the "Mrs." was more along the lines of an honorary title. Although Garrick married in 1749 and remained so until his death there seems some evidence that he retained an attachment to Woffington (e.g. he wore the shoe buckles she gave him until his death). He was also author of the play, ''Florizel and Perdita'', "A Dramatic Pastoral, in Three Acts."; Garrick was also a pupil of Dr. Samuel Johnson and a member of his literary club, along with James Boswell and others. See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Garrick WIKI].

'''bum-boat''' 
bumboat ( ) n. A small boat used to peddle provisions to ships anchored offshore. [Probably partial translation of Low German bumboot , ship's boat]. cf Gilbert and Sullivan's HMS Pinafore, where Buttercup is described as a "Portsmouth bumboat woman".

==Page 185==
<div id="parlour">'''Parlor-Game'''</div>
A parlour game is a group game played indoors. During the Victorian era in Great Britain and in the USA, these games were extremely popular among the upper and middle classes. They were often played in a parlour, hence the name.

There are a variety of historic Parlour Games and Pynchon here seems to be defining this one in the subsequent lines. But one old possibly relevant version for ''M & D'' was called Consequences: Consequences is an old parlour game similar to the surrealist game exquisite corpse or Mad Libs.

Each person takes a turn choosing a word for one of six questions, in this order.

:Man's name 
:Woman's name 
:Place name 
:A comment 
:Another comment 
:An outcome

Then the story is read: #1 met #2 at #3, and he said #4, she said #5, and the consequence was #6. In some versions of the game the man gets to reply to the woman, thus the consequence moves to #7. Another version includes 'the world said' at #7, which is meant to represent the response of the public to the consequence.

'''Pope Joan''' 
Pope Joan is the name of a female pope who supposedly reigned for less than two years in the 850s,[1] based on a legend that circulated in the Middle Ages.[citation needed] Pope Joan is regarded by most modern historians and religion scholars as fictitious, possibly originating as an anti-papal satire, but her existence is still debated. Wikipedia

Encyclopedia Britannica 1911: "POPE-JOAN, a round game of cards, named after a legendary female Pope of the 9th century. An ordinary pack is used, from which the eight of diamonds has been removed, and a special round board in the form of eight compartments, named respectively Pope-Joan, Matrimony, Intrigue, Ace, King, Queen, Knave and Game (King, Queen and Knave are sometimes omitted)."

Probably unrelated, but Nabokov has a novel called King, Queen, Knave.

'''Piquet''' 
Piquet is a card game for two players, using a shortened pack of 32 cards which omits 2 to 6 in each suit. In ascending order, the cards rank 7, 8, 9, 10, J, Q, K, A (high). A number of French terms are traditionally used for various features of the game. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piquet Wikipedia entry]

<div id="farces"></div>'''four-door Farces?''' 
"four-door farce" also occurs in [http://against-the-day.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=ATD_557-587#Page_567 ''Against the Day'', p.567]. One of the recurring physical jokes in such plays involves sets with many doors and people coming in and out, just missing each other. A French writer, George Feydeau, was famous for writing them at the time of ''ATD'', which makes the possible pun on his last name Feydeau, four-door anachronous in ''M & D'' but still resonant, perhaps. See a modern example, Peter Bogdanovich's movie ''What's Up Doc?''.

'''Some of us are Outlaws, and some Trespassers upon the very world''' 
Pynchonian thematic....of course, Trespassers are part of the plot of ''Against The Day''.

==Page 186==
'''"My marriageable years had ebb'd away... never knew the moment I was beach'd upon the Fearful Isle where no Flower grows" 
Rebekah's choice of metaphor here, while telling young Miss Bradley about when she met Mason, seems a lot like St. Helena, eh? Much like the area her ghost will first physically reveal itself to Mason.

'''Morning Tussah''' 
tus·sah (tŭs'ə, tŭs'ô') also tus·sore (tŭs'ôr', -ōr')
n.
An Asian silkworm, the larva of a large saturniid moth (Antheraea paphia), that produces a coarse brownish or yellowish silk.
The silk produced by this worm or a fabric woven from it.
[Hindi tasar, from Sanskrit tasaram, shuttle (probably from the shape of its cocoon).]

==Page 187==
'''buzz-men''' 
slang for pickpockets

'''Prie-Dieux''' 
custom-built Church kneelers

'''quotinoctian''' 
occurring every night

==Page 188==
'''Dr. Hooke''' 
Robert Hooke, FRS (18 July 1635 – 3 March 1703) was an English natural philosopher, architect and polymath who played an important role in the scientific revolution, through both experimental and theoretical work. See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hooke WIKI]

==Annotation Index==

{{MD PbP}}

Chapter 18: 183-189

2016-02-16T03:54:14Z

Mattkb: /* Page 185 */

==Page 183==
'''Ploughman's Lunch''' 
A ploughman's lunch is a cold snack or meal, comprising at a minimum a thick piece of cheese (usually Cheddar, Stilton, or other local cheese), pickle (often Branston Pickle, sometimes piccalilli and/or pickled onions), crusty bap or chunk of bread, and butter. It is often accompanied by a green salad; other common additions are half an apple, celery, pâté, sliced hard-cooked egg or beetroot. It is a common menu item in English pubs, often shortened when ordering to "a ploughman's".

Designed to sound traditional, the term was invented in the 1960's as part of a campaign to encourage people to eat in pubs, so Pynchon's use of it here is an anachronism.

'''The Jolly Pitman'''
A pitman is a miner. Unlikely profession in which to be jolly in the 18th (or any other) century. See [https://books.google.com/books?id=XI9EAQAAMAAJ&lpg=PA256&ots=AaUzbKk0aV&dq=jolly%20pitman&pg=PA256#v=onepage&q=jolly%20pitman&f=false this description], which we can't prove TP cribbed the term from. See also photo of a 1909 pitman [http://www.pontvalleynet.co.uk/the-pitman.html here]. Difficult to be jolly and disfigured, one imagines.

'''Staindrop''' 
Staindrop is an attractive village near Raby Castle, former stronghold of the Nevills, and has always been associated with the Lords of Raby. See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staindrop WIKI]

'''devoirs''' 
expressions of respect: expressions or acts of courtesy and respect. It is French for 'duty', and as a verb it means ''must''. It also denotes school homework.

'''Rockingham Whigs''' 
After a decade of factional chaos,.., a new system emerged, with two separate opposition groups. The Rockingham Whigs claimed the mantle of "Old Whigs," as the purported successors of the party of the Pelhams and the great Whig families. With such noted intellectuals as Edmund Burke behind them, the Rockingham Whigs laid out a philosophy which for the first time extolled the virtues of faction, or at least their faction. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockingham_Whigs Wikipedia]

'''Cock Lane Ghost''' 
The story of the Cock Lane ghost attracted mass public attention in eighteenth-century England. Cock Lane is a short alleyway adjacent to London's Smithfield market and only a few minutes' walk from St Paul's Cathedral. The tall buildings and narrowness of this road give it a dark, foreboding presence and help to retain a sense of its origins as a medieval red-light district. In the eighteenth century this district housed London's working poor. It was this environment that, in January 1762, gave rise to an extraordinary scandal that engulfed all London.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cock_Lane_Ghost

From the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica:

"COCK LANE GHOST, a supposed apparition, the vagaries of which attracted extraordinary public attention in London during 1762. At a house in Cock Lane, Smithfield, tenanted by one Parsons, knockings and other noises were said to occur at night varied by the appearance of a luminous figure, alleged to be the ghost of a Mrs Kent who had died in the house some two years before. A thorough investigation revealed that Parsons' daughter, a child of eleven, was the source of the disturbance. The object of the Parsons family seems to have been to accuse the husband of the deceased woman of murdering her, with a view to blackmail. Parsons was prosecuted and condemned to the pillory. Among the crowds who visited the house was Dr Johnson, who was in consequence made the object of a scurrilous attack by the poet Charles Churchill in " The Ghost." See A. Lang, Cock Lane and Common Sense (1894)"

==Page 184==
'''Mrs. Woffington''' 
Margaret Woffington (c. 1720-1760) was a well-known Irish actress in Georgian London. See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Woffington WIKI].

'''[David] Garrick''' 
David Garrick (c. 1717-1779), a British actor; Garrick and Woffington were amorously linked and lived together from 1742-45. Apparently Woffington never married and the "Mrs." was more along the lines of an honorary title. Although Garrick married in 1749 and remained so until his death there seems some evidence that he retained an attachment to Woffington (e.g. he wore the shoe buckles she gave him until his death). He was also author of the play, ''Florizel and Perdita'', "A Dramatic Pastoral, in Three Acts."; Garrick was also a pupil of Dr. Samuel Johnson and a member of his literary club, along with James Boswell and others. See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Garrick WIKI].

'''bum-boat''' 
bumboat ( ) n. A small boat used to peddle provisions to ships anchored offshore. [Probably partial translation of Low German bumboot , ship's boat]. cf Gilbert and Sullivan's HMS Pinafore, where Buttercup is described as a "Portsmouth bumboat woman".

==Page 185==
<div id="parlour">'''Parlor-Game'''</div>
A parlour game is a group game played indoors. During the Victorian era in Great Britain and in the USA, these games were extremely popular among the upper and middle classes. They were often played in a parlour, hence the name.

There are a variety of historic Parlour Games and Pynchon here seems to be defining this one in the subsequent lines. But one old possibly relevant version for ''M & D'' was called Consequences: Consequences is an old parlour game similar to the surrealist game exquisite corpse or Mad Libs.

Each person takes a turn choosing a word for one of six questions, in this order.

:Man's name 
:Woman's name 
:Place name 
:A comment 
:Another comment 
:An outcome

Then the story is read: #1 met #2 at #3, and he said #4, she said #5, and the consequence was #6. In some versions of the game the man gets to reply to the woman, thus the consequence moves to #7. Another version includes 'the world said' at #7, which is meant to represent the response of the public to the consequence.

'''Pope Joan''' 
Pope Joan is the name of a female pope who supposedly reigned for less than two years in the 850s,[1] based on a legend that circulated in the Middle Ages.[citation needed] Pope Joan is regarded by most modern historians and religion scholars as fictitious, possibly originating as an anti-papal satire, but her existence is still debated. Wikipedia

Encyclopedia Britannica 1911: "POPE-JOAN, a round game of cards, named after a legendary female Pope of the 9th century. An ordinary pack is used, from which the eight of diamonds has been iemoved, and a special round board in the form of eight compartments, named respectively Pope-Joan, Matrimony, Intrigue, Ace, King, Queen, Knave and Game (King, Queen and Knave are sometimes omitted)."

Probably unrelated, but Nabokov has a novel called King, Queen, Knave.
'''Piquet''' 
Piquet is a card game for two players, using a shortened pack of 32 cards which omits 2 to 6 in each suit. In ascending order, the cards rank 7, 8, 9, 10, J, Q, K, A (high). A number of French terms are traditionally used for various features of the game. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piquet Wikipedia entry]

<div id="farces"></div>'''four-door Farces?''' 
"four-door farce" also occurs in [http://against-the-day.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=ATD_557-587#Page_567 ''Against the Day'', p.567]. One of the recurring physical jokes in such plays involves sets with many doors and people coming in and out, just missing each other. A French writer, George Feydeau, was famous for writing them at the time of ''ATD'', which makes the possible pun on his last name Feydeau, four-door anachronous in ''M & D'' but still resonant, perhaps. See a modern example, Peter Bogdanovich's movie ''What's Up Doc?''.

'''Some of us are Outlaws, and some Trespassers upon the very world''' 
Pynchonian thematic....of course, Trespassers are part of the plot of ''Against The Day''.

==Page 186==
'''"My marriageable years had ebb'd away... never knew the moment I was beach'd upon the Fearful Isle where no Flower grows" 
Rebekah's choice of metaphor here, while telling young Miss Bradley about when she met Mason, seems a lot like St. Helena, eh? Much like the area her ghost will first physically reveal itself to Mason.

'''Morning Tussah''' 
tus·sah (tŭs'ə, tŭs'ô') also tus·sore (tŭs'ôr', -ōr')
n.
An Asian silkworm, the larva of a large saturniid moth (Antheraea paphia), that produces a coarse brownish or yellowish silk.
The silk produced by this worm or a fabric woven from it.
[Hindi tasar, from Sanskrit tasaram, shuttle (probably from the shape of its cocoon).]

==Page 187==
'''buzz-men''' 
slang for pickpockets

'''Prie-Dieux''' 
custom-built Church kneelers

'''quotinoctian''' 
occurring every night

==Page 188==
'''Dr. Hooke''' 
Robert Hooke, FRS (18 July 1635 – 3 March 1703) was an English natural philosopher, architect and polymath who played an important role in the scientific revolution, through both experimental and theoretical work. See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hooke WIKI]

==Annotation Index==

{{MD PbP}}

Chapter 18: 183-189

2016-02-16T03:43:32Z

Mattkb: /* Page 183 */

==Page 183==
'''Ploughman's Lunch''' 
A ploughman's lunch is a cold snack or meal, comprising at a minimum a thick piece of cheese (usually Cheddar, Stilton, or other local cheese), pickle (often Branston Pickle, sometimes piccalilli and/or pickled onions), crusty bap or chunk of bread, and butter. It is often accompanied by a green salad; other common additions are half an apple, celery, pâté, sliced hard-cooked egg or beetroot. It is a common menu item in English pubs, often shortened when ordering to "a ploughman's".

Designed to sound traditional, the term was invented in the 1960's as part of a campaign to encourage people to eat in pubs, so Pynchon's use of it here is an anachronism.

'''The Jolly Pitman'''
A pitman is a miner. Unlikely profession in which to be jolly in the 18th (or any other) century. See [https://books.google.com/books?id=XI9EAQAAMAAJ&lpg=PA256&ots=AaUzbKk0aV&dq=jolly%20pitman&pg=PA256#v=onepage&q=jolly%20pitman&f=false this description], which we can't prove TP cribbed the term from. See also photo of a 1909 pitman [http://www.pontvalleynet.co.uk/the-pitman.html here]. Difficult to be jolly and disfigured, one imagines.

'''Staindrop''' 
Staindrop is an attractive village near Raby Castle, former stronghold of the Nevills, and has always been associated with the Lords of Raby. See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staindrop WIKI]

'''devoirs''' 
expressions of respect: expressions or acts of courtesy and respect. It is French for 'duty', and as a verb it means ''must''. It also denotes school homework.

'''Rockingham Whigs''' 
After a decade of factional chaos,.., a new system emerged, with two separate opposition groups. The Rockingham Whigs claimed the mantle of "Old Whigs," as the purported successors of the party of the Pelhams and the great Whig families. With such noted intellectuals as Edmund Burke behind them, the Rockingham Whigs laid out a philosophy which for the first time extolled the virtues of faction, or at least their faction. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockingham_Whigs Wikipedia]

'''Cock Lane Ghost''' 
The story of the Cock Lane ghost attracted mass public attention in eighteenth-century England. Cock Lane is a short alleyway adjacent to London's Smithfield market and only a few minutes' walk from St Paul's Cathedral. The tall buildings and narrowness of this road give it a dark, foreboding presence and help to retain a sense of its origins as a medieval red-light district. In the eighteenth century this district housed London's working poor. It was this environment that, in January 1762, gave rise to an extraordinary scandal that engulfed all London.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cock_Lane_Ghost

From the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica:

"COCK LANE GHOST, a supposed apparition, the vagaries of which attracted extraordinary public attention in London during 1762. At a house in Cock Lane, Smithfield, tenanted by one Parsons, knockings and other noises were said to occur at night varied by the appearance of a luminous figure, alleged to be the ghost of a Mrs Kent who had died in the house some two years before. A thorough investigation revealed that Parsons' daughter, a child of eleven, was the source of the disturbance. The object of the Parsons family seems to have been to accuse the husband of the deceased woman of murdering her, with a view to blackmail. Parsons was prosecuted and condemned to the pillory. Among the crowds who visited the house was Dr Johnson, who was in consequence made the object of a scurrilous attack by the poet Charles Churchill in " The Ghost." See A. Lang, Cock Lane and Common Sense (1894)"

==Page 184==
'''Mrs. Woffington''' 
Margaret Woffington (c. 1720-1760) was a well-known Irish actress in Georgian London. See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Woffington WIKI].

'''[David] Garrick''' 
David Garrick (c. 1717-1779), a British actor; Garrick and Woffington were amorously linked and lived together from 1742-45. Apparently Woffington never married and the "Mrs." was more along the lines of an honorary title. Although Garrick married in 1749 and remained so until his death there seems some evidence that he retained an attachment to Woffington (e.g. he wore the shoe buckles she gave him until his death). He was also author of the play, ''Florizel and Perdita'', "A Dramatic Pastoral, in Three Acts."; Garrick was also a pupil of Dr. Samuel Johnson and a member of his literary club, along with James Boswell and others. See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Garrick WIKI].

'''bum-boat''' 
bumboat ( ) n. A small boat used to peddle provisions to ships anchored offshore. [Probably partial translation of Low German bumboot , ship's boat]. cf Gilbert and Sullivan's HMS Pinafore, where Buttercup is described as a "Portsmouth bumboat woman".

==Page 185==
<div id="parlour">'''Parlor-Game'''</div>
A parlour game is a group game played indoors. During the Victorian era in Great Britain and in the USA, these games were extremely popular among the upper and middle classes. They were often played in a parlour, hence the name.

There are a variety of historic Parlour Games and Pynchon here seems to be defining this one in the subsequent lines. But one old possibly relevant version for ''M & D'' was called Consequences: Consequences is an old parlour game similar to the surrealist game exquisite corpse or Mad Libs.

Each person takes a turn choosing a word for one of six questions, in this order.

:Man's name 
:Woman's name 
:Place name 
:A comment 
:Another comment 
:An outcome

Then the story is read: #1 met #2 at #3, and he said #4, she said #5, and the consequence was #6. In some versions of the game the man gets to reply to the woman, thus the consequence moves to #7. Another version includes 'the world said' at #7, which is meant to represent the response of the public to the consequence.

'''Pope Joan''' 
Pope Joan is the name of a female pope who supposedly reigned for less than two years in the 850s,[1] based on a legend that circulated in the Middle Ages.[citation needed] Pope Joan is regarded by most modern historians and religion scholars as fictitious, possibly originating as an anti-papal satire, but her existence is still debated. Wikipedia

'''Piquet''' 
Piquet is a card game for two players, using a shortened pack of 32 cards which omits 2 to 6 in each suit. In ascending order, the cards rank 7, 8, 9, 10, J, Q, K, A (high). A number of French terms are traditionally used for various features of the game. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piquet Wikipedia entry]

<div id="farces"></div>'''four-door Farces?''' 
"four-door farce" also occurs in [http://against-the-day.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=ATD_557-587#Page_567 ''Against the Day'', p.567]. One of the recurring physical jokes in such plays involves sets with many doors and people coming in and out, just missing each other. A French writer, George Feydeau, was famous for writing them at the time of ''ATD'', which makes the possible pun on his last name Feydeau, four-door anachronous in ''M & D'' but still resonant, perhaps. See a modern example, Peter Bogdanovich's movie ''What's Up Doc?''.

'''Some of us are Outlaws, and some Trespassers upon the very world''' 
Pynchonian thematic....of course, Trespassers are part of the plot of ''Against The Day''.

==Page 186==
'''"My marriageable years had ebb'd away... never knew the moment I was beach'd upon the Fearful Isle where no Flower grows" 
Rebekah's choice of metaphor here, while telling young Miss Bradley about when she met Mason, seems a lot like St. Helena, eh? Much like the area her ghost will first physically reveal itself to Mason.

'''Morning Tussah''' 
tus·sah (tŭs'ə, tŭs'ô') also tus·sore (tŭs'ôr', -ōr')
n.
An Asian silkworm, the larva of a large saturniid moth (Antheraea paphia), that produces a coarse brownish or yellowish silk.
The silk produced by this worm or a fabric woven from it.
[Hindi tasar, from Sanskrit tasaram, shuttle (probably from the shape of its cocoon).]

==Page 187==
'''buzz-men''' 
slang for pickpockets

'''Prie-Dieux''' 
custom-built Church kneelers

'''quotinoctian''' 
occurring every night

==Page 188==
'''Dr. Hooke''' 
Robert Hooke, FRS (18 July 1635 – 3 March 1703) was an English natural philosopher, architect and polymath who played an important role in the scientific revolution, through both experimental and theoretical work. See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hooke WIKI]

==Annotation Index==

{{MD PbP}}

Chapter 18: 183-189

2016-02-16T03:34:02Z

Mattkb: /* Page 183 */ added entry on pitman

==Page 183==
'''Ploughman's Lunch''' 
A ploughman's lunch is a cold snack or meal, comprising at a minimum a thick piece of cheese (usually Cheddar, Stilton, or other local cheese), pickle (often Branston Pickle, sometimes piccalilli and/or pickled onions), crusty bap or chunk of bread, and butter. It is often accompanied by a green salad; other common additions are half an apple, celery, pâté, sliced hard-cooked egg or beetroot. It is a common menu item in English pubs, often shortened when ordering to "a ploughman's".

Designed to sound traditional, the term was invented in the 1960's as part of a campaign to encourage people to eat in pubs, so Pynchon's use of it here is an anachronism.

'''The Jolly Pitman'''
A pitman is a miner. Unlikely profession in which to be jolly in the 18th (or any other) century. See [https://books.google.com/books?id=XI9EAQAAMAAJ&lpg=PA256&ots=AaUzbKk0aV&dq=jolly%20pitman&pg=PA256#v=onepage&q=jolly%20pitman&f=false this description], which we can't prove TP cribbed the term from. See also photo of a 1909 pitman [http://www.pontvalleynet.co.uk/the-pitman.html here]. Difficult to be jolly and disfigured, one imagines.

'''Staindrop''' 
Staindrop is an attractive village near Raby Castle, former stronghold of the Nevills, and has always been associated with the Lords of Raby. See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staindrop WIKI]

'''devoirs''' 
expressions of respect: expressions or acts of courtesy and respect. It is French for 'duty', and as a verb it means ''must''. It also denotes school homework.

'''Rockingham Whigs''' 
After a decade of factional chaos,.., a new system emerged, with two separate opposition groups. The Rockingham Whigs claimed the mantle of "Old Whigs," as the purported successors of the party of the Pelhams and the great Whig families. With such noted intellectuals as Edmund Burke behind them, the Rockingham Whigs laid out a philosophy which for the first time extolled the virtues of faction, or at least their faction. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockingham_Whigs Wikipedia]

'''Cock Lane Ghost''' 
The story of the Cock Lane ghost attracted mass public attention in eighteenth-century England. Cock Lane is a short alleyway adjacent to London's Smithfield market and only a few minutes' walk from St Paul's Cathedral. The tall buildings and narrowness of this road give it a dark, foreboding presence and help to retain a sense of its origins as a medieval red-light district. In the eighteenth century this district housed London's working poor. It was this environment that, in January 1762, gave rise to an extraordinary scandal that engulfed all London.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cock_Lane_Ghost

==Page 184==
'''Mrs. Woffington''' 
Margaret Woffington (c. 1720-1760) was a well-known Irish actress in Georgian London. See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Woffington WIKI].

'''[David] Garrick''' 
David Garrick (c. 1717-1779), a British actor; Garrick and Woffington were amorously linked and lived together from 1742-45. Apparently Woffington never married and the "Mrs." was more along the lines of an honorary title. Although Garrick married in 1749 and remained so until his death there seems some evidence that he retained an attachment to Woffington (e.g. he wore the shoe buckles she gave him until his death). He was also author of the play, ''Florizel and Perdita'', "A Dramatic Pastoral, in Three Acts."; Garrick was also a pupil of Dr. Samuel Johnson and a member of his literary club, along with James Boswell and others. See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Garrick WIKI].

'''bum-boat''' 
bumboat ( ) n. A small boat used to peddle provisions to ships anchored offshore. [Probably partial translation of Low German bumboot , ship's boat]. cf Gilbert and Sullivan's HMS Pinafore, where Buttercup is described as a "Portsmouth bumboat woman".

==Page 185==
<div id="parlour">'''Parlor-Game'''</div>
A parlour game is a group game played indoors. During the Victorian era in Great Britain and in the USA, these games were extremely popular among the upper and middle classes. They were often played in a parlour, hence the name.

There are a variety of historic Parlour Games and Pynchon here seems to be defining this one in the subsequent lines. But one old possibly relevant version for ''M & D'' was called Consequences: Consequences is an old parlour game similar to the surrealist game exquisite corpse or Mad Libs.

Each person takes a turn choosing a word for one of six questions, in this order.

:Man's name 
:Woman's name 
:Place name 
:A comment 
:Another comment 
:An outcome

Then the story is read: #1 met #2 at #3, and he said #4, she said #5, and the consequence was #6. In some versions of the game the man gets to reply to the woman, thus the consequence moves to #7. Another version includes 'the world said' at #7, which is meant to represent the response of the public to the consequence.

'''Pope Joan''' 
Pope Joan is the name of a female pope who supposedly reigned for less than two years in the 850s,[1] based on a legend that circulated in the Middle Ages.[citation needed] Pope Joan is regarded by most modern historians and religion scholars as fictitious, possibly originating as an anti-papal satire, but her existence is still debated. Wikipedia

'''Piquet''' 
Piquet is a card game for two players, using a shortened pack of 32 cards which omits 2 to 6 in each suit. In ascending order, the cards rank 7, 8, 9, 10, J, Q, K, A (high). A number of French terms are traditionally used for various features of the game. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piquet Wikipedia entry]

<div id="farces"></div>'''four-door Farces?''' 
"four-door farce" also occurs in [http://against-the-day.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=ATD_557-587#Page_567 ''Against the Day'', p.567]. One of the recurring physical jokes in such plays involves sets with many doors and people coming in and out, just missing each other. A French writer, George Feydeau, was famous for writing them at the time of ''ATD'', which makes the possible pun on his last name Feydeau, four-door anachronous in ''M & D'' but still resonant, perhaps. See a modern example, Peter Bogdanovich's movie ''What's Up Doc?''.

'''Some of us are Outlaws, and some Trespassers upon the very world''' 
Pynchonian thematic....of course, Trespassers are part of the plot of ''Against The Day''.

==Page 186==
'''"My marriageable years had ebb'd away... never knew the moment I was beach'd upon the Fearful Isle where no Flower grows" 
Rebekah's choice of metaphor here, while telling young Miss Bradley about when she met Mason, seems a lot like St. Helena, eh? Much like the area her ghost will first physically reveal itself to Mason.

'''Morning Tussah''' 
tus·sah (tŭs'ə, tŭs'ô') also tus·sore (tŭs'ôr', -ōr')
n.
An Asian silkworm, the larva of a large saturniid moth (Antheraea paphia), that produces a coarse brownish or yellowish silk.
The silk produced by this worm or a fabric woven from it.
[Hindi tasar, from Sanskrit tasaram, shuttle (probably from the shape of its cocoon).]

==Page 187==
'''buzz-men''' 
slang for pickpockets

'''Prie-Dieux''' 
custom-built Church kneelers

'''quotinoctian''' 
occurring every night

==Page 188==
'''Dr. Hooke''' 
Robert Hooke, FRS (18 July 1635 – 3 March 1703) was an English natural philosopher, architect and polymath who played an important role in the scientific revolution, through both experimental and theoretical work. See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hooke WIKI]

==Annotation Index==

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2016-02-16T02:43:37Z

Mattkb: /* Page 174 */ d

==Page 167==
'''cheese rolling''' refers to the cheese rolling at [http://www.randwick.org.uk/rolling.htm|randwick] as part of the annual Randwick Wap, not the more well known variety at Coopers Hill.

'''English Glory'''. England's Glory is a well known brand of matches, although latterly distributed widely they were originally a localized product manufactured in nearby Gloucester.

==Page 168==
'''As gatherings of the People ... Distress among the Clothiers ... Light Cavalry''' 
Refers to several violent revolts in England in the mid 18th century when traditional cloth weavers destroyed newer weaving machines, usually owned by clothes makers, as their livelihood was threatened. It's one of many "Luddite" references that run through Pynchon's books.

==Page 171==

'''country wife, city wife''' 
Pynchon's human values in evidence? He dislikes cities, seen elsewhere.
:Elsewhere where? He has lived in Los Angeles, New York, Mexico City, and London. [[User:Bleakhaus|Bleakhaus]] 22:22, 4 March 2007 (PST) 
I do know that about his residences, but it is in his vision pervading ATD, for example. The real Chicago, Telluride, New York City. Remarks in GR....(if I should substantiate better, then take it out until I do). In an analogous way, a "Cartesian grid" is not a good thing in ATD, yet it is
known that TRP wrote GR on engineeering grid paper. Also, he has a strong vision of the not-goodness of words on paper, of verbal "represeantions' of life in GR (and ATD, I think), yet he writes and gets published on paper. [ [User: MKOHUT, 5 March 2007]].

'''Bread & Wine, a kindness of the Almighty''' 
Pynchon seeing the Eucharist as a 'kind' way of enacting the body
and blood of Christ belief in Christianity. A wonderful trope.

'''Death or its ev'ryday Coercions'''...Death's thousand Metaphors''' 
See this theme in Against the Day; all of the day's necessities that are
against the simple living of life...all that is "against the day".

==Page 172==

'''acted as a Lens, a moral refraction''' 
Once again, light as metaphor, lenses and refraction ala ATD.

'''see them as they are''' 
Only in death..in life, M & D and everyone struggles to see the heavenly bodies clearly. Nice.

'''Telluric secrets''' 
telluric: adj. Of or relating to Earth; terrestrial. Derived from or containing tellurium, especially with valence 6.

==Page 173==
'''Bradley's Metaphor''' [[Image:James Bradley.jpg|thumb|Dr. James Bradley|right]]Bradley, Dr. James (1693-1762) - Astronomer Royal at the time a request for an English surveying team to determine the Pennsylvania/Maryland border was made. Bradley was the director of the the Greenwich Observatory. He recommended Charles Mason who had been his assistant observer from 1756 to 1760, working closely with Bradley on a catalogue of positions of the moon. In 1729 he published his discovery of the aberration of light, providing the first observational proof of the Copernican hypothesis that the Earth revolved around the Sun and not vice versa. Also, see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bradley Wikipedia entry].

'''Canary Coat''' 
"His yellow jacket with red sleeves indicates that he is a 'canary', temporarily forced to wear this distinctive coat as a defaulter against Hospital rules (often for drunkenness).... the infliction of the 'canary' coat on pensioners as a punishment was abolished by Admiral Sir Thomas Masterman Hardy, during his Governorship of the Hospital in the 1830s."

==Page 174==

'''To Break-Neck''' 
Breakneck Valley is a location on St. Helena. In the early 18th century, there was a gold rush in Breakneck Valley, St. Helena, from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena WIKI]:

St Helena was then transferred to this new United East India Company. The same year, extensive work began to build the present Castle. Because of a lack of cement, mud was used as the mortar for many buildings, most of which had deteriorated into a state of ruin. In a search for lime on the island, a soldier in 1709 claimed to have discovered gold and silver deposits in Breakneck Valley. For a short period, it is believed that almost every able-bodied man was employed in prospecting for these precious metals. The short-lived Breakneck Valley Gold Rush ended with the results of an assay of the deposits in London, showing that they were iron pyrites.

==Annotation Index==

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Chapter 11: 105-115

2016-02-09T01:49:25Z

Mattkb: /* Page 114 */

==Page 105==

'''The St. Helena...mourn''' 
Paradise lost---and mourned. Thematic?

==Page 106==
'''what is never to be named directly''' 
darkness? see page 107. Darkness as the void? See ATD also.

'''the terrible Authorization?''' 
to murder? by the Seamen? to go aboard ship ???
A closer reading suggests that it is the 'swinging boots', not the seamen, whose destinies include homicide; presumably by kicking victims to death, taking their tempo from the 'Brutal Pulse'. 
Pynchon frequently uses the word ''terrible'' when referring to death. See page 436 of ATD: "Such to the dead might appear the world of the living - charged with information, with meaning, yet somehow always just, terribly, beyond that fateful limen." Pynchon also uses the word after Brigadier Pudding eats shit on page 239 of GR: "The pain is terrible." Interesting that a writer of such vocabulary keeps returning to the word to describe things that are, well, terrible.
==Page 107==
'''no change here is gradual''' 
A Pynchon motif....rapid change is not good, not natural. And, next line, distances should not be vast....life 'goes for nought" then. see page 122
and the Dutch clocks' "that strike without warning" and their effect on M & D.

==Page 108==
'''a Company of Giant rob'd Beings, risen incalculably far away over the horizon''' 
These robed figures at the edge of the world can be found in Gravity's Rainbow, on page 217, after Slothrop gets Sir Stephen Dodson-Truck drunk: ''But out at the horizon, out near the burnished edge of the world, who are these visitors standing...these robed figures''

==Page 109==
'''Black Hole of Calcutta''' 
See [[b#blackhole|Alphabetical Entry]]

==Page 110==
'''In lower-situated imitations of the Hellfire Club''' 
The Hellfire Club was the popular name for a number of supposed exclusive clubs for high society rakes established all over Britain and Ireland in the 18th century. These clubs were rumoured to be the meeting places of "persons of quality" who wished to take part in immoral acts, and the members were often very involved in politics. The very first Hellfire Club was founded in London in 1719, by Philip, Duke of Wharton and a handful of other high society friends. The most infamous club associated with the name was established in England by Sir Francis Dashwood, and met irregularly from around 1749 to around 1760, and possibly up until 1766. Other clubs using the name "Hellfire Club" were set up throughout the 18th century. Most of these clubs were set up in Ireland after Wharton's was dispelled. The club motto was ''Fais ce que tu voudras (Do what thou wilt)'', a philosophy of life associated with François Rabelais' fictional abbey at Thélème and later used by Aleister Crowley. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellfire_club Wikipedia] 

Although here used as a nice periphrase for a brothel or a house of loose morals, note that the ''Hellfire Club'' concept is very pynchonian: a place outside the laws and rules of society, hidden away from the eyes of authorities, which has it's own, different kinds of laws. There are many examples of these places all throughout Pynchon's work.

==Page 111==
'''Hanging of Lord Ferrers''' 
Lord Ferrers killed Mr Johnson, his land-steward, was tried, condemned for murder and hanged at Tyburn on 5 May 1760. He is the last British peer to die a felon's death. See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_ferrers WIKI].

==Page 112==
'''Kalee''' 
: Probably means '''Kālī''', the Hindu goddess of time and destruction. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kālī WIKI] 

==Page 113==
'''Mr. Bubb Dodington''' 
English politician and nobleman, see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Dodington,_1st_Baron_Melcombe WIKI].

==Page 114==
'''There's one, says Pearse, as he fell in the Well''' 
According to the president of the Bristol and Glouchestershire Arcaeological Society in July 1880, this is an old proverb from Glouchester, with a story behind it:

<blockquote>I came across, also, another quaintly told story the other day, which supplied evidence as to another tradition. We have at Bisley an ancient cross, somewhat celebrated in its way. Tradition says
it is erected over a well into which a man accidentally falling was drowned. There is in the Bodleian Library at Oxford a manuscript History of Gloucestershire, by Abel Wantner, citizen of Gloucester, dated 1714.

Writing of Bisley, he says : " I shall conclude my discourse of Bisley with a Gloucester proverb : viz., " There is one, says Pearse, when he fell into the well," which saying was thus occasioned. " The church of Bisley was out of repair, and the officers of the parish set some men at work to mend what was amiss ; amongst those labourers there was one whose name was Pearse, who, with the rest at dinner time, came into the churchyard where was a winch-well, and where they usually sate round whilst they did eat their victuals. Now it fortuned that as they were just waiteing for the strikeing of the clocke to go to worke, that as the clocke struck Pearse replyed ther's one, which word was no sooner spoken but he fell
backwards into the well and was there drowned. Whereupon the church-yard was excommunicated, and the parish did bury their dead at Bibury which is eight miles a Sunder, & the Burial way thereunto, was over
Biers-way (or Burials way) Bridge, the same that is now called Bearwoods (or Barrods) Bridge, which was no more than a foote path before, though now it be become the maine Roade way from Gloucester to London."
</blockquote>

Charles Mason was born in Oakridge Lynch, which is about 2 miles away from the Bisley in the story, so it makes some sense he would use such a phrase. [https://books.google.com/books?id=HPgHAAAAQAAJ&lpg=PA182&ots=wU1GdXEE0l&dq=history%20of%20gloucester%20abel%20wantner&pg=PA182#v=onepage&q=history%20of%20gloucester%20abel%20wantner&f=false According to B.H. Blacker's "Gloucestershire notes and queries" (1881)], Abel Wanter's book was never published. So barring a trip to the local archives in Gloucestershire (not out of the question), TP probably found this saying from reading old archaeology logs.

The entire speech is available [https://archive.org/stream/transactionsbris05bris#page/8/mode/2up/search/pearse here], and has many pynchonian accents to it, implying that the smallest discoveries can add up to a recognition of the multitudes that surround us.

==Annotation Index==

{{MD PbP}}

Chapter 11: 105-115

2016-02-08T19:08:31Z

Mattkb:

==Page 105==

'''The St. Helena...mourn''' 
Paradise lost---and mourned. Thematic?

==Page 106==
'''what is never to be named directly''' 
darkness? see page 107. Darkness as the void? See ATD also.

'''the terrible Authorization?''' 
to murder? by the Seamen? to go aboard ship ???
A closer reading suggests that it is the 'swinging boots', not the seamen, whose destinies include homicide; presumably by kicking victims to death, taking their tempo from the 'Brutal Pulse'. 
Pynchon frequently uses the word ''terrible'' when referring to death. See page 436 of ATD: "Such to the dead might appear the world of the living - charged with information, with meaning, yet somehow always just, terribly, beyond that fateful limen." Pynchon also uses the word after Brigadier Pudding eats shit on page 239 of GR: "The pain is terrible." Interesting that a writer of such vocabulary keeps returning to the word to describe things that are, well, terrible.
==Page 107==
'''no change here is gradual''' 
A Pynchon motif....rapid change is not good, not natural. And, next line, distances should not be vast....life 'goes for nought" then. see page 122
and the Dutch clocks' "that strike without warning" and their effect on M & D.

==Page 108==
'''a Company of Giant rob'd Beings, risen incalculably far away over the horizon''' 
These robed figures at the edge of the world can be found in Gravity's Rainbow, on page 217, after Slothrop gets Sir Stephen Dodson-Truck drunk: ''But out at the horizon, out near the burnished edge of the world, who are these visitors standing...these robed figures''

==Page 109==
'''Black Hole of Calcutta''' 
See [[b#blackhole|Alphabetical Entry]]

==Page 110==
'''In lower-situated imitations of the Hellfire Club''' 
The Hellfire Club was the popular name for a number of supposed exclusive clubs for high society rakes established all over Britain and Ireland in the 18th century. These clubs were rumoured to be the meeting places of "persons of quality" who wished to take part in immoral acts, and the members were often very involved in politics. The very first Hellfire Club was founded in London in 1719, by Philip, Duke of Wharton and a handful of other high society friends. The most infamous club associated with the name was established in England by Sir Francis Dashwood, and met irregularly from around 1749 to around 1760, and possibly up until 1766. Other clubs using the name "Hellfire Club" were set up throughout the 18th century. Most of these clubs were set up in Ireland after Wharton's was dispelled. The club motto was ''Fais ce que tu voudras (Do what thou wilt)'', a philosophy of life associated with François Rabelais' fictional abbey at Thélème and later used by Aleister Crowley. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellfire_club Wikipedia] 

Although here used as a nice periphrase for a brothel or a house of loose morals, note that the ''Hellfire Club'' concept is very pynchonian: a place outside the laws and rules of society, hidden away from the eyes of authorities, which has it's own, different kinds of laws. There are many examples of these places all throughout Pynchon's work.

==Page 111==
'''Hanging of Lord Ferrers''' 
Lord Ferrers killed Mr Johnson, his land-steward, was tried, condemned for murder and hanged at Tyburn on 5 May 1760. He is the last British peer to die a felon's death. See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_ferrers WIKI].

==Page 112==
'''Kalee''' 
: Probably means '''Kālī''', the Hindu goddess of time and destruction. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kālī WIKI] 

==Page 113==
'''Mr. Bubb Dodington''' 
English politician and nobleman, see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Dodington,_1st_Baron_Melcombe WIKI].

==Page 114==
'''There's one, says Pearse, as he fell into the Well''' 
According to the president of the Bristol and Glouchestershire Arcaeological Society in July 1880, this is an old proverb from Glouchester, with a story behind it:

<blockquote>I came across, also, another quaintly told story the other day, which supplied evidence as to another tradition. We have at Bisley an ancient cross, somewhat celebrated in its way. Tradition says
it is erected over a well into which a man accidentally falling was drowned. There is in the Bodleian Library at Oxford a manuscript History of Gloucestershire, by Abel Wantner, citizen of Gloucester, dated 1714.

Writing of Bisley, he says : " I shall conclude my discourse of Bisley with a Gloucester proverb : viz., " There is one, says Pearse, when he fell into the well," which saying was thus occasioned. " The church of Bisley was out of repair, and the officers of the parish set some men at work to mend what was amiss ; amongst those labourers there was one whose name was Pearse, who, with the rest at dinner time, came into the churchyard where was a winch-well, and where they usually sate round whilst they did eat their victuals. Now it fortuned that as they were just waiteing for the strikeing of the clocke to go to worke, that as the clocke struck Pearse replyed ther's one, which word was no sooner spoken but he fell
backwards into the well and was there drowned. Whereupon the church-yard was excommunicated, and the parish did bury their dead at Bibury which is eight miles a Sunder, & the Burial way thereunto, was over
Biers-way (or Burials way) Bridge, the same that is now called Bearwoods (or Barrods) Bridge, which was no more than a foote path before, though now it be become the maine Roade way from Gloucester to London."
</blockquote>

Charles Mason was born in Oakridge Lynch, which is about 2 miles away from the Bisley in the story, so it makes some sense he would use such a phrase. [https://books.google.com/books?id=HPgHAAAAQAAJ&lpg=PA182&ots=wU1GdXEE0l&dq=history%20of%20gloucester%20abel%20wantner&pg=PA182#v=onepage&q=history%20of%20gloucester%20abel%20wantner&f=false According to B.H. Blacker's "Gloucestershire notes and queries" (1881)], Abel Wanter's book was never published. So barring a trip to the local archives in Gloucestershire (not out of the question), TP probably found this saying from reading old archaeology logs.

The entire speech is available [https://archive.org/stream/transactionsbris05bris#page/8/mode/2up/search/pearse here], and has many pynchonian accents to it, implying that the smallest discoveries can add up to a recognition of the multitudes that surround us.

==Annotation Index==

{{MD PbP}}