Thomas Pynchon Wiki - User contributions [en]

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2024-10-20T23:24:16Z

Hotrats: /* External Links */ dead link * [http://www.waste.org/pynchon-l/ Pynchon-L] removed

[[Image:MD_cover_sm.jpg|300px|right]]<big>'''Welcome to the ''Mason & Dixon'' Wiki'''</big>

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[http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0312423209/ref=as_li_qf_sp_asin_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0312423209&linkCode=as2&tag=pyncwiki-20 '''Order ''Mason & Dixon''''']

This is the Wiki for [[Thomas Pynchon]]'s ''Mason & Dixon''.

Besides using the Alphabetical Index and the page-by-page annotation, you can take a look at [[Mason & Dixon covers|''Mason & Dixon'' covers]] or read the [[Mason & Dixon Reviews|reviews]].

==How to Use this Wiki==

There are two major ways to use this wiki. The first is the '''''Mason & Dixon'' Alphabetical Index''', used to keep track of the myriad characters, real and imagined, as well as events, arcana, and lots of other stuff. The second is the '''Spoiler-Free Annotations by Page''', which allows the reader to look up and contribute allusions and references while reading the book, in a convenient and spoiler-free manner. These two sections are so far almost entirely different, but we're working on integrating them.

Apart from those, it's up to you!

==Alphabetical Index==
Information on the characters, events, and everything else in ''Mason & Dixon'', organized alphabetically:{{MD_Alpha_Nav}}

==Page by Page Annotations==
{{MD PbP}}

==Dixon's Original Hand Drawn Map Of The Line And Important Points Along The Way==
Zoomable map at the [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/map_item.pl?data=/home/www/data/gmd/gmd384/g3841/g3841f/ct002075.jp2 Library of Congress] or a very large detailed scan [https://jscholarship.library.jhu.edu/handle/1774.2/34999?show=full here]

== Featured Quote ==
[[file:bob-levin_redroom.jpg|thumb|75px|left]]
"As soon as I finished, I wanted to (a) immediately re-read it; (b) enroll in a one semester course devoted to nothing but its study; or ( c) stick it on the shelf and have nothing to do with it again. “Mason & Dixon” is a great novel; and I say this without having understood what seemed any more than, oh, ten percent."




== Pynchon Wiki Help and Contributor Guidelines==

[[Help:Contents|'''Click here for help with editing and creating pages.''']]

We have a few conventions we ask that you follow:

* When creating a new page, first check to make sure a page/article about what you want to write about hasn't already been created, by '''[[Special:Allpages|checking the list of all Wiki pages on Pynchon Wiki]]'''. If a page already exists, please modify that one.

* When creating a new page, if its information pertains to one (and only one) specific Pynchon novel, please categorize it with the appropriate identifier. For example, a page pertaining to ''Gravity's Rainbow'', should use the syntax <code><nowiki>[[Category:GR]]</nowiki></code>.

* To open a discussion on an individual listing of the Alpha Index, create one using the [[A|entry on Peter Tait]] as an example. Basically, give it a name that identifies the alpha listing (eg <nowiki>[[Name Discussion|DISCUSSION]]</nowiki>) and notice that the visible name will be "DISCUSSION" in full caps, so it stands out a bit.

* [[Help:Contents|More help for this wiki available here.]]

==External Links==

* [http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=YqwtZmpFo8MC&dq=%22thomas+pynchon%22&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=6Mu9bzoXl-&sig=csHyXTpgXGKdfW7KSn0j2lHudHM&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=12&ct=result '''Search the contents of ''Mason & Dixon''''' (Google)]
* [http://www.thomaspynchon.com/ ThomasPynchon.com]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mason_%26_Dixon Wikipedia ''Mason & Dixon'' page]
* [http://pynchonoid.blogspot.com/ Pynchonoid Blog]

===Reading Notes/Guides===
* [http://www.swarthmore.edu/Humanities/pschmid1/engl52b/m-d1.html Peter Schmidt’s ''Mason & Dixon'' Reading Notes]
* [[Dinn's Notes|"Dinn's Notes" from the Pynchon-L Group Read]]

==Gallery==
Below are some of the images you will find on the ''Mason & Dixon'' Wiki. {{Special:Newimages}}

Thanks, and enjoy...

Main Page

2024-10-20T23:20:00Z

Hotrats: /* Historical Resources */ only link is dead

[[Image:MD_cover_sm.jpg|300px|right]]<big>'''Welcome to the ''Mason & Dixon'' Wiki'''</big>

To become a contributor/editor, [http://pynchonwiki.com/mycaptcha/captcha-page.php '''Create an account.''']

<likebutton>http%3A%2F%2Fmasondixon.pynchonwiki.com%2Fwiki%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DMain_Page</likebutton>

[http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0312423209/ref=as_li_qf_sp_asin_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0312423209&linkCode=as2&tag=pyncwiki-20 '''Order ''Mason & Dixon''''']

This is the Wiki for [[Thomas Pynchon]]'s ''Mason & Dixon''.

Besides using the Alphabetical Index and the page-by-page annotation, you can take a look at [[Mason & Dixon covers|''Mason & Dixon'' covers]] or read the [[Mason & Dixon Reviews|reviews]].

==How to Use this Wiki==

There are two major ways to use this wiki. The first is the '''''Mason & Dixon'' Alphabetical Index''', used to keep track of the myriad characters, real and imagined, as well as events, arcana, and lots of other stuff. The second is the '''Spoiler-Free Annotations by Page''', which allows the reader to look up and contribute allusions and references while reading the book, in a convenient and spoiler-free manner. These two sections are so far almost entirely different, but we're working on integrating them.

Apart from those, it's up to you!

==Alphabetical Index==
Information on the characters, events, and everything else in ''Mason & Dixon'', organized alphabetically:{{MD_Alpha_Nav}}

==Page by Page Annotations==
{{MD PbP}}

==Dixon's Original Hand Drawn Map Of The Line And Important Points Along The Way==
Zoomable map at the [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/map_item.pl?data=/home/www/data/gmd/gmd384/g3841/g3841f/ct002075.jp2 Library of Congress] or a very large detailed scan [https://jscholarship.library.jhu.edu/handle/1774.2/34999?show=full here]

== Featured Quote ==
[[file:bob-levin_redroom.jpg|thumb|75px|left]]
"As soon as I finished, I wanted to (a) immediately re-read it; (b) enroll in a one semester course devoted to nothing but its study; or ( c) stick it on the shelf and have nothing to do with it again. “Mason & Dixon” is a great novel; and I say this without having understood what seemed any more than, oh, ten percent."




== Pynchon Wiki Help and Contributor Guidelines==

[[Help:Contents|'''Click here for help with editing and creating pages.''']]

We have a few conventions we ask that you follow:

* When creating a new page, first check to make sure a page/article about what you want to write about hasn't already been created, by '''[[Special:Allpages|checking the list of all Wiki pages on Pynchon Wiki]]'''. If a page already exists, please modify that one.

* When creating a new page, if its information pertains to one (and only one) specific Pynchon novel, please categorize it with the appropriate identifier. For example, a page pertaining to ''Gravity's Rainbow'', should use the syntax <code><nowiki>[[Category:GR]]</nowiki></code>.

* To open a discussion on an individual listing of the Alpha Index, create one using the [[A|entry on Peter Tait]] as an example. Basically, give it a name that identifies the alpha listing (eg <nowiki>[[Name Discussion|DISCUSSION]]</nowiki>) and notice that the visible name will be "DISCUSSION" in full caps, so it stands out a bit.

* [[Help:Contents|More help for this wiki available here.]]

==External Links==

* [http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=YqwtZmpFo8MC&dq=%22thomas+pynchon%22&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=6Mu9bzoXl-&sig=csHyXTpgXGKdfW7KSn0j2lHudHM&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=12&ct=result '''Search the contents of ''Mason & Dixon''''' (Google)]
* [http://www.thomaspynchon.com/ ThomasPynchon.com]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mason_%26_Dixon Wikipedia ''Mason & Dixon'' page]
* [http://pynchonoid.blogspot.com/ Pynchonoid Blog]
* [http://www.waste.org/pynchon-l/ Pynchon-L]

===Reading Notes/Guides===
* [http://www.swarthmore.edu/Humanities/pschmid1/engl52b/m-d1.html Peter Schmidt’s ''Mason & Dixon'' Reading Notes]
* [[Dinn's Notes|"Dinn's Notes" from the Pynchon-L Group Read]]

==Gallery==
Below are some of the images you will find on the ''Mason & Dixon'' Wiki. {{Special:Newimages}}

Thanks, and enjoy...

Chapter 52: 499-510

2024-07-20T16:53:19Z

Hotrats: /* Page 507 */

__TOC__

==Page 499==
'''Conococheague''' 
Conococheague Creek, a tributary of the Potomac River, is a free-flowing stream that originates in Pennsylvania and empties into the Potomac River near Williamsport, Maryland. It is approximately 80 miles (130 km) in length, with 58 miles (93 km) in Pennsylvania and 22 miles (35 km) in Maryland. The watershed of Conococheague Creek has an area of approximately 566 square miles (1,470 km2), out of which only 65 square miles (170 km2) (12% of the area) are in Maryland. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conococheague_Creek WIKI]

'''that burn'd and bloodied little huddle of Cabins''' 
Fairly certain this section is referring to the [[e#enochbrownschool|Enoch Brown School Massacre]]

'''Lancaster as a scene of horror''' 
Lancaster was the scene of a [[p#paxtonboys|Paxton Boys]] massacre.
see [[l#lancaster|Lancaster Alphabetical Entry]]

'''Capt. Evan Shelby''' 
See [[s#shelby|Alphabetical Entry]]

==Page 500==
'''"Of course 'tis back-to front"''' 
See page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_23:_228-237#Page_228 228].

'''Grub-Street''' 
Until the early 19th century, Grub Street was a street close to London's impoverished Moorfields district that ran from Fore Street east of St Giles-without-Cripplegate north to Chiswell Street. Famous for its concentration of impoverished 'hack writers', aspiring poets, and low-end publishers and booksellers, Grub Street existed on the margins of London's journalistic and literary scene. It was pierced along its length with narrow entrances to alleys and courts, many of which retained the names of early signboards. Its bohemian society was set amidst the impoverished neighbourhood's low-rent flophouses, brothels, and coffeehouses. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grub_street WIKI]

==Page 501==
'''Squall-clouds''' 
The term "squall" is universally used to refer to a sudden wind-speed increase, both historically and in the present day. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squall WIKI]

'''"Then they began with the Bagpipes."... Wolfe''' 
Recalls Mason's remembrance on pages [[Chapter_31:_302-314#Page_312|312-313]]
See [[w#wolfe|Wolfe, James]]

'''Braddock''' 
See [[b#braddock|Edward Braddock]] alphabetical entry.

'''Bap''' 
Bap (often a larger soft roll, roughly 5-6 inches in diameter). Dough can contain fats such as lard or butter to provide tenderness to dough. Can come in multiple shapes dependent on region. Baps as traditionally made in Scotland are not sweet, unlike the Irish version which may contain currants. The 9th Edition of the Concise Oxford Dictionary (1995) says that the word "bap" dates from the 16th century and that its origin is unknown. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bap_(bread) WIKI]

'''"when in 'fifty-six"''' 
See page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_19:_190-198#Page_198 198].

==Page 502==
'''"Been out upon the Pavement m'self... Tyne Keelmen, back in 'fifty."''' 
See page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_24:_238-245#Page_244 244].

'''Slad Brook''' 
Slad is a village in Gloucestershire, England, located in the Slad Valley, about 2 miles from the town of Stroud. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slad WIKI]
It was the home of the poet and novelist Laurie Lee (''Cider with Rosie'').

==Page 503==
'''''ceteris paribus''''' 
All other things being equal

'''"back in 'fifty-six... Clothiers leaping from the Upstairs windows"''' 
See page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_19:_190-198#Page_198 198].

==Page 504==
'''Rum affliction''' 
Rum: (British, colloquial) Strange, peculiar. From [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rum#Adjective WIKI]

'''Bisley Parish''' 
Bisley-with-Lypiatt is a civil parish in the Stroud district of Gloucestershire, England. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisley-with-Lypiatt WIKI]

'''Sapperton Church''' 
Where Rebekah Mason was buried.

Sapperton is a village and civil parish in the Cotswold district of Gloucestershire, located 4.7 miles west of Cirencester. It is most famous for Sapperton canal tunnel and its connection with the Cotswold Arts and Crafts Movement in the early 20th century. The parish includes the villages of Sapperton and Frampton Mansell. The outlying hamlet of Daneway lies in the parish of Bisley, but is nearer to the village of Sapperton and often considered a part of it. Sapperton is listed in the Domesday Book as 'Sapleton'. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapperton,_Gloucestershire WIKI]

'''Cockfield Fell''' 
Cockfield Fell was one of the earliest Landsale collieries in Durham. Richard II granted to the inhabitants of Durham licence to export the produce of the mines, the majority being transported from the Port of Sunderland complex which was constructed in the 1850s. The port was the largest in Durham and the fourth biggest in Britain. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Durham WIKI]

'''"''You can get above it''... above Distance, above Time itself"''' 
A foreshadowing of an overarching thematic plotline of ATD, the Chums of Chance throughline? Notice the line about apprehending "all at once the plexity of possible journeys", which seems to be a clue to some meanings of ATD thru the Chums.

'''''Aides-memoires''''' 
Memory aids

==Page 505==
'''Relievo''' 
A relief is a sculptured artwork where a modelled form is raised, or, in a sunken-relief, lowered, from a plane from which the main elements of the composition project (or sink). Reliefs are common throughout the world, for example on the walls of monumental buildings. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief WIKI]

'''book upon Navigation''' 
Reference to Emerson's book, ''A Treatise of Navigation'' (1755).

'''Hob Headless''' 
See page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_22:_215-227#Page_215 215].

'''Old Hell-Cat of Raby... Elizabeth, Lady Barnard''' 
Elizabeth, Lady Barnard (formerly Elizabeth Nash, née Elizabeth Hall) (baptised 21 February 1608 - 17 February 1670) was the granddaughter of the famous English poet and playwright William Shakespeare, and was also his last descendant. From/See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Barnard WIKI]

'''Lamentations of Jeremiah''' 
See page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_24:_238-245#Page_240 240].

==Page 506==
'''Counter-scarps''' 
A scarp and a counterscarp are the inner and outer sides of a ditch used in fortifications. In permanent fortifications the scarp and counterscarp may be encased in stone. In less permanent fortifications, the counterscarp may be lined with paling fence set at an angle so as to give no cover to the attackers but to make advancing and retreating more difficult. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterscarp WIKI]

'''Machicolations''' 
A machicolation is a floor opening between the supporting corbels of a battlement, through which stones could be dropped on attackers at the base of a defensive wall. The design was developed in the Middle Ages when the Norman crusaders returned. A machicolated battlement projects outwards from the supporting wall in order to facilitate this. A hoarding is a similar structure made of wood, usually temporarily constructed in the event of a siege. Advantages of machicolations over wooden hoardings include the greater strength of stone battlements, as well as the fireproof properties. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machicolations WIKI]

'''Arabs''' 
The Arabian or Arab horse (arabic: فرس ) is a breed of horse that originated in the Middle East. With a distinctive head shape and high tail carriage, the Arabian is one of the most easily recognizable horse breeds in the world. It is one of the oldest horse breeds, with archaeological evidence of horses that resemble modern Arabians dating back 4,500 years. Throughout history, Arabian horses from the Middle East spread around the world by both war and trade, used to improve other breeds by adding speed, refinement, endurance, and strong bone. Today, Arabian bloodlines are found in almost every modern breed of riding horse. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_horse WIKI]

==Page 507==
'''Hurworth''' 
Hurworth-on-Tees is a village in the borough of Darlington, within the ceremonial county of County Durham, England. It is situated to the south of Darlington, next to the meeting point of the River Skerne and River Tees. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurworth WIKI]

'''''pari passu''''' 
Part and parcel

'''Castle Lepton''' 
See page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_41:_410-421#Page_410 410].

'''"She has it all,- Beauty, Money,...um, what ever else there is..."''' 
Dixon recapitulates his joke on page 248: "The Food? The Lasses? Whatever else there is?"

==Page 509==
'''rustick Monteith''' 
Monteith: A bowl used for the cooling of wine glasses. From [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/monteith WIKI]

'''Osnabrigs''' 
Osnaburg was a coarse type of plain textile fabric, named for the city of Osnabrück (from which it may have been first imported into English-speaking countries). Originally made from flax yarns, it has been made from either flax, tow or jute yarns, sometimes flax or tow warp with mixed or jute weft, and often entirely of jute. The finer and better qualities form a kind of common sheeting, and the various kinds may contain from 20 to 36 threads per inch and 10 to 15 picks per inch. It began to be woven in Scotland as an imitation from a German import of a coarse lint or tow-based linen cloth in the later 1730s. It quickly became the most important variety in East-Central Scotland. Sales quadrupled, from 0.5 million yards in 1747 to 2.2 million yards in 1758. It was exported mainly to England, the Netherlands and Britain's colonies in America, and some rough fabrics were called "osnaburg" as late as the mid-twentieth century. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osnaburg WIKI]

==Annotation Index==

{{MD PbP}}

Chapter 25: 245-253

2024-07-20T16:48:35Z

Hotrats:

__TOC__

==Page 247==
'''"the final Illness... was from Gravel"''' 
An old name for kidney stones, a painful and in those days, often fatal condition.

'''Mr. Birch''' 
Thomas Birch (November 23, 1705 – January 9, 1766) was an English historian, and member of the Royal Society. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Birch WIKI]

'''Mr. Mead''' 
A touch of anachronism (since M&D didnt sail for the Transit until 1760), this seems to be Richard Mead (1673--1754) who was an English physician. His work, ''A Short Discourse concerning Pestilential Contagion, and the Method to be used to prevent it'' (1720), was of historic importance in the understanding of transmissible diseases. He was also a member of the Royal Society. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Mead WIKI]

'''Mr. White''' 
Most likely Gilbert White, who was a member of the Royal Society. Gilbert White (18 July 1720 – 26 June 1793) was a pioneering naturalist and ornithologist. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_White WIKI]

==Page 248==
'''"The Food? The Lasses? Whatever else there is?"''' 
Dixon makes a similar joke on page 507: "She has it all,- Beauty, Money,...um, what ever else there is..."

==Page 251==
'''Chauncey''' 
Possibly an anachronism, this seems to be a reference to Commodore Isaac Chauncey's letter to Major General Jacob: "We are intended to seek and fight the enemy's fleet, and I shall not be diverted from my efforts by any sinister attempt to render us subordinate to, or an appendage of, the Army." Brown, USA, on Lake Ontario, 1813 - from ''Dictionary of Military and Naval Quotations'' by Robert Debs Heinl, Jr. Isaac Chauncey on [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Chauncey WIKI]

==Page 252==
'''Mosul''' 
Mosul is a city in northern Iraq and the capital of the Ninawa Governorate, some 400 km (250 miles) northwest of Baghdad. The original city stands on the west bank of the Tigris River, opposite the ancient city of Nineveh on the east bank... The fabric Muslin, long manufactured here, is named after this city. Another historically important product of the area is Mosul marble. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul WIKI]

'''Turkey Company''' 
First instance of it being refered to as such in the novel; another name for the Levant Company. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey_Company WIKI]

'''Feluccas''' 
A felucca is a traditional wooden sailing boat used in protected waters of the Red Sea and eastern Mediterranean including Malta, and particularly along the Nile in Egypt. Its rig consists of one or two lateen sails. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felucca WIKI]

'''Rolling Eagres''' 
A tidal bore (or just bore, or aegir) is a tidal phenomenon in which the leading edge of the incoming tide forms a wave (or waves) of water that travel up a river or narrow bay against the direction of the current. As such, it is a true tidal wave (not to be confused with a tsunami). From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagre WIKI]

'''Janissaries''' 
The Janissaries (from Ottoman Turkish meaning "new soldier") comprised infantry units that formed the Ottoman sultan's household troops and bodyguards. The force was created by the Sultan Murad I from abducted Christian sons from conquered Christian countries in the 14th century and was abolished by Sultan Mahmud II in 1826 with the Auspicious Incident. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janissaries WIKI]

'''Sherifs''' 
Sherif or Sherifa is someone who is descended from Muhammad by way of his daughter Fatima. The word comes from Arabic sharif meaning "noble", from sharafa meaning "to be highborn". It is also commonly known as Ashraf, and also sharif. It is etymologically unconnected to Sheriff. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherif WIKI]

'''Ottomans''' 
The state organisation of the Ottoman Empire was a very simple system that had two main dimensions: the military administration and the civil administration. The Sultan was the highest position in the system. The civil system was based on local administrative units based on the region's characteristics. The Ottomans practiced a system in which the state (as in the Byzantine Empire) had control over the clergy. Certain pre-Islamic Turkish traditions that had survived the adoption of administrative and legal practices from Islamic Iran remained important in Ottoman administrative circles. According to Ottoman understanding, the state's primary responsibility was to defend and extend the land of the Muslims and to ensure security and harmony within its borders within the overarching context of orthodox Islamic practice and dynastic sovereignty... Within the social and political system they were living in, Ottoman administrators could not have comprehended or seen the desirability of the dynamics and principles of the capitalist and mercantile economies developing in Western Europe. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottomans WIKI]

==Page 253==
'''Lethe''' 
In Greek mythology, Lethe is one of the several rivers of Hades: those who drank from it experienced complete forgetfulness. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lethe WIKI]

==Annotation Index==

{{MD PbP}}

Chapter 3: 14-29

2024-07-20T03:02:34Z

Hotrats: /* Page 26 */Replaced mistaken reference to Lloyds Bank with Lloyds insurance

==Page 14==

'''''Spiritual Day-Book''''' 
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Whitefield George Whitefield] (1714-1770) was a preacher in the Church of England and one of the leaders of the Methodist movement. He was a pioneer in the commercialization of religion and seen by many as the most powerful leader of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Awakening Great Awakening] in America. Whitefield popularized the concept of a spiritual day-book:

:Whitefield's familiary with a shopkeeper's daybook provided another metaphor for his faith. He urged his followers to take an accounting of their spiritual lives. "I think a good tradesman whether he deals largely or not, will take care to keep his day-book well," Whitefield explained, adding, "if a man will not keep his day-book well it is ten to one but he loses a good deal when he comes to count up his things at Christmas." Then applying the lesson to converts, the evangelist continued, "now I take it for granted, a good spiritual tradesman will keep his spiritual day-book well." A good Christian will be able to look at his accounts at the end of a day and proclaim, "I have died a little more to the world than yesterday, [and] this day I hope that I have been a little more alive to God than I was yesterday." <ref>''Pedlar in Divinity: George Whitefield and the Transatlantic Revivals, 1737-1770'', Frank Lambert, Princeton University Press, 1994, p.50</ref>

'''Day's Fatigue''' 
Foreshadows the leitmotif of [http://against-the-day.pynchonwiki.com/wiki ''Against the Day'']. The working day against which, etc., etc.

'''waking Traverse was done''' 
Not sure if the meaning has held constant, but modern day surveyors use the noun TRAverse (with the emphasis on the 1st syllable) to refer not to a line, but to a loop or geometric figure created by measuring the angle & distance from one point to another. By closing the loop and measuring the angle & distance back to the original point, the surveyor can determine the accuracy of the measurements (the loop should close completely, without any deviation from the measurements) and apply a correction, if necessary. Use of the word in this way describes each day as a forward progress (traVERSE) in addition to a circular return (TRAverse) --incredibly poignant.

Traverse is the main family name in [http://against-the-day.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/ ''Against the Day'']. Descendants of Webb Traverse appear in [http://vineland.pynchonwiki.com/wiki ''Vineland''].

'''yet another Term in the Contract between the City and oneself''' 
A reference to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_contract Social Contracts], the implied agreements by which people form nations and maintain a social order. This means that the people give up some rights to a government in order to receive social order. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes Thomas Hobbes] (1588-1679), [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke John Locke] (1632-1704), and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau Jean-Jacques Rousseau] (1712-1778) are the most famous philosophers of contractarianism, which formed the theoretical groundwork of democracy.

Pynchon has always been wary of cities, crushing the individual (the charismatic, the Life Force) in the pursuit of a rationalized and efficient system. Cf. the [http://gravitys-rainbow.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=C#dactylic City Dactylic in ''Gravity's Rainbow''] ""the city of the future where every soul is known, and there is noplace to hide." Cf., also, the [http://gravitys-rainbow.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Routinization_of_Charisma Routinization of Charisma in ''Gravity's Rainbow''].

==Page 15==

'''Wapping High Street''' 
The area was first settled by Saxons, from whom it takes its name (meaning literally "[the place of] Wæppa's people"). It developed along the embankment of the Thames, hemmed in by the river to the south and the now-drained Wapping Marsh to the north. This gave it a peculiarly narrow and constricted shape, consisting of little more than the axis of Wapping High Street and some north-south side streets. John Stow, the 16th century historian, described it as a "continual street, or a filthy strait passage, with alleys of small tenements or cottages, built, inhabited by sailors' victuallers." [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wapping Wikipedia entry...]

'''Tyburn''' 
The village [of Tyburn] was notorious for centuries as the site of the Tyburn gallows, London's principal location for public executions by hanging. Executions took place at Tyburn from the 12th to the 18th century (with the prisoners processed from Newgate Prison in the City). Located near Marble Arch in present-day London. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyburn%2C_London Wikipedia entry...]

'''the Motrix of Honest Mirth''' 
The ''vis motrix'' is a term meaning "moving force" or "soul." Here we could equate it to 'Engine' or 'Stimulus'.

Immanual Kant, in the decades before the publication of the ''Critique of Pure Reason'', was a metaphysical dualist who offered a positive account of mind/body interaction. ''Thoughts of the True Estimation of Living Forces'' (1747), his first philosophical work, contains an argument that the mind/body problem presupposed several false and interrelated assumptions, all of which fell under the general view that the essential force of body is ''vis motrix''. Kant argued that the traditional ''vis motrix'' view, which was defended by Wolff and other post-Leibnizian German rationalists, appealed to an unexplanatory and metaphysically incoherent conception of force. [http://philosophy.uwaterloo.ca/MindDict/kant.html]

'''Dixon's Joke''' 
We can only assume that TP intends Dixon's 'joak' to fail, to heighten the characters' mutual discomfort; Mason's response is no kind of punchline, and scarcely seems to justify Dixon's assumption that he has 'heard it before', unless the punchline was too vulgar to be repeated in company.

==Page 16==

'''Corsican accent''' 
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsica Corsica] is the fourth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily, Sardinia, and Cyprus). The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsican_language Corsican language] has strong similarities to Italian.

:In the French ''bourgeoisie'' any dialect other than "educated" Parisian French is regarded as inferior and excites hilarity; and of the many dialects, the Belgian and Corsican accents are regarded as the ugliest and funniest.<ref>''Race and Ethnicity: Essays in Comparative Sociology'', Pierre L. Van den Berghe; Basic Books, 1970, p.4</ref>

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France Napoléon Bonaparte], who was born on Corsica, was 9 years old when his family left for France and although he learned French, he was never able to shake his strong Corsican accent.

'''North-Road Cockade''' 
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_North_Road_(Great_Britain) The Great North Road] was the main highway between England and Scotland. It features in the legendary flight of the highwayman Dick Turpin from London to York, also in The Pickwick Papers by Charles Dickens. The cockade could be have broad outlaw/rebel connotations of the time or those associated with the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobitism Jacobites] who wore white cockades. Also, during the 1780 Gordon Riots in London the blue cockade became a symbol of anti-government feelings and was worn by most of the rioters. During the American Revolution of 1765-1783, the Continental Army wore cockades of various colours. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockade Wikipedia entry] Quakers were known for their plain dress and teetotalism - Dixon adheres to neither. More of this in Chapter 5.

==Page 17==

'''Ha-Ha''' 
Ha-ha (garden)
The ha-ha or sunken fence is a type of boundary to a garden, pleasure-ground, or park, designed not to interrupt the view and to be invisible until closely approached. The ha-ha consists of a trench, the inner side of which is perpendicular and faced with stone, with the outer slope face sloped and turfed - making it in effect a sunken fence. The ha-ha is a feature in the landscape gardens laid out by Charles Bridgeman, the originator of the ha-ha, according to Horace Walpole (Walpole 1780) and by William Kent and was an essential component of the "swept" views of Capability Brown.

'''Aristarchus''' 
Aristarchus (310 BC - c. 230 BC) was a Greek astronomer and mathematician, born on the island of Samos, in ancient Greece. He is considered the first person to propose a heliocentric model of the solar system, placing the Sun, not the Earth, at the center of the known universe (hence he is sometimes known as the "Greek Copernicus").

'''the other fellow''' 
It appears that Dixon is just rambling on a list of Astronomers and can't remember a particular name. Galileo? Copernicus? Tycho Brahe? Take your pick.

==Page 18==
'''Vine with Corn, beware the Morn''' 
An early version of such modern sayings as, "Beer before liquor, never sicker." Mixing types of drink has long been known to produce unwelcome effects.

'''it's like Jack Sprat''' 
An English proverb from at least the mid-seventeenth century, it appeared in John Clarke's collection of sayings in 1639 in the form:

Jack will eat not fat, and Jull doth love no leane.
Yet betwixt them both they lick the dishes cleane.

'''We're sailing to the Indies,-- Heaven knows what's available on Board, or out there.''' 
The popular India Pale Ale (IPA) beer style of today is said to have coalesced from the experience of similar voyages, where ale was hopped to the max for preservative measures (though the hop level back then was probably nothing like it is today in these beers).

'''mirror'd Lanthorns''' 
"Lanthorn" (pronounced "lantern") is an archaic, chiefly British, spelling of "lantern." It is derived from horn, of which the sides were once made. When horns are soaked in hot water for a time they become soft and flexible, much as fingernails do when they are kept in dishwater. These flexible horns can be cut and flattened out to make many translucent plastic-like objects.
"Lant" comes from the Latin ''lanterna'' ("lamp," "torch") which is derived from the Greek ''lampter'' ("torch")" from ''lampein'' ("to shine").

[[image:norfolk_terrier.jpg|right|thumb|125px|Norfolk Terrier]]'''Norfolk Terrier''' 
The grand entrance of the Learnèd English Dog. It appears that the name is an anachronism in ''Mason & Dixon'': [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Terrier The Norfolk Terrier] is the smallest of the working Terriers. Prior to 1960, when it gained recognition as an independent breed, it was a variety of the Norwich Terrier, distinguished from the Norwich by its "drop", or folded ears.

:In the 1880s, British sportsmen developed a working terrier of East Anglia, England. The Norwich Terrier and later the drop-eared variety now know as the Norfolk Terrier, were believed to have been developed by crossing Cairn Terriers, small, short-legged Irish Terrier breeds and the small red terriers used by the Gypsy ratters of Norfolk. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Terrier Wikipedia]

==Page 19==

'''''Ministerial''''' 
1. Of, relating to, or characteristic of a minister of religion or of the ministry. 2. Of or relating to administrative and executive duties and functions of government. 3. Law Of, relating to, or being a mandatory act or duty admitting of no personal discretion or judgment in its performance. 4. Acting or serving as an agent; instrumental. From the American Heritage Dictionary.

'''Where the Bee Sucks''' 
A song from Shakespeare's [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_tempest ''The Tempest''] set to music by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Johnson_(composer) Robert Johnson], the lutenist to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_I_of_England James I], in the 1659 ''Cheerful Ayres or Ballads''. In ''The Tempest'', after he is set free by Prospero, Ariel sings "Where the Bee Sucks":

:Where the bee sucks, there suck I 
:In a cowslip's bell I lie; 
:There I couch when owls do cry. 
:On the bat's back I do fly 
:After summer merrily. 
:Merrily, merrily shall I live now 
:Under the blossom that hangs on the bough.

The reference to Ariel and ''The Tempest'' foreshadows the L.E.D.'s discourse on how "Dogs learn'd to act as human as possible" in order to avoid being killed for food by humans ([[#Page 22|p. 22]]). A brief analysis of Ariel's character: [http://www.cliffsnotes.com/WileyCDA/LitNote/The-Tempest-Character-Analyses-Ariel.id-130,pageNum-46.html]

:Ariel is a spirit of the air who, because he refused to serve the witch, Sycorax, was imprisoned in a tree until rescued by Prospero. Ariel willingly carries out Prospero’s wishes because he is eager to be free. Although he wants his freedom in exchange, Ariel approaches his tasks with enthusiasm, quickly doing what is asked and promptly reporting any activities that he observes. Early in the play, Ariel reports the plot to murder Prospero, and later, he assists in punishing Prospero’s enemies. Ariel’s obedience is an important symbol of Prospero’s humanity, because he ameliorates Prospero’s role on the island and humanizes the action that Prospero takes against his old adversaries. Finally, Ariel’s willing obedience of Prospero’s wishes stands in stark contrast to Caliban’s cursing and plotting against the same master.

[http://www.contemplator.com/tunebook/england/beesucks.htm Read & Listen...]

'''Integral of One over (Book) d (Book)''' 
Freshman calculus gag. The antiderivative or integral of the function 1/x is the function logarithm of x. Written (integral sign) 1/x dx = log x. Substitute (Book) for x. Answer: log (Book) = logbook.

The same gag appears in GR: 'integral of 1 over cabin d cabin = Log cabin + c = houseboat'.

'''Pistoles''' 
The French name given to a Spanish gold coin in use in 1537; it was a double escudo, the gold unit. The name was also given to the Louis d'Or of Louis XIII of France, and to other European gold coins of about the value of the Spanish coin. One pistole was worth approximately ten livres. In Dumas' ''The Three Musketeers'', set in the 1620s, we learn that thirty-five pistoles and twenty crowns make 465 livres.

'''Gate-Ways to Futurity''' 
Windows into the future.

'''Metempsychosis''' 
Metempsychosis is a philosophical term in the Greek language referring to the belief of transmigration of the soul, especially its reincarnation after death. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metempsychosis Wikipedia entry...]

==Page 20==

'''Sailors with Queues''' 
A queue is a men's hairstyle whose primary attribute is a braid or ponytail at the back of the head, such as that worn by men in Imperial China. [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/queue#Noun Wiktionary]

'''upstart Chapels''' 
upstart: Suddenly raised to a position of consequence. 2. Self-important; presumptuous. Amer Her Dict.

'''singing Catches''' 
A Catch is a canonic, often rhythmically intricate composition for three or more voices, popular especially in the 17th and 18th centuries. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catch_%28music%29 Wikipedia entry...]

==Page 21==
'''Fender-Belly''' 
Fender: a soft bag or cushion hung from the side of a ship to protect it from the stones or piles of a wharf. Fender-Belly has such a cushion in front. A Bodine of some sort appears in almost every TP work.

'''Coconut-Ale''' 
A Beer made with, or flavoured with, coconut milk.

'''Macaronis''' 
A British and American subculture inspired by the fashion of continential Europe eps. that of Italy. The term comes from the Itallian "maccherone" which means "boorish fool" but was taken on by the British to mean over the top fashionable.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaroni_%28fashion%29 Macaroni]
They would often speak in an affected manner and mix Latin into their speech.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaronic_verse Macaronic Verse]

'''Lunarians''' 
A Lunarian is an member of the movement of astronomers who felt that the solution to the Logitude prize lay in the development of lunar tables describing the moons of Jupiter. Famous Lunarians included Nevil Maskelyne; here it seems to be only a vague term of abuse.

'''Hostlers''' 
Singular...One who is employed to tend horses, especially at an inn. 2. One who services a large vehicle or engine, such as a locomotive. Middle English, from Anglo-Norman hostiler.

'''Glim-Jacks''' 
The ''1811 Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue'', originally by Francis Grose,
defines a glim-jack as a link-boy. A [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link-boy link-boy] (or link boy or linkboy) was a boy who carried a flaming torch to light the way for pedestrians at night. Linkboys were common in London in the days before street lighting. The linkboy's fee was commonly one farthing, and the torch was often made from burning pitch and tow.

In [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thieves%27_cant thieves' cant] (a secret language which was formerly used by thieves, beggars and hustlers of various kinds in English-speaking countries), a linkboy was known as a "Glym Jack" ("glym" meant "light") or a "moon-curser" (as their services would not be required on a moonlit night). Employing a linkboy could be dangerous, as some would lead their clients to dark alleyways, where they could be beset by footpads.

==Page 22==

'''The L.E.D. blinks, shivers, nods in a resign'd way.''' 
L.E.D., here the "Learnèd English Dog", is also the abbreviation for [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode "light-emitting diodes"], which do blink on a regular basis.

'''state of holy Insanity''' 
the second time an Eastern religious practice is linked to insanity. Rev.
Cherrycoke, [[Chapter_1:_5-11#Page 10|page 10]]. Ecstasy or real madness or both?

'''praeternatural... supernatural''' 
Praeternatural: Beyond or different from what is natural, or according to the regular course of things, but not clearly supernatural or miraculous; strange; inexplicable; extraordinary; uncommon; irregular; abnormal

'''tail-wagging Scheherazades''' 
In ''A Thousand and One Nights'' (or ''Arabian Nights''), Scheherazade tells a story to the king (her husband) each night in order to stay her execution. Each night she ends in the middle of a tale, so that the King postpones her execution out of curiosity to hear the story's end.

'''Algernon''' 
Algernon is the name of a laboratory mouse in the novel (and short story) of Daniel Keyes, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowers_for_Algernon Flowers for Algernon] (1966), where the mouse undergoes surgery to increase his intelligence by artificial means. The story is told as a series of progress reports written by Charlie, who originally has an IQ of 68 and is the first human test subject for the surgery. Charlie – the same way as the mouse – shows spectacular progress in the beginning, only to regress later to his original state and die shortly after. Keyes in his turn took the name Algernon from the English poet [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algernon_Swinburne Algernon Charles Swinburne] (1837-1909), a decadent master of verse, who in his late life suffered mental and physical breakdown due to his alcoholism, algolagnia and excitable character.

Here, it is little more than shorthand denoting an upper-class dilettante - Derek is surely addressing his friend, not the dog - but it can hardly be accidental that the name arises in the context of a miraculous increase of intelligence in an animal.

'''Macaroni Italian Style [...] Fop Fricasée''' 
The Terrier (the Learnèd English Dog) is futuristically punning on the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maccaroni_%28fashion%29 Macaronis] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fop Fops] mentioned on [[#Page 21|page 21]], as macaroni the food wasn't introduced in the U.S. until years later when [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson Thomas Jefferson] did so in 1789, when he returned home after serving as ambassador to France, bringing his "macaroni machine" with him.

==Page 23==

'''Hydrophobia''' An old name for [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabies rabies] and thus an understandable concern for the LED. Perhaps also sheer bravado in the interests of not being kidnapped - a small dog has no other threat against a group of eager sailors.

'''fathom''' 
Six feet. Sea depth is conventionally given in fathoms.

'''Bahf''' 
Bath, properly Royal Bath Spa, a genteel town in Somerset (originally the Roman Aqua Sulis); but an unlikely place to find Bodine's roots. Bodine's speech, with his elision ('Li'oo doggie', 'all 'e way', 'you take i' ') and the substitution of F for TH is archetypal London dialect, unlike Mason's, whose rhotic 'R's reflect his West Country upbringing (Stroud and Bath are not far apart linguistically).

'''"a British Dog, Sir. No one owns me"'''. 
Cf. Rev Cherrycoke, page 10.

'''a-lop''' 
Lopsided. (One OED cite from 1865)

==Page 24==

'''the Point''' 

Portsmouth Point, see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_Point Wiki entry].

'''Welsh Main''' 
"...in which eight pairs were matched, the eight victors being again paired, then four, and finally the last surviving pair" [http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Cock-fighting EB11-cockfighting]

==Page 25==

'''Fulhams''' 
"Loaded dice are called high and lowmen, or high and low fulhams, by Ben Jonson and other writers of his time; either because they were made at Fulham, or from that place being the resort of sharpers" ([http://www.fromoldbooks.org/Grose-VulgarTongue/f/fulhams.html ''Grose's Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue''], 1811)

'''Three-Threads''' 
* “half common Ale, and half Stout or double Beer” ([http://www.fromoldbooks.org/NathanBailey-CantingDictionary/T/THREE-Threads.html ''Canting Dictionary''] [thieving slang], 1737)
* “Half common ale, mixed with stale and double beer” ([http://www.fromoldbooks.org/Grose-VulgarTongue/t/three-threads.html ''Grose’s Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue''], 1811)

'''Euphroe''' 
“A nautical term for blocks of wood with holes in them” (Levy, Toby. [http://www.themodernword.com/pynchon/levy_mason_and_dixon.pdf ''MD3PAD'' PDF]. p. 8). The holes are used for running and securing line. The term usually refers specifically to the crowfeet dead-eyes. See photos 2-6 in this series of [http://forum.aceboard.net/15916-2168-6568-0-Photos-format-plus-eleve-photo-album-larger-format-photos.htm#id83555 pix].

'''Hepsie''' 
Diminutive of [http://www.cutebabyname.com/hepsie.html Hephzibah.]Mother of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manasseh Manasseh] in the Old Testament(see [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=12&chapter=21&version=9 2 Kings 21:1]).

'''smoaks''' 
The usage here means "to divine" or "to read into," from the ancient practice of divining the future through the interpretation of smoke rising from a fire.

From ''Chambers's Encyclopedia'' (1868):

:Capnomancy (formed from the Greek ''capnos'', smoke, and ''manteia'', divination) was practiced by the ancients in two different ways - either they threw grains of jasmine or poppy on the burning coals, and watched the motions and the density of the smoke that rose from them, or they watched the smoke of sacrifices. This latter kind of C. was most generally employed, and that to which the greatest importance was attached. If the smoke was thin, and ascended in a right line, instead of being blown back by the breeze, or spreading over the altar, the augury was good. It was also believed that the inhalation of the smoke rising from the victims or from the fire which consumed them, gifted the priests with prophetic inspiration. [http://www.webspinning.com.au/home/lambertj/public_html/c.man.html]

==Page 26==

''''pert''' 
Shortened form of 'apert' (open, bold).

'''Lloyd's''' 
Edward Lloyd opened a Thames side coffee house in 1652. It became a centre for marine insurance, and continues to this day as insurers Lloyds of London. Lloyd's 'Names', or investors, have unlimited liability.

==Page 27==

'''half a crown''' 
A high-value coin, worth two shillings and sixpence (one eighth of a pound) or 12 1/2 pence in modern currency. In M&D's time, worth about £13 ($20), so a substantial fee. Until 1919, made of silver, thereafter half silver until 1946 when cupro-nickel was used. Discontinued shortly before decimalization in 1970.

==Page 28==

'''share quarters''' 
Bodine's comment would suggest that the girls were indeed close.

'''Mauve''' 
The colour Mauve wasn't discovered until the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauve 1830s.] However [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malva "Malva"] (the source for the word)or "Mallow" was one of the oldest known plants.

'''H.M.S. [[I#Inconvenience|Inconvenience]]''' 
[[B#bodine|Fender-Belly Bodine's]] former ship (to appear again in 2006 in [http://against-the-day.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=I#inconvenience ''Against the Day''])

==References==
<references />

{{MD PbP}}

Chapter 52: 499-510

2022-01-16T03:45:29Z

Hotrats: /* Page 502 */

__TOC__

==Page 499==
'''Conococheague''' 
Conococheague Creek, a tributary of the Potomac River, is a free-flowing stream that originates in Pennsylvania and empties into the Potomac River near Williamsport, Maryland. It is approximately 80 miles (130 km) in length, with 58 miles (93 km) in Pennsylvania and 22 miles (35 km) in Maryland. The watershed of Conococheague Creek has an area of approximately 566 square miles (1,470 km2), out of which only 65 square miles (170 km2) (12% of the area) are in Maryland. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conococheague_Creek WIKI]

'''that burn'd and bloodied little huddle of Cabins''' 
Fairly certain this section is referring to the [[e#enochbrownschool|Enoch Brown School Massacre]]

'''Lancaster as a scene of horror''' 
Lancaster was the scene of a [[p#paxtonboys|Paxton Boys]] massacre.
see [[l#lancaster|Lancaster Alphabetical Entry]]

'''Capt. Evan Shelby''' 
See [[s#shelby|Alphabetical Entry]]

==Page 500==
'''"Of course 'tis back-to front"''' 
See page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_23:_228-237#Page_228 228].

'''Grub-Street''' 
Until the early 19th century, Grub Street was a street close to London's impoverished Moorfields district that ran from Fore Street east of St Giles-without-Cripplegate north to Chiswell Street. Famous for its concentration of impoverished 'hack writers', aspiring poets, and low-end publishers and booksellers, Grub Street existed on the margins of London's journalistic and literary scene. It was pierced along its length with narrow entrances to alleys and courts, many of which retained the names of early signboards. Its bohemian society was set amidst the impoverished neighbourhood's low-rent flophouses, brothels, and coffeehouses. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grub_street WIKI]

==Page 501==
'''Squall-clouds''' 
The term "squall" is universally used to refer to a sudden wind-speed increase, both historically and in the present day. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squall WIKI]

'''"Then they began with the Bagpipes."... Wolfe''' 
Recalls Mason's remembrance on pages [[Chapter_31:_302-314#Page_312|312-313]]
See [[w#wolfe|Wolfe, James]]

'''Braddock''' 
See [[b#braddock|Edward Braddock]] alphabetical entry.

'''Bap''' 
Bap (often a larger soft roll, roughly 5-6 inches in diameter). Dough can contain fats such as lard or butter to provide tenderness to dough. Can come in multiple shapes dependent on region. Baps as traditionally made in Scotland are not sweet, unlike the Irish version which may contain currants. The 9th Edition of the Concise Oxford Dictionary (1995) says that the word "bap" dates from the 16th century and that its origin is unknown. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bap_(bread) WIKI]

'''"when in 'fifty-six"''' 
See page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_19:_190-198#Page_198 198].

==Page 502==
'''"Been out upon the Pavement m'self... Tyne Keelmen, back in 'fifty."''' 
See page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_24:_238-245#Page_244 244].

'''Slad Brook''' 
Slad is a village in Gloucestershire, England, located in the Slad Valley, about 2 miles from the town of Stroud. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slad WIKI]
It was the home of the poet and novelist Laurie Lee (''Cider with Rosie'').

==Page 503==
'''''ceteris paribus''''' 
All other things being equal

'''"back in 'fifty-six... Clothiers leaping from the Upstairs windows"''' 
See page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_19:_190-198#Page_198 198].

==Page 504==
'''Rum affliction''' 
Rum: (British, colloquial) Strange, peculiar. From [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rum#Adjective WIKI]

'''Bisley Parish''' 
Bisley-with-Lypiatt is a civil parish in the Stroud district of Gloucestershire, England. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisley-with-Lypiatt WIKI]

'''Sapperton Church''' 
Where Rebekah Mason was buried.

Sapperton is a village and civil parish in the Cotswold district of Gloucestershire, located 4.7 miles west of Cirencester. It is most famous for Sapperton canal tunnel and its connection with the Cotswold Arts and Crafts Movement in the early 20th century. The parish includes the villages of Sapperton and Frampton Mansell. The outlying hamlet of Daneway lies in the parish of Bisley, but is nearer to the village of Sapperton and often considered a part of it. Sapperton is listed in the Domesday Book as 'Sapleton'. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapperton,_Gloucestershire WIKI]

'''Cockfield Fell''' 
Cockfield Fell was one of the earliest Landsale collieries in Durham. Richard II granted to the inhabitants of Durham licence to export the produce of the mines, the majority being transported from the Port of Sunderland complex which was constructed in the 1850s. The port was the largest in Durham and the fourth biggest in Britain. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Durham WIKI]

'''"''You can get above it''... above Distance, above Time itself"''' 
A foreshadowing of an overarching thematic plotline of ATD, the Chums of Chance throughline? Notice the line about apprehending "all at once the plexity of possible journeys", which seems to be a clue to some meanings of ATD thru the Chums.

'''''Aides-memoires''''' 
Memory aids

==Page 505==
'''Relievo''' 
A relief is a sculptured artwork where a modelled form is raised, or, in a sunken-relief, lowered, from a plane from which the main elements of the composition project (or sink). Reliefs are common throughout the world, for example on the walls of monumental buildings. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief WIKI]

'''book upon Navigation''' 
Reference to Emerson's book, ''A Treatise of Navigation'' (1755).

'''Hob Headless''' 
See page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_22:_215-227#Page_215 215].

'''Old Hell-Cat of Raby... Elizabeth, Lady Barnard''' 
Elizabeth, Lady Barnard (formerly Elizabeth Nash, née Elizabeth Hall) (baptised 21 February 1608 - 17 February 1670) was the granddaughter of the famous English poet and playwright William Shakespeare, and was also his last descendant. From/See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Barnard WIKI]

'''Lamentations of Jeremiah''' 
See page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_24:_238-245#Page_240 240].

==Page 506==
'''Counter-scarps''' 
A scarp and a counterscarp are the inner and outer sides of a ditch used in fortifications. In permanent fortifications the scarp and counterscarp may be encased in stone. In less permanent fortifications, the counterscarp may be lined with paling fence set at an angle so as to give no cover to the attackers but to make advancing and retreating more difficult. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterscarp WIKI]

'''Machicolations''' 
A machicolation is a floor opening between the supporting corbels of a battlement, through which stones could be dropped on attackers at the base of a defensive wall. The design was developed in the Middle Ages when the Norman crusaders returned. A machicolated battlement projects outwards from the supporting wall in order to facilitate this. A hoarding is a similar structure made of wood, usually temporarily constructed in the event of a siege. Advantages of machicolations over wooden hoardings include the greater strength of stone battlements, as well as the fireproof properties. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machicolations WIKI]

'''Arabs''' 
The Arabian or Arab horse (arabic: فرس ) is a breed of horse that originated in the Middle East. With a distinctive head shape and high tail carriage, the Arabian is one of the most easily recognizable horse breeds in the world. It is one of the oldest horse breeds, with archaeological evidence of horses that resemble modern Arabians dating back 4,500 years. Throughout history, Arabian horses from the Middle East spread around the world by both war and trade, used to improve other breeds by adding speed, refinement, endurance, and strong bone. Today, Arabian bloodlines are found in almost every modern breed of riding horse. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_horse WIKI]

==Page 507==
'''Hurworth''' 
Hurworth-on-Tees is a village in the borough of Darlington, within the ceremonial county of County Durham, England. It is situated to the south of Darlington, next to the meeting point of the River Skerne and River Tees. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurworth WIKI]

'''''pari passu''''' 
Part and parcel

'''Castle Lepton''' 
See page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_41:_410-421#Page_410 410].

==Page 509==
'''rustick Monteith''' 
Monteith: A bowl used for the cooling of wine glasses. From [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/monteith WIKI]

'''Osnabrigs''' 
Osnaburg was a coarse type of plain textile fabric, named for the city of Osnabrück (from which it may have been first imported into English-speaking countries). Originally made from flax yarns, it has been made from either flax, tow or jute yarns, sometimes flax or tow warp with mixed or jute weft, and often entirely of jute. The finer and better qualities form a kind of common sheeting, and the various kinds may contain from 20 to 36 threads per inch and 10 to 15 picks per inch. It began to be woven in Scotland as an imitation from a German import of a coarse lint or tow-based linen cloth in the later 1730s. It quickly became the most important variety in East-Central Scotland. Sales quadrupled, from 0.5 million yards in 1747 to 2.2 million yards in 1758. It was exported mainly to England, the Netherlands and Britain's colonies in America, and some rough fabrics were called "osnaburg" as late as the mid-twentieth century. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osnaburg WIKI]

==Annotation Index==

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__TOC__

==Page 484==
'''Euclid''' 
See page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_29:_289-295#Page_294 294].

==Page 485==
'''Metes and Bounds''' 
Metes and bounds is a system or method of describing land, real property (in contrast to personal property) or real estate. The system has been used in England for many centuries, and is still used there in the definition of general boundaries. By custom, it was applied in the original Thirteen Colonies that became the United States, and in many other land jurisdictions based on English common law. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metes_and_bounds WIKI]

'''Shambles of Eternity''' 
From [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/shambles Wiktionary]:

SHAMBLES 
1. a scene of great disorder or ruin 
2. a great mess or clutter 
3. a scene of bloodshed, carnage or devastation 
4. a slaughterhouse 
5. (archaic) a butcher's shop 

Also, cross reference page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_29:_289-295#Page_289 289].

'''the Communication''' 
See pages [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_35:_349-361#Page_357 357] & [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_36:_362-370#Page_363 363].

'''Ordinaries''' 
In heraldry, an ordinary (or honourable ordinary) is a simple geometrical figure, bounded by straight lines and running from side to side or top to bottom of the shield. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinary_(heraldry) WIKI]

'''The Rabbi of Prague, headquarters of a Kabbalistic Faith''' 
The most famous golem narrative involves Judah Loew ben Bezalel the late 16th century chief rabbi of Prague, also known as the Maharal of Prague, who reportedly created a golem to defend the Prague ghetto from anti-Semitic attacks, pogroms. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golem WIKI] Also WIKI for the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judah_Loew_ben_Bezalel Rabbi] specifically.

'''Elect Cohens''' 
See page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_35:_349-361#Page_358 358].

'''Fingers spread two and two, and the Thumb held away from them likewise... Hebrew letter ''Shin''... "Live long and prosper"''' 
See this [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grave_Rabbi_Meschullam_Kohn.jpg PHOTO]. In his autobiography ''I Am Not Spock'', Leonard Nimoy wrote that he based the Vulcan salute on the Priestly Blessing performed by Jewish Kohanim with both hands, thumb to thumb in this same position, representing the Hebrew letter Shin (ש), which has three upward strokes similar to the position of the thumb and fingers in the salute. The letter Shin here stands for Shaddai, meaning "Almighty (God)". Nimoy wrote that when he was a child, his grandfather took him to an Orthodox synagogue. There he saw the blessing performed and was very impressed by it. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcan_salute WIKI]. Also see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priestly_Blessing Priestly Blessing].

'''a giant Golem''' 
See page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_49:_476-483#Page_481 481].

'''Lost Tribes of Israel''' 
The phrase Ten Lost Tribes of Israel refers to the ancient Tribes of Israel that disappeared from the Biblical account after the Kingdom of Israel was destroyed, enslaved and exiled by ancient Assyria. Many groups of Jews have doctrines concerning the continued hidden existence or future public return of these tribes. This is a subject that is partially based upon authenticated and documented historical fact, partially upon written religious tradition and partially upon speculation. There is a vast amount of literature on the Lost Tribes and no specific source can be relied upon for a complete answer. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_tribes_of_Israel WIKI]

==Page 486==
'''Lancaster County Rifle''' 
See page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_28:_275-288#Page_278 278].

'''"I am that which I am"''' 
[http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=exodus%203:14&version=KJV Exodus 3:14] 
And God saith unto Moses, "I AM THAT WHICH I AM"

'''nautical-looking Indiv. with gigantick Fore-Arms, and one Eye ever a-Squint from the Smoke of his Pipe''' 
Possible allusion to the cartoon character [[p#popeye|Popeye]], whose motto is "I yam what I yam, I'm Popeye the sailor man". [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popeye WIKI]

'''Rashi''' 
Shlomo Yitzhaki, better known by the acronym Rashi (Rabbi Shlomo Yitzhaki), (February 22, 1040 – July 13, 1105), was a medieval French rabbi famed as the author of the first comprehensive commentary on the Talmud, as well as a comprehensive commentary on the ''Tanakh'' (Hebrew Bible). From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashi WIKI]

'''Infancy Gospel of Thomas''' 
The Infancy Gospel of Thomas is a non-canonical text that was part of a popular genre, aretalogy, of the 2nd and 3rd centuries — a miracle literature of Infancy gospels that was both entertaining and inspirational, written to satisfy a hunger for more miraculous and anecdotal stories of the childhood of Jesus than the Gospel of Luke provided. Later references by Hippolytus of Rome and Origen of Alexandria to a Gospel of Thomas are more likely to be referring to this Infancy Gospel than to the wholly different Gospel of Thomas with which it is sometimes confused. Some of the episodes from the Infancy Gospel were topics of mediaeval art. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infancy_Gospel_of_Thomas WIKI]

'''"toy Golems out of Clay,- Sparrows that flew"''' 
Infancy Gospel of Thomas, Chapter 2, read [http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/infancythomas-a-roberts.html HERE].

'''South Mountain''' 
See [[s#southmountain|Alphabetical Entry]]

==Page 487==
'''America... had been ''kept hidden'', as are certain Bodies of Knowledge''' 
See below ["as above, so below"]; So here.....see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosticism Gnosticism].....see Pynchon's whole oeuvre.

'''parchment Coracles''' 
The coracle is a small, lightweight boat of the sort traditionally used in Wales but also in parts of Western and South Western England, Ireland (particularly the River Boyne), and Scotland (particularly the River Spey); the word is also used of similar boats found in India, Vietnam, Iraq and Tibet. The word "coracle" comes from the Welsh cwrwgl, cognate with Irish and Scottish Gaelic curach, and is recorded in English as early as the sixteenth century. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coracles WIKI]

'''Book of Jonah''' 
The Book of Jonah (Hebrew: Sefer Yonah) is a book in the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament. It tells the story of an Hebrew prophet named Jonah ben Amittai who is sent by God to prophesy the destruction of Nineveh but tries to escape the divine mission. Set in the reign of Jeroboam II (786-746 BCE), it was probably written in the post-exilic period (after 530 BCE). The story has an interesting interpretive history and has become well-known through popular children’s stories. In Judaism it is the Haftarah for the afternoon of Yom Kippur due to its story of God's willingness to forgive those who repent. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_jonah WIKI]

'''the Secret was safe until the choice be made to reveal it''' 
The ending of ''The Crying of Lot 49''?....Pynchon's whole oeuvre, so to speak?

'''Hebrew Kabbala''' 
See page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_49:_476-483#Page_479 479].

'''Tellurian Scripture''' 
See page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_16:_167-174#Page_172 172].

'''Pantograph''' 
A pantograph (from Greek roots παντ- 'all, every' and γραφ- 'to write', from their original use for copying writing) is a mechanical linkage connected in a special manner based on parallelograms so that the movement of one specified point is an amplified version of the movement of another point. If a line drawing is traced by the first point, an enlarged (or miniaturized) copy will be drawn by a pen fixed to the other. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantograph WIKI]

''''as above, so below'''' 
This is a repeated, therefore deeply thematic, key phrase in ''Mason & Dixon'' and ''Against the Day''. [[File:AsaboveSobelow.jpg|200px|thumb|right|The Magician displaying the Hermetic concept of as above, so below.]]

The phrase "as above, so below" is from an alchemical text called the
[http://www.alchemywebsite.com/emerald.html "The Emerald Tablet of Hermes Trismegistus"]. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_Above_So_Below WIKI]: As the story is told, this tablet was found by Alexander the Great at Hebron supposedly in the tomb of Hermes... These words circulate throughout occult and magical circles, and they come from Hermetic texts. Translated as, "That which is Below corresponds to that which is Above, and that which is Above, corresponds to that which is Below, to accomplish the miracles of the One Thing". In accordance with the various levels of reality: physical, mental, and spiritual, this relates that what happens on any level happens on every other. This is however more often used in the sense of the microcosm and the macrocosm. The microcosm is oneself, and the macrocosm is the universe. The macrocosm is as the microcosm, and vice versa; within each lies the other, and through understanding one (usually the microcosm) you can understand the other.

Also, see page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_41:_410-421#Page_417 417], Great Chain of Being entry, which, according to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_chain_of_being Wikipedia], could only be broken by alchemy or God (as demonstrated by the fall of Lucifer).

'''Occurrences in the Higher World''' 
This was a common belief back in the day among Western religion etc. (and still is to some degree (see the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Revelation ''Book of Revelation''], for instance)), that current happenings on Earth had their roots in greater battles and greater happenings (of great importance and meaning) going on in the Spiritual Realm.

Also, see page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_45:_448-451#Page_449 449].

==Page 488==
'''Paxtonians''' 
See [[p#paxtonboys|Alphabetical Entry]].

'''Pope halted Attila''' 
Pope Leo I, or Pope Saint Leo the Great (ca. 400-10 November 461), was pope from 29 September 440 to 10 November 461. He was an Italian aristocrat, and is the earliest pope of the Roman Catholic Church to have received the title "the Great". He is perhaps best known for having met Attila the Hun outside Rome in 452, persuading him to turn back from his invasion of Western Europe. He is also a Doctor of the Church. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_I WIKI]

'''Patrick Henry''' 
See page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_39:_391-398#Page_395 395].

==Page 489==
'''Alexander Pope... Wasp of Twickenham''' 
Alexander Pope (21 May 1688 – 30 May 1744) is a famous eighteenth century English poet, best known for his satirical verse and for his translation of Homer. He is the third most frequently quoted writer in The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations, after Shakespeare and Tennyson. Pope is famous for his use of the heroic couplet... The money made from the Homer translation allowed Pope to move to a villa at Twickenham in 1719, where he created his now famous grotto and gardens. Pope decorated the grotto with alabaster, marbles, and ores such as mundic and crystals. He also used Cornish diamonds, stalactites, spars, snakestones and spongestone. A number of mirrors, an expensive luxury in the Augustan age, were also placed around the grotto. A camera obscura was installed to delight his visitors, of whom there were many. The serendipitous discovery of a spring during its excavations enabled the subterranean retreat to be filled with the relaxing sound of trickling water, which would quietly echo around the chambers. Pope was said to have remarked that: "Were it to have nymphs as well – it would be complete in everything." Although the house and gardens have long since been demolished, much of this grotto still survives. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Pope WIKI]

'''Pennsylvaniad''' 
See [[p#pennsylvaniad|Alphabetical Entry]]

'''Timothy Tox''' 
See [[t#timothytox|Alphabetical Entry]]

'''"''Thoo'' are-"''' 
Here Dixon realizes he is talking to the one-and-only Timothy Tox, author of ''Pennsylvaniad''. Tox ends up being the "queer, uncollected sort of Townsman, who's been drinking so far in silence" from the previous page.

'''Mr. Wilkes''' 
See page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_36:_362-370#Page_367 367].

'''the Highland Forty-second''' 
The 42nd (Royal Highland) Regiment of Foot was an infantry regiment of the British Army. The regiment's lineage could be traced back as far as the 1660s, when independent companies of men were formed to police the Highlands by the local clan chiefs. From/See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/42nd_Regiment_of_Foot WIKI]

There was an allusion to current (novel-wise) Highlanders being stationed around Lancaster during the Paxton Boys Massacre, yet they did nothing; See page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_31:_302-314#Page_304 304].

'''Who is this King that fires upon his own''' 
From Tox's ''Pennsylvaniad'', though I seem to remember Wicks at one point voicing this same thought (can't recall the page), possibly first enlightened to him by the smooth poetry of Mr. Tox?

==Page 490==
'''Black Boys''' [[File:BlackWatchPlaid.png|200px|thumb|right|Black Watch plaid]]
See page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_39:_391-398#Page_395 395].

'''Fort Loudon''' 
Fort Loudoun (or Fort Loudon, after the modern spelling of the town) was a fort in colonial Pennsylvania, one of several forts in colonial America named after John Campbell, 4th Earl of Loudoun. The fort was built in 1756 during the French and Indian War by Pennsylvania militia, and served as a post on the Forbes Road during the Forbes expedition that successfully drove the French away from Fort Duquesne. In 1765, following Pontiac's Rebellion, settlers upset with the resumption of trade with Native Americans forced the British garrison to evacuate the fort, part of an uprising known as the Black Boys Rebellion. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Loudoun_%28Pennsylvania%29 WIKI]

'''Prague''' 
Prague is the capital and largest city of the Czech Republic. Nicknames for Prague have included "the mother of cities" (Praga mater urbium, or "Praha matka měst" in Czech), "city of a hundred spires", or Stověžatá Praha in Czech and "the golden city" or Zlaté město in Czech. From/See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague WIKI]

'''Black Watch Plaid''' 
The plaid worn by the Highlanders, see page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_50:_484-490#Page_489 489]. Also [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Royal_Highland_Regiment_%28The_Black_Watch%29 WIKI]

==Annotation Index==

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==Page 476==
'''York''' 
See page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_39:_391-398#Page_393 393].

'''Gunpowder Creek''' 
The Gunpowder River is a river in Maryland, United States. It is formed by the joining of Big Gunpowder Falls and Little Gunpowder Falls. Big Gunpowder begins in the extreme southern part of Pennsylvania's York County. From there, the "Big Gunpowder" flows in a generally southeast direction through the length of Baltimore County until it reaches Joppatowne where it is joined by the "Little Gunpowder" and the Bird River becoming simply the "Gunpowder River" once it passes the Amtrak train bridge that runs from Chase to Joppa. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder_River WIKI]

==Page 477==
'''"Ensign Cheer."''' 
Is this Dixon making a sarcastic remark, implying Mason is being pessimistic or discouraging about his Fire-flies plans?

'''Quartz-scryer''' 
Jonas Everybeet, first on page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_44:_440-447#Page_442 442].

'''Torpedo''' 
See [[t#torpedo|Alphabetical Entry]].

'''marimbas''' [[File:MarimbaGourds.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Folk marimba with gourds, Highland Guatemala]]
The marimba is a musical instrument in the percussion family. Keys or bars (usually made of wood) are struck with mallets to produce musical tones. The keys are arranged as those of a piano, with the accidentals raised vertically and overlapping the natural keys to aid the performer both visually and physically. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marimba WIKI]

'''"Pepinazos"''' 
Anthem of the Expedition. There is a translation on [http://www.thomaspynchon.com/mason-dixon/alpha/p.html ThomasPynchon.com], that translates this as "Blows", however, I think the translation of "Bangs" is a bit better (as pepinazo is closer to an explosion or loud blast from a cannon, etc). To me, "Blows" brings to mind punches which isnt in line with the word's meaning. I had other translation differences as well. That in mind, the lyrics in English may read something like:

''Bangs, never'' 
''Hugs, If I'' 
''Want, Yes'' 
''For real'' 
''Listen!-'' 
''Let yourself be,'' 
''The Ba-a-nngg--ss!''

Is the song a play off of "Tree Hugger"? As the Line progresses, it's Bangs not Hugs? The Ax-men's persistent Banging, the Bangs of guns and cannons past & future, the Bangs of their mallets? Also, maybe this was a tune influenced by the Lightning strikes a number of pages previous?

==Page 478==
'''Codorus''' 
Codorus Creek is a tributary of the Susquehanna River in York County, Pennsylvania in the United States. Codorus Creek (Native American for "rapid water"), formed by the confluence of the West and South branches approximately 0.8 miles (1.3 km) upstream of the Pennsylvania Route 182 crossing, flows for approximately 15.2 miles (24.5 km) to join the Susquehanna River near the community of Saginaw. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codorus_Creek WIKI]

'''Conewago''' 
Conewago Creek is a 77.6 mile (125 km) long tributary of the Susquehanna River located in Adams and York Counties in Pennsylvania in the United States, with its watershed also draining a small portion of Carroll County, Maryland... The name of the creek comes from the Lenape, meaning at the rapids, although "the rapids are not at the Conewago". Instead, the rapids are the Conewago Falls beyond the creek's mouth in the Susquehanna River, which also give their name to the other Conewago Creek, whose mouth is on the east bank of the Susquehanna River in Dauphin and Susquehanna Counties, only 1.6 miles (2.6 km) north of the mouth of this Conewago Creek. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conewago_Creek_(west) WIKI]

'''Piney Run''' 
Carroll County is bordered on the north by the Mason-Dixon Line. The Piney Run Reservoir is in the southern part of the county. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_County,_Maryland WIKI]

'''South Mountain''' 
see [[s#southmountain|Alphabetical Entry]]

'''Groat''' 
Groat is the traditional name of an English silver coin worth four English pennies, and also a Scottish coin originally worth fourpence, with later issues being valued at eightpence and a shilling. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groat_(coin) WIKI]

'''Eyre Coote''' 
See [[c#coote|Alphabetical Entry]]

'''"Bit steep, isn't i'...?"''' 
Dixon is of course calling Mason harsh in accusing him of being his penalty, but his dropping of the ''t'' in "it" allows for an interpretation unintended by Dixon—that he is a steep penalty for Mason.

==Page 479==
'''Kabbalists of the Second Century as ''Gematria''''' 
Gematria is a system of assigning numerical value to a word or phrase, in the belief that words or phrases with identical numerical values bear some relation to each other, or bear some relation to the number itself as it may apply to a person's age, the calendar year, or the like. The word "gematria" is generally held to derive from Greek geōmetriā, "geometry", which was used a translation of gēmaṭriyā, though some scholars believe it to derive from Greek grammateia, rather; it's possible that both words had an influence on the formation of the Hebrew word. It has been extant in English since the 17th century from translations of works by Giovanni Pico della Mirandola. Although ostensibly derived from Greek, it is largely used in Jewish texts of Tanakh and Talmud, notably in those associated with the Kabbalah... Many researchers connect the "Number of the Beast", referred to in the Book of Revelation of the New Testament, with either Greek or Hebrew Gematria as used by the early Christians. According to such interpretations, the number in question, 666, was originally derived via Gematria from the name of the Roman Emperor of the time, Nero. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gematria WIKI]

'''"simple son of the Pit"''' 
Of course Dixon comes from Pitmens' (Miners) territory, and grew up while hanging at The Jolly Pitman, but also, this comment brings to mind Peter Redzinger's revelation through drowning in Hops. See page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_35:_349-361#Page_359 359].

'''East India Company''' 
See [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=East_India_Company HERE]

'''John Company''' 
After a rival English company challenged its monopoly in the late 17th century, the two companies were merged in 1708 to form the United Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies, commonly styled the Honourable East India Company, and abbreviated, HEIC; the Company was colloquially referred to as John Company. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Company WIKI]

'''Sarong''' 
Here used as a pun on 'so wrong', a sarong or sarung is a large tube or length of fabric, often wrapped around the waist and worn as a kilt by men and as a skirt by women throughout much of South Asia, Southeast Asia, the Arabian Peninsula, the Horn of Africa, and on many Pacific islands. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarong WIKI]

'''Sari''' 
Here used as a pun on 'sorry', a sari is a female garment in the Indian Subcontinent. A sari is a strip of unstitched cloth, ranging from four to nine metres in length that is draped over the body in various styles. The most common style is for the sari to be wrapped around the waist, with one end then draped over the shoulder baring the midriff. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sari WIKI]

==Page 481==
'''Golems''' [[File:Golem_by_Philippe_Semeria.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Illustration of a golem by [http://www.philippe-semeria.com Philippe Semeria]]]
In Jewish folklore, a golem is an animated being created entirely from inanimate matter. In modern Hebrew the word golem literally means "cocoon", but can also mean "fool", "silly", or even "stupid". The name appears to derive from the word gelem (גלם), which means "raw material". Alternatively, some sources indicate that it is a corruption of the Hebrew go′al 'enu (גואלנו) our redeemer or our avenger... The earliest stories of golems date to early Judaism. Adam is described in the Talmud (Tractate Sanhedrin 38b) as initially created as a golem when his dust was "kneaded into a shapeless hunk". Like Adam, all golems are created from clay. They were a creation of those who were very holy and close to God. A very holy person was one who strove to approach God, and in that pursuit would gain some of God's wisdom and power. One of these powers was the creation of life. No matter how holy a person became, however, a being created by that person would be, but a shadow of one created by God... Owning and activating golems: Having a golem servant was seen as the ultimate symbol of wisdom and holiness, and there are many tales of golems connected to prominent rabbis throughout the Middle Ages. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golem WIKI]

'''Germanickal Mystics''' 
Wicks is surely writing about folks like Peter Redzinger here, German mystics in the New World, however, traditionally: German mysticism, sometimes called Dominican mysticism or Rhineland mysticism, was a late medieval Christian mystical movement, that was especially prominent within the Dominican order and in Germany. Although its origins can be traced back to Hildegard of Bingen, it is mostly represented by Meister Eckhart, Johannes Tauler, and Henry Suso. Other notable figures include Rulman Merswin and Margaretha Ebner, and the Friends of God. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_mysticism WIKI]

==Page 482==
'''"Epsilons, usually. Miserable little... sort of things."''' 
This exchange is a reference to mathematical analysis and the rigorous foundations of the calculus of limits. Typically epsilon denotes an arbitrary positive number which a certain quantity is shown to be smaller than, in order to show that this quantity is in fact zero. This allusion is anachronistic because this idea of a limit first appears only in the writings of Augustin Louis Cauchy in 1821, and was only formally stated by Karl Weierstrass some decades later. Any student of mathematics will no doubt fondly remember having to master the epsilon-delta argument.

Also, see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilonics WIKI] for further expo on (ε, δ)-definition of limit.

'''Murmurs of "'Thus?'"''' 
The same objection as to 'Emerson's notorious "therefore"' (p.224) - '' '... believing that there must have been some train of logic they fail'd to see.' ''

==Page 483==
'''Black Hole of Calcutta''' 
See [[b|Alphabetical Entry]]

'''symmetry''' 
Symmetry generally conveys two primary meanings. The first is an imprecise sense of harmonious or aesthetically pleasing proportionality and balance; such that it reflects beauty or perfection. The second meaning is a precise and well-defined concept of balance or "patterned self-similarity" that can be demonstrated or proved according to the rules of a formal system: by geometry, through physics or otherwise. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetry WIKI]

==Annotations Index==

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==Page 476==
'''York''' 
See page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_39:_391-398#Page_393 393].

'''Gunpowder Creek''' 
The Gunpowder River is a river in Maryland, United States. It is formed by the joining of Big Gunpowder Falls and Little Gunpowder Falls. Big Gunpowder begins in the extreme southern part of Pennsylvania's York County. From there, the "Big Gunpowder" flows in a generally southeast direction through the length of Baltimore County until it reaches Joppatowne where it is joined by the "Little Gunpowder" and the Bird River becoming simply the "Gunpowder River" once it passes the Amtrak train bridge that runs from Chase to Joppa. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder_River WIKI]

==Page 477==
'''"Ensign Cheer."''' 
Is this Dixon making a sarcastic remark, implying Mason is being pessimistic or discouraging about his Fire-flies plans?

'''Quartz-scryer''' 
Jonas Everybeet, first on page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_44:_440-447#Page_442 442].

'''Torpedo''' 
See [[t#torpedo|Alphabetical Entry]].

'''marimbas''' [[File:MarimbaGourds.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Folk marimba with gourds, Highland Guatemala]]
The marimba is a musical instrument in the percussion family. Keys or bars (usually made of wood) are struck with mallets to produce musical tones. The keys are arranged as those of a piano, with the accidentals raised vertically and overlapping the natural keys to aid the performer both visually and physically. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marimba WIKI]

'''"Pepinazos"''' 
Anthem of the Expedition. There is a translation on [http://www.thomaspynchon.com/mason-dixon/alpha/p.html ThomasPynchon.com], that translates this as "Blows", however, I think the translation of "Bangs" is a bit better (as pepinazo is closer to an explosion or loud blast from a cannon, etc). To me, "Blows" brings to mind punches which isnt in line with the word's meaning. I had other translation differences as well. That in mind, the lyrics in English may read something like:

''Bangs, never'' 
''Hugs, If I'' 
''Want, Yes'' 
''For real'' 
''Listen!-'' 
''Let yourself be,'' 
''The Ba-a-nngg--ss!''

Is the song a play off of "Tree Hugger"? As the Line progresses, it's Bangs not Hugs? The Ax-men's persistent Banging, the Bangs of guns and cannons past & future, the Bangs of their mallets? Also, maybe this was a tune influenced by the Lightning strikes a number of pages previous?

==Page 478==
'''Codorus''' 
Codorus Creek is a tributary of the Susquehanna River in York County, Pennsylvania in the United States. Codorus Creek (Native American for "rapid water"), formed by the confluence of the West and South branches approximately 0.8 miles (1.3 km) upstream of the Pennsylvania Route 182 crossing, flows for approximately 15.2 miles (24.5 km) to join the Susquehanna River near the community of Saginaw. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codorus_Creek WIKI]

'''Conewago''' 
Conewago Creek is a 77.6 mile (125 km) long tributary of the Susquehanna River located in Adams and York Counties in Pennsylvania in the United States, with its watershed also draining a small portion of Carroll County, Maryland... The name of the creek comes from the Lenape, meaning at the rapids, although "the rapids are not at the Conewago". Instead, the rapids are the Conewago Falls beyond the creek's mouth in the Susquehanna River, which also give their name to the other Conewago Creek, whose mouth is on the east bank of the Susquehanna River in Dauphin and Susquehanna Counties, only 1.6 miles (2.6 km) north of the mouth of this Conewago Creek. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conewago_Creek_(west) WIKI]

'''Piney Run''' 
Carroll County is bordered on the north by the Mason-Dixon Line. The Piney Run Reservoir is in the southern part of the county. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_County,_Maryland WIKI]

'''South Mountain''' 
see [[s#southmountain|Alphabetical Entry]]

'''Groat''' 
Groat is the traditional name of an English silver coin worth four English pennies, and also a Scottish coin originally worth fourpence, with later issues being valued at eightpence and a shilling. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groat_(coin) WIKI]

'''Eyre Coote''' 
See [[c#coote|Alphabetical Entry]]

'''"Bit steep, isn't i'...?"''' 
Dixon is of course calling Mason harsh in accusing him of being his penalty, but his dropping of the ''t'' in "it" allows for an interpretation unintended by Dixon—that he is a steep penalty for Mason.

==Page 479==
'''Kabbalists of the Second Century as ''Gematria''''' 
Gematria is a system of assigning numerical value to a word or phrase, in the belief that words or phrases with identical numerical values bear some relation to each other, or bear some relation to the number itself as it may apply to a person's age, the calendar year, or the like. The word "gematria" is generally held to derive from Greek geōmetriā, "geometry", which was used a translation of gēmaṭriyā, though some scholars believe it to derive from Greek grammateia, rather; it's possible that both words had an influence on the formation of the Hebrew word. It has been extant in English since the 17th century from translations of works by Giovanni Pico della Mirandola. Although ostensibly derived from Greek, it is largely used in Jewish texts of Tanakh and Talmud, notably in those associated with the Kabbalah... Many researchers connect the "Number of the Beast", referred to in the Book of Revelation of the New Testament, with either Greek or Hebrew Gematria as used by the early Christians. According to such interpretations, the number in question, 666, was originally derived via Gematria from the name of the Roman Emperor of the time, Nero. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gematria WIKI]

'''"simple son of the Pit"''' 
Of course Dixon comes from Pitmens' (Miners) territory, and grew up while hanging at The Jolly Pitman, but also, this comment brings to mind Peter Redzinger's revelation through drowning in Hops. See page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_35:_349-361#Page_359 359].

'''East India Company''' 
See [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=East_India_Company HERE]

'''John Company''' 
After a rival English company challenged its monopoly in the late 17th century, the two companies were merged in 1708 to form the United Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies, commonly styled the Honourable East India Company, and abbreviated, HEIC; the Company was colloquially referred to as John Company. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Company WIKI]

'''Sarong''' 
A sarong or sarung is a large tube or length of fabric, often wrapped around the waist and worn as a kilt by men and as a skirt by women throughout much of South Asia, Southeast Asia, the Arabian Peninsula, the Horn of Africa, and on many Pacific islands. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarong WIKI]

'''Sari''' 
A sari is a female garment in the Indian Subcontinent. A sari is a strip of unstitched cloth, ranging from four to nine metres in length that is draped over the body in various styles. The most common style is for the sari to be wrapped around the waist, with one end then draped over the shoulder baring the midriff. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sari WIKI]

==Page 481==
'''Golems''' [[File:Golem_by_Philippe_Semeria.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Illustration of a golem by [http://www.philippe-semeria.com Philippe Semeria]]]
In Jewish folklore, a golem is an animated being created entirely from inanimate matter. In modern Hebrew the word golem literally means "cocoon", but can also mean "fool", "silly", or even "stupid". The name appears to derive from the word gelem (גלם), which means "raw material". Alternatively, some sources indicate that it is a corruption of the Hebrew go′al 'enu (גואלנו) our redeemer or our avenger... The earliest stories of golems date to early Judaism. Adam is described in the Talmud (Tractate Sanhedrin 38b) as initially created as a golem when his dust was "kneaded into a shapeless hunk". Like Adam, all golems are created from clay. They were a creation of those who were very holy and close to God. A very holy person was one who strove to approach God, and in that pursuit would gain some of God's wisdom and power. One of these powers was the creation of life. No matter how holy a person became, however, a being created by that person would be, but a shadow of one created by God... Owning and activating golems: Having a golem servant was seen as the ultimate symbol of wisdom and holiness, and there are many tales of golems connected to prominent rabbis throughout the Middle Ages. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golem WIKI]

'''Germanickal Mystics''' 
Wicks is surely writing about folks like Peter Redzinger here, German mystics in the New World, however, traditionally: German mysticism, sometimes called Dominican mysticism or Rhineland mysticism, was a late medieval Christian mystical movement, that was especially prominent within the Dominican order and in Germany. Although its origins can be traced back to Hildegard of Bingen, it is mostly represented by Meister Eckhart, Johannes Tauler, and Henry Suso. Other notable figures include Rulman Merswin and Margaretha Ebner, and the Friends of God. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_mysticism WIKI]

==Page 482==
'''"Epsilons, usually. Miserable little... sort of things."''' 
This exchange is a reference to mathematical analysis and the rigorous foundations of the calculus of limits. Typically epsilon denotes an arbitrary positive number which a certain quantity is shown to be smaller than, in order to show that this quantity is in fact zero. This allusion is anachronistic because this idea of a limit first appears only in the writings of Augustin Louis Cauchy in 1821, and was only formally stated by Karl Weierstrass some decades later. Any student of mathematics will no doubt fondly remember having to master the epsilon-delta argument.

Also, see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilonics WIKI] for further expo on (ε, δ)-definition of limit.

'''Murmurs of "'Thus?'"''' 
The same objection as to 'Emerson's notorious "therefore"' (p.224) - '' '... believing that there must have been some train of logic they fail'd to see.' ''

==Page 483==
'''Black Hole of Calcutta''' 
See [[b|Alphabetical Entry]]

'''symmetry''' 
Symmetry generally conveys two primary meanings. The first is an imprecise sense of harmonious or aesthetically pleasing proportionality and balance; such that it reflects beauty or perfection. The second meaning is a precise and well-defined concept of balance or "patterned self-similarity" that can be demonstrated or proved according to the rules of a formal system: by geometry, through physics or otherwise. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetry WIKI]

==Annotations Index==

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Hotrats: removed broken html token to display properly

'''Dabby, Shotton''' 
505

[[image:Daffys_Elixir.jpg|thumb|100px|Daffy's Elixir bottle|right]]'''Daffy's Elixir''' 
267; Daffy's 'elixir salutis' was one of many syrups used to keep children quiet. It was invented by the Reverend Thomas Daffy, Vicar of Redmile
(d.1680) in Leicestershire, first coming to public notice between 1660 and 1680. A recipe of 1700 for "True Daffy" lists the following common ingredients, many of which were purgatives: aniseed, fennel seed, parsley seed, spanish liquorice, senna, rhubarb, elecampane, jalap, saffron, manna, raisin, cochineal, brandy. A chemical analysis carried out in the 1940s of a bottle of daffy's that had been excavated, confirmed that this was a laxative that would have been made largely from alcohol, with senna as a chief ingredient (Richardmond & Webster, 36). One of the most common forms of alcohol used was gin; hence the slang name daffy's for gin; ALSO: 'What it tasted like one can no longer tell, but it was probably pretty good since it contained brandy, canary wine, oranges, lemons, rhubarb and a certain amount of borax, perhaps to convince customers that it really was a medicine and not just a rather expensive sort of gin' (Earle, 304); 538

'''Dalmatia''' 
223; a region on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, situated mostly in modern Croatia

'''Damask''' 
419; plain coloured fabric (usu. white) with a design incorporated into the weave

'''Damsel, Anne''' 
205; Charles Mason's mother

'''Daniel''' 
640; a Mohawk Warrior; 675

'''Darby, Mr.''' 
7; chain-man on M-D Line crew; 444; impersonates M&D (with Cope), 471

'''d'Argental, Count & Countess''' 
668

'''Darkling Beetle''' 
88; A dark beetle without wings, also called nocturnal ground beetle, belonging to the family ''Tenebrionidae'' ["Tenebrae!" exclaims the contributor of this entry.]

'''Darlington, Earl of''' 
278; at Raby Castle

'''Darlington Fair''' 
235; Darlington is a borough of northeast England south
of Newcastle. It's annual fair was the place to see many other wonders,
such as tomatoes; 495

<div id="dasp"></div>'''Dasp, Captain''' 
414; Perhaps French: "d'asp" = "the asp (a small venomous cobra-like snake)"; "notorious Calvert agent" at Hurricanoe

'''Davies, Miss''' 
268; "Glass Armonica" player

'''Dawson''' 
575; friend of Tom Hynes

'''DEATH''' 
195; 247; "to turn Eastward..." 263; 281; 295; 346; 361; 364; 430; 501; 539;
541; 585; 599; "Death-shade of the Forest" 635; 646; "Instant of Tranquility"
660; 673; Insignia, 703; 713

'''De Bosch, Mrs.''' 
61; 102

'''Decadence''' 
275

'''Deep, Mr.''' 
728; "subcontinental genius" who designs Maskelyne's suit; Deep (more often Dip) is a common Indian surname

'''Defenestration''' 
198; the act of throwing someone (or something) out of a window; 685; [[The Defenestration of Prague]]

'''Deists''' 
261; The beginnings of English Deism appear in the seventeenth century, its main principles found in the writings of Lord Herbert of Cherbury (d. 1648). In ''De Veritate'' (Paris, 1624), Cherbury advanced a theory of knowledge based upon the recognition of innate universal characteristics on the object perceived, and rigidly opposed to knowledge supernatural in its origin and determinable in only by strife and conflict. In ''De religions Gentilium errorumque apud eos causes'' (London, 1645), he set out the common marks by which religious truth is recognized: (1) a belief in the existence of the Deity, (2) the obligation to reverence such a power, (3) the identification of worship with practical morality, (4) the obligation to repent of sin and to abandon it, and, (5) divine recompense in this world and the next. These five essentials (the so-called "Five Articles" of the English Deists) constitute the nucleus of all religions and of Christianity in its primitive, uncorrupted form. The variations between positive religions were explained as due partly to the allegorization of nature, partly to self-deception, the workings of imagination, and priestly guile; 278; 489; 568; 772

'''de la Tube, Père''' 
515; at the Jesuit College in Quebec; 531

'''Delisle, Joseph Nicolas (1688-1768)''' 
213; French astronomer, founded a famous school of astronomy in St. Petersburg in 1726; Chair of Astronomy, College de France; ''Mappemonde'' for the Transit of
Venus

'''Delphic Vapors''' 
311; fumes that emerged from a crack in the earth at the
Oracle at Delphi in Greece and "inspired" the priestess whose
uncomprehensible utterances would then be "interpreted" by a priest.

'''Delusse''' 
352

'''Dennis the Meager''' 
632; aka [[#dionysius|Dionysius Exiguus]] (Dennis = Dionysius; Exiguus = small, little, meager); perhaps a little Dennis the Menace allusion here [though no evidence for this apparent free-association whatsoever]

'''De Pugh''' 
96; son of Ives LeSpark

'''Derek''' 
23; Lunarian

'''Dermy''' 
723; in Ulster

'''d'Escaubitte, Pépé''' 
420; Perhaps pronounced: "peppy disco-beat"; French spy?

'''De Solis et Lunae Defectibus''' 
474; Latin: On Eclipses of the Sun and the Moon

<div id="desuper"></div>'''desuperpollicate''' 
581; Latin: "pollex" = "thumb" = "give a thumbs down"

'''Devil''' 
pentacle, 342; surveying chains called "Devil's Guts" 447; 471; 605

'''Devoirs''' 
8 French: duties (also school homework)

'''Dhow''' 
174; An Arab lateen-rigged (triangular sail on a low mast) low-waisted ship

'''Dicey, Mr.''' 
733; his "County Atlas"

'''Dieter''' 
160; German on St. Helena; 172; 551

<div id="dimdown"></div>
'''Dimdown, Philip''' 
365; 382; 386-388; 566

'''D.I.O.''' 
127; "Damme, I'm Off!" - a men's catchphrase of the late 18th-early 19th centuries; 413; 709

<div id="dionysius"></div>'''Dionysius Exiguus (c. 470 – c. 544)''' 
632; Dionysius Exiguus (Dennis the Little, meaning humble) was a sixth century monk born in Scythia Minor, in what is now the territory of Dobruja, Romania, and member of the so called "Scythian monks" community. He established the adoption of the birth of Christ as the initial epoch of the Christian calendar, while compiling a table of dates of Easter. An existing table covered the nineteen-year period denoted 228-247, where years were counted from the beginning of the reign of the Roman emperor Diocletian. Dionysius continued the table for a nineteen-year period, which he designated Anni Domini Nostri Jesu Christi 532-550. <ref>[http://astro.nmsu.edu/~lhuber/leaphist.html Calendars and Their History]</ref> [[Dionysius Exiguus|'''However...''']] when determining the date of the birth of Christ, Dionysious Exiguus forgot that Caesar Augustus had ruled under the name of Octavian for four years, and thus made a four-year error. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysius_Exiguus Wikipedia entry]

'''Dirk''' 
400; a long straight-bladed dagger

'''Dismal Swamp Land Company''' 
279; where Gershom says [probably in jest] Geo Washington wants Gershom to invest his money

'''Dithyrambists''' 
262; in ancient Greece, a dithyramb was an ecstatic hymn to Dionysus, the god of fertility and wine. Thus, the "Dithyrambists" would have been devotees of Dionysus; these days, dithyramb is, according to Webster, "a sus. short poem in an inspired wild irregular strain" or "a statement or writing in an exalted or enthusiastic vein"

'''Dittersdorf, Ditters von (1739-99)''' 
104; violin virtuoso and composer of 44 operas, and over 100 symphonies; 750

'''Dixon, Elizabeth''' 
238; Jeremiah's sister

'''Dixon, George, Jr.''' 
240; Jeremiah's brother; 477

'''Dixon, George, Sr.''' 
238; Jeremiah's father, who has a "wild-cat coal operation out upon the Fell";
650

'''Dixon, George''' 
116; Jeremiah's Great-Uncle; 416

'''Dixon, Hannah''' 
241; Jeremiah's sister

'''Dixon, Jeremiah (1733-79)''' 
7; and Emerson, 21; Quaker, 43; "I owe my existence to a pair of Shoes" 238;
father dies, 241; his map of the world, 242; in Williamsburg, 394; "To the
pursuit of Happiness" 395; Edge of Pleasure, 415; practicing levitation, 423;
440; commence M-D Line, 444; learning to fly, 504; meets Eliza, 536; at Theater
with No Name in New York, 562; Enclosure, 587; "off at an angle to the serial
curve of his Life" 599 [[Comparisons#angle|''Gravity's Rainbow'']]; "Young Jollification" 648; wants to keep the Line going,
678; [[Jeremiah Dixon's Biography#slaver|accosts slave-driver]], 695; willing to go to Cherry Island to view second
Transit of Venus, 717; [[Jeremiah Dixon Biography|Biography]]; [[Email from Dixon's GGG Granddaughter|Email received from Dixon's GGG Granddaughter!]]

'''Dixon, Mary Hunter (d.1773)''' 
751; Dixon's second wife; 753

'''Dixon, Ralph''' 
239; George Dixon Sr.'s father

'''Dodd''' 
243; "the Peedee" (on the River Tyne, the boy on board a keel)

'''Dodman''' 
221; 234; 248; 681

'''Dodington, George Bubb''' 
''See'' [b.html#bubb">Bubb Doddington, George</a>

'''Dog Goblin, The''' 
229; at Cudgel and Throck

'''Dolland, John (1706-61)''' 
13; Born into a Huguenot family, and originally a silk weaver, he became an optician in 1752 and, with the help of his son Peter, invented an achromatic telescope. Still in business in the UK (as Dolland & Aicheson) as manufacturers of lenses and eye-glasses.

'''Dolly''' 
299; measuring Eastern movement of Pennsylvania

'''Dope''' 
Dagga, 65, 655; opium, 129, 140, 141, 267; Laudanum, 267; George Washington &
"hemp" 278; 378; 411; 481; giant hemp plant, 654; "''Dagga'' hath many mysteries"
655

'''Douceur''' 
458; French, softness

'''Douglas, Captain''' 
738; of H.M.S. ''Emerald''

'''Doxies''' 
70; "she-beggars, wenches, whores" ''Dictionary of the Vulgar
Tongue'' (1811)

'''Draco''' 
189; 587

'''Draconick Incursion''' 
216; the arrival of a dragon

'''Dragon''' 
601; "shape" of the land"; 635

'''DREAMING''' 
70; 108; 109; 112; 155; 179; 205; 320-21; Brittania dreaming of America, 345;
359; 378; 387; 394; 409; 435; 477; 492-93; Captives, 529-30; 531; Mason's,
538; Tenebrae's, 553; 561; 592; 593; 608; 609; 610; 620; 649; 663; 671; 677;
"just at the Crepuscule" 690; 696; "Fugitive as a Dream" 703; "were sold to pay"
703; 708; Mason, 718; Mason, 721-23; "ordinary" 725; Mason's of "night-time
City" 749; 749; M & D dreaming of each other, 752; "No-body's dream of Life"
755; Mason dreaming of America, 757; 759; 759; 760

'''Drivelli, Signore''' 
669; perhaps a recycled Driwelling, GR 518; engineer at Peenemünde

'''Drogo''' 
402; half-breed on Long Island

'''Druids''' 
210; 219; "bonfire of the Bodleian" 560; 597

'''Duck''' 
463; a durable, closely woven usu. cotton fabric

<div id="duck"></div>'''Duck, Vaucanson's mechanickal''' 
372-80; an actual historickal figure; "account of the mechanism of an automaton, or image playing on the German-flute: as it was presented in a memoire, to the gentlemen of the Royal academy of sciences at Paris, by [[V#vaucanson|Vaucanson]], inventor and maker of the said machine. Together with a description of an artificial duck, eating, drinking, macerating the
food, and voiding excrements, pluming her wings, picking her
feathers, and performing several operations in imitation of a living
duck" (Translated out of the French original, by J.T. Desaguliers.
London, Printed by T. Parker, and sold by S. Varillon,
1742); 666-69; [http://music.calarts.edu/~sroberts/articles/DeVaucanson.duck.html Elaboration & Illustration]

'''Duck-Boards''' 
694; a boardwalk or slatted flooring laid on a wet, muddy, or cold surface --
usually used in plural

'''Duke of Bedford''' 
53

'''Duke of Glouchester''' 
290; Ale venue in Philadelphia

'''Dumbledores''' 
470; "peevish Dumbledores in flight"; dialect term for the bumble-bee

'''Dunkard Creek''' 
673; ''See'' [[Charles Mason's Journal#dunkard|Mason's Journal Entry]]

'''Durham''' 
216; 233; 238

'''Dusky Olaf''' 
613; aka Sweden; derived from King Olaf (995-1030 A.D.) who reigned
during the lifetime of and was a close friend of Leif Ericsson, the first European to reach North America. Olaf was king of Norway and Sweden from 1016 to 1028. Dusky implies the sunset, contrary to Stig's "all-night sun" (612.6) but more likely a joking reference to skin colour; 'dusky' is an arcane euphemism for 'non-white', and Stig is suggesting that Swedes are relatively dark-skinned.

'''Dutch Rifle, The''' 
342; tavern where the Paxton Boys had a drink before slaughtering the Indians,
with the pentacle on its sign

===References===
<references/>

{{MD Alpha Nav}}

D

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Hotrats:

'''Dabby, Shotton''' 
505

[[image:Daffys_Elixir.jpg|thumb|100px|Daffy's Elixir bottle|right]]'''Daffy's Elixir''' 
267; Daffy's 'elixir salutis' was one of many syrups used to keep children quiet. It was invented by the Reverend Thomas Daffy, Vicar of Redmile
(d.1680) in Leicestershire, first coming to public notice between 1660 and 1680. A recipe of 1700 for "True Daffy" lists the following common ingredients, many of which were purgatives: aniseed, fennel seed, parsley seed, spanish liquorice, senna, rhubarb, elecampane, jalap, saffron, manna, raisin, cochineal, brandy. A chemical analysis carried out in the 1940s of a bottle of daffy's that had been excavated, confirmed that this was a laxative that would have been made largely from alcohol, with senna as a chief ingredient (Richardmond & Webster, 36). One of the most common forms of alcohol used was gin; hence the slang name daffy's for gin; ALSO: 'What it tasted like one can no longer tell, but it was probably pretty good since it contained brandy, canary wine, oranges, lemons, rhubarb and a certain amount of borax, perhaps to convince customers that it really was a medicine and not just a rather expensive sort of gin' (Earle, 304); 538

'''Dalmatia''' 
223; a region on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, situated mostly in modern Croatia

'''Damask''' 
419; plain coloured fabric (usu. white) with a design incorporated into the weave

'''Damsel, Anne''' 
205; Charles Mason's mother

'''Daniel''' 
640; a Mohawk Warrior; 675

'''Darby, Mr.''' 
7; chain-man on M-D Line crew; 444; impersonates M&D (with Cope), 471

'''d'Argental, Count & Countess''' 
668

'''Darkling Beetle''' 
88; A dark beetle without wings, also called nocturnal ground beetle, belonging to the family ''Tenebrionidae'' ["Tenebrae!" exclaims the contributor of this entry.]

'''Darlington, Earl of''' 
278; at Raby Castle

'''Darlington Fair''' 
235; Darlington is a borough of northeast England south
of Newcastle. It's annual fair was the place to see many other wonders,
such as tomatoes; 495

<div id="dasp"></div>'''Dasp, Captain''' 
414; Perhaps French: "d'asp" = "the asp [a small venomous [c.html#cobra">cobra-like</a> snake]"; "notorious Calvert agent" at Hurricanoe

'''Davies, Miss''' 
268; "Glass Armonica" player

'''Dawson''' 
575; friend of Tom Hynes

'''DEATH''' 
195; 247; "to turn Eastward..." 263; 281; 295; 346; 361; 364; 430; 501; 539;
541; 585; 599; "Death-shade of the Forest" 635; 646; "Instant of Tranquility"
660; 673; Insignia, 703; 713

'''De Bosch, Mrs.''' 
61; 102

'''Decadence''' 
275

'''Deep, Mr.''' 
728; "subcontinental genius" who designs Maskelyne's suit; Deep (more often Dip) is a common Indian surname

'''Defenestration''' 
198; the act of throwing someone (or something) out of a window; 685; [[The Defenestration of Prague]]

'''Deists''' 
261; The beginnings of English Deism appear in the seventeenth century, its main principles found in the writings of Lord Herbert of Cherbury (d. 1648). In ''De Veritate'' (Paris, 1624), Cherbury advanced a theory of knowledge based upon the recognition of innate universal characteristics on the object perceived, and rigidly opposed to knowledge supernatural in its origin and determinable in only by strife and conflict. In ''De religions Gentilium errorumque apud eos causes'' (London, 1645), he set out the common marks by which religious truth is recognized: (1) a belief in the existence of the Deity, (2) the obligation to reverence such a power, (3) the identification of worship with practical morality, (4) the obligation to repent of sin and to abandon it, and, (5) divine recompense in this world and the next. These five essentials (the so-called "Five Articles" of the English Deists) constitute the nucleus of all religions and of Christianity in its primitive, uncorrupted form. The variations between positive religions were explained as due partly to the allegorization of nature, partly to self-deception, the workings of imagination, and priestly guile; 278; 489; 568; 772

'''de la Tube, Père''' 
515; at the Jesuit College in Quebec; 531

'''Delisle, Joseph Nicolas (1688-1768)''' 
213; French astronomer, founded a famous school of astronomy in St. Petersburg in 1726; Chair of Astronomy, College de France; ''Mappemonde'' for the Transit of
Venus

'''Delphic Vapors''' 
311; fumes that emerged from a crack in the earth at the
Oracle at Delphi in Greece and "inspired" the priestess whose
uncomprehensible utterances would then be "interpreted" by a priest.

'''Delusse''' 
352

'''Dennis the Meager''' 
632; aka [[#dionysius|Dionysius Exiguus]] (Dennis = Dionysius; Exiguus = small, little, meager); perhaps a little Dennis the Menace allusion here [though no evidence for this apparent free-association whatsoever]

'''De Pugh''' 
96; son of Ives LeSpark

'''Derek''' 
23; Lunarian

'''Dermy''' 
723; in Ulster

'''d'Escaubitte, Pépé''' 
420; Perhaps pronounced: "peppy disco-beat"; French spy?

'''De Solis et Lunae Defectibus''' 
474; Latin: On Eclipses of the Sun and the Moon

<div id="desuper"></div>'''desuperpollicate''' 
581; Latin: "pollex" = "thumb" = "give a thumbs down"

'''Devil''' 
pentacle, 342; surveying chains called "Devil's Guts" 447; 471; 605

'''Devoirs''' 
8 French: duties (also school homework)

'''Dhow''' 
174; An Arab lateen-rigged (triangular sail on a low mast) low-waisted ship

'''Dicey, Mr.''' 
733; his "County Atlas"

'''Dieter''' 
160; German on St. Helena; 172; 551

<div id="dimdown"></div>
'''Dimdown, Philip''' 
365; 382; 386-388; 566

'''D.I.O.''' 
127; "Damme, I'm Off!" - a men's catchphrase of the late 18th-early 19th centuries; 413; 709

<div id="dionysius"></div>'''Dionysius Exiguus (c. 470 – c. 544)''' 
632; Dionysius Exiguus (Dennis the Little, meaning humble) was a sixth century monk born in Scythia Minor, in what is now the territory of Dobruja, Romania, and member of the so called "Scythian monks" community. He established the adoption of the birth of Christ as the initial epoch of the Christian calendar, while compiling a table of dates of Easter. An existing table covered the nineteen-year period denoted 228-247, where years were counted from the beginning of the reign of the Roman emperor Diocletian. Dionysius continued the table for a nineteen-year period, which he designated Anni Domini Nostri Jesu Christi 532-550. <ref>[http://astro.nmsu.edu/~lhuber/leaphist.html Calendars and Their History]</ref> [[Dionysius Exiguus|'''However...''']] when determining the date of the birth of Christ, Dionysious Exiguus forgot that Caesar Augustus had ruled under the name of Octavian for four years, and thus made a four-year error. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysius_Exiguus Wikipedia entry]

'''Dirk''' 
400; a long straight-bladed dagger

'''Dismal Swamp Land Company''' 
279; where Gershom says [probably in jest] Geo Washington wants Gershom to invest his money

'''Dithyrambists''' 
262; in ancient Greece, a dithyramb was an ecstatic hymn to Dionysus, the god of fertility and wine. Thus, the "Dithyrambists" would have been devotees of Dionysus; these days, dithyramb is, according to Webster, "a sus. short poem in an inspired wild irregular strain" or "a statement or writing in an exalted or enthusiastic vein"

'''Dittersdorf, Ditters von (1739-99)''' 
104; violin virtuoso and composer of 44 operas, and over 100 symphonies; 750

'''Dixon, Elizabeth''' 
238; Jeremiah's sister

'''Dixon, George, Jr.''' 
240; Jeremiah's brother; 477

'''Dixon, George, Sr.''' 
238; Jeremiah's father, who has a "wild-cat coal operation out upon the Fell";
650

'''Dixon, George''' 
116; Jeremiah's Great-Uncle; 416

'''Dixon, Hannah''' 
241; Jeremiah's sister

'''Dixon, Jeremiah (1733-79)''' 
7; and Emerson, 21; Quaker, 43; "I owe my existence to a pair of Shoes" 238;
father dies, 241; his map of the world, 242; in Williamsburg, 394; "To the
pursuit of Happiness" 395; Edge of Pleasure, 415; practicing levitation, 423;
440; commence M-D Line, 444; learning to fly, 504; meets Eliza, 536; at Theater
with No Name in New York, 562; Enclosure, 587; "off at an angle to the serial
curve of his Life" 599 [[Comparisons#angle|''Gravity's Rainbow'']]; "Young Jollification" 648; wants to keep the Line going,
678; [[Jeremiah Dixon's Biography#slaver|accosts slave-driver]], 695; willing to go to Cherry Island to view second
Transit of Venus, 717; [[Jeremiah Dixon Biography|Biography]]; [[Email from Dixon's GGG Granddaughter|Email received from Dixon's GGG Granddaughter!]]

'''Dixon, Mary Hunter (d.1773)''' 
751; Dixon's second wife; 753

'''Dixon, Ralph''' 
239; George Dixon Sr.'s father

'''Dodd''' 
243; "the Peedee" (on the River Tyne, the boy on board a keel)

'''Dodman''' 
221; 234; 248; 681

'''Dodington, George Bubb''' 
''See'' [b.html#bubb">Bubb Doddington, George</a>

'''Dog Goblin, The''' 
229; at Cudgel and Throck

'''Dolland, John (1706-61)''' 
13; Born into a Huguenot family, and originally a silk weaver, he became an optician in 1752 and, with the help of his son Peter, invented an achromatic telescope. Still in business in the UK (as Dolland & Aicheson) as manufacturers of lenses and eye-glasses.

'''Dolly''' 
299; measuring Eastern movement of Pennsylvania

'''Dope''' 
Dagga, 65, 655; opium, 129, 140, 141, 267; Laudanum, 267; George Washington &
"hemp" 278; 378; 411; 481; giant hemp plant, 654; "''Dagga'' hath many mysteries"
655

'''Douceur''' 
458; French, softness

'''Douglas, Captain''' 
738; of H.M.S. ''Emerald''

'''Doxies''' 
70; "she-beggars, wenches, whores" ''Dictionary of the Vulgar
Tongue'' (1811)

'''Draco''' 
189; 587

'''Draconick Incursion''' 
216; the arrival of a dragon

'''Dragon''' 
601; "shape" of the land"; 635

'''DREAMING''' 
70; 108; 109; 112; 155; 179; 205; 320-21; Brittania dreaming of America, 345;
359; 378; 387; 394; 409; 435; 477; 492-93; Captives, 529-30; 531; Mason's,
538; Tenebrae's, 553; 561; 592; 593; 608; 609; 610; 620; 649; 663; 671; 677;
"just at the Crepuscule" 690; 696; "Fugitive as a Dream" 703; "were sold to pay"
703; 708; Mason, 718; Mason, 721-23; "ordinary" 725; Mason's of "night-time
City" 749; 749; M & D dreaming of each other, 752; "No-body's dream of Life"
755; Mason dreaming of America, 757; 759; 759; 760

'''Drivelli, Signore''' 
669; perhaps a recycled Driwelling, GR 518; engineer at Peenemünde

'''Drogo''' 
402; half-breed on Long Island

'''Druids''' 
210; 219; "bonfire of the Bodleian" 560; 597

'''Duck''' 
463; a durable, closely woven usu. cotton fabric

<div id="duck"></div>'''Duck, Vaucanson's mechanickal''' 
372-80; an actual historickal figure; "account of the mechanism of an automaton, or image playing on the German-flute: as it was presented in a memoire, to the gentlemen of the Royal academy of sciences at Paris, by [[V#vaucanson|Vaucanson]], inventor and maker of the said machine. Together with a description of an artificial duck, eating, drinking, macerating the
food, and voiding excrements, pluming her wings, picking her
feathers, and performing several operations in imitation of a living
duck" (Translated out of the French original, by J.T. Desaguliers.
London, Printed by T. Parker, and sold by S. Varillon,
1742); 666-69; [http://music.calarts.edu/~sroberts/articles/DeVaucanson.duck.html Elaboration & Illustration]

'''Duck-Boards''' 
694; a boardwalk or slatted flooring laid on a wet, muddy, or cold surface --
usually used in plural

'''Duke of Bedford''' 
53

'''Duke of Glouchester''' 
290; Ale venue in Philadelphia

'''Dumbledores''' 
470; "peevish Dumbledores in flight"; dialect term for the bumble-bee

'''Dunkard Creek''' 
673; ''See'' [[Charles Mason's Journal#dunkard|Mason's Journal Entry]]

'''Durham''' 
216; 233; 238

'''Dusky Olaf''' 
613; aka Sweden; derived from King Olaf (995-1030 A.D.) who reigned
during the lifetime of and was a close friend of Leif Ericsson, the first European to reach North America. Olaf was king of Norway and Sweden from 1016 to 1028. Dusky implies the sunset, contrary to Stig's "all-night sun" (612.6) but more likely a joking reference to skin colour; 'dusky' is an arcane euphemism for 'non-white', and Stig is suggesting that Swedes are relatively dark-skinned.

'''Dutch Rifle, The''' 
342; tavern where the Paxton Boys had a drink before slaughtering the Indians,
with the pentacle on its sign

===References===
<references/>

{{MD Alpha Nav}}

Chapter 73: 706-713

2021-06-20T20:17:46Z

Hotrats:

__TOC__

==Page 706==
'''Sir William Johnson''' 
See page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_54:_525-541#Page_532 532].

'''Zeno's Paradox''' 
Zeno of Elea (ca. 490 BC? – ca. 430 BC?) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher of southern Italy and a member of the Eleatic School founded by Parmenides. Aristotle called him the inventor of the dialectic. He is best known for his paradoxes, which Betrand Russell has described as "immeasurably subtle and profound"... This seems to be a reference to the paradox of Achilles and the Tortoise: Achilles is in a footrace with the tortoise. Achilles allows the tortoise a head start of 100 metres. If we suppose that each racer starts running at some constant speed (one very fast and one very slow), then after some finite time, Achilles will have run 100 metres, bringing him to the tortoise's starting point. During this time, the tortoise has run a much shorter distance, say, 10 metres. It will then take Achilles some further time to run that distance, by which time the tortoise will have advanced farther; and then more time still to reach this third point, while the tortoise moves ahead. Thus, whenever Achilles reaches somewhere the tortoise has been, he still has farther to go. Therefore, because there are an infinite number of points Achilles must reach where the tortoise has already been, he can never overtake the tortoise. Of course, simple experience tells us that Achilles will be able to overtake the tortoise, which is why this is a paradox. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeno%27s_paradoxes WIKI]

==Page 707==
'''inimical''' 
1. Harmful in effect 
2. Unfriendly; hostile 
From [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/inimical WIKI]

'''Bourbon Court''' 
The House of Bourbon is an important European royal house, a branch of the Capetian dynasty. Bourbon kings first ruled Navarre and France in the 16th century. By the 18th century, members of the Bourbon dynasty also held thrones in Spain, Naples & Sicily, and Parma. Spain and Luxembourg currently have Bourbon monarchs. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_bourbon WIKI] - Also, see page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_37:_371-381#Page_377 377].

'''''Haute Cuisine''''' 
See page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_38:_382-390#Page_385 385].

'''Vongolli''' 
Clammy

'''When they happen across an Adventurer from Mexico, and the ancient City he has discover'd beneath the Earth, where thousands of Mummies occupy the Streets...''' 
Yet another reference to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollow_earth Hollow Earth theory]. See [[Chapter_55:_542-553#Page 548|p.548]] - This also, takes it a bit further, as this seems intended to focus on the archaic idea of the Afterlife being Underground, and the fusion of Ancient Egyptian ideas (that one must be mummified to reach the Afterlife) as well as Ancient Hebrew (that when one dies they go to Sheol, a place underground). Also, see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afterlife WIKI]

==Page 708==
'''''Vis Inertiae''''' 
Inner Inertia

'''Herschel... Uranus''' 
See page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_21:_207-214#Page_213 213].

The object was soon universally accepted as a new planet. By 1783, Herschel himself acknowledged this fact to Royal Society president Joseph Banks: "By the observation of the most eminent Astronomers in Europe it appears that the new star, which I had the honour of pointing out to them in March 1781, is a Primary Planet of our Solar System." In recognition of his achievement, King George III gave Herschel an annual stipend of £200 on the condition that he move to Windsor so that the Royal Family could have a chance to look through his telescopes. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus WIKI]

'''Mug's Game''' 
A foolish, profitless, or hopeless undertaking. From [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mug%27s_game WIKI]

'''Copley Medal''' 
The Copley Medal is an award given by the Royal Society of London for "outstanding achievements in research in any branch of science, and alternates between the physical sciences and the biological sciences". Awarded every year, the medal is the oldest Royal Society medal still being awarded, having first been given in 1731 to Stephen Gray, who received it for "his new Electrical Experiments: - as an encouragement to him for the readiness he has always shown in obliging the Society with his discoveries and improvements in this part of Natural Knowledge". The medal was created following a donation of £100 to be used for carrying out experiments by Sir Godgery Copley, for which the interest on the amount was used for several years. The conditions for the medal have been changed several of times; in 1736, it was suggested that "a medal or other honorary prize should be bestowed on the person whose experiment should be best approved", and this remained the rule until 1831, when the conditions were changed so that the medal would be awarded to the researcher that the Royal Society Council decided most deserved it. A second donation of £1666 13s. 4d. was made by Sir Joseph William Copley in 1881, and the interest from that amount is used to pay for the medal. The medal in its current format is made of silver gilt and awarded with a £5000 prize. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copley_medal WIKI]

==Page 709==
'''Haggis''' 
See page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_22:_215-227#Page_216 216].

'''"’twill have to be a Continental D.I.O., forever." ''' 
"Damme, I'm Off!" - a men's catchphrase of the late 18th-early 19th centuries;
According to Maskelyne, “No sooner did the Planet detach from the Sun’s further limb than ’twas D.I.O. for Mr. Waddington.” 127;
Dixon also uses it at the entrance to Lord Lepton's castle; "I, for one, am now arriv’d at the moment of D. Ahh. Oah,— and thee...?” 413;

==Page 710==
'''Lethe''' 
See page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_25:_245-253#Page_253 253].

'''Queen of Sheba''' 
The Queen of Sheba was the woman who ruled the ancient kingdom of Sheba and is referred to in Habeshan history, the Hebrew Bible, the New Testament, and the Qur'an. The location of the historical kingdom may have included part or all of modern day Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Yemen... According to the Hebrew Bible, the unnamed queen of the land of Sheba heard of the great wisdom of King Solomon of Israel and journeyed there with gifts of spices, gold, precious stones, and beautiful wood and to test him with questions, as recorded in First Kings 10:1-13 (largely copied in 2 Chronicles 9:1–12). From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_sheba WIKI]

==Page 711==
'''emprise''' 
An enterprise; endeavor; adventure. From [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/emprise WIKI]

'''depredations''' 
A raid or predatory attack. From [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/depredation WIKI]

'''Oolite''' 
See page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_61:_597-607#Page_602 602].

'''Jesuit Telegraph''' 
See page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_53:_511-524#Page_515 515].

==Page 712==
'''Susurrus''' [[File:Crumhorns.png|200px|thumb|right|Crumhorns shown in the “Syntagma musicum” vol. 2 (1619)]](Literary) A whispering or rustling sound; a murmur. From [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/susurrus WIKI]

'''Crumhornes''' 
The crumhorn is a musical instrument of the woodwind family, most commonly used during the Renaissance period... The name 'crumhorn' derives from the German Krumhorn (or Krummhorn or Krumphorn) meaning bent horn. This relates to the old English crump meaning curve, surviving in modern English in 'crumpled' and 'crumpet' (a curved cake)... The crumhorn is a capped reed instrument. Its construction is similar to that of the chanter of a bagpipe. A double reed is mounted inside a windcap at one end of a long pipe. Blowing into the windcap produces a musical note. The pitch of the note can be varied by opening or closing finger holes along the length of the pipe. One unusual feature of the crumhorn is its shape; the end is bent upwards in a curve resembling the letter 'J'. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crumhorn WIKI]

'''Swedesboro''' 
Swedesboro, along with Bridgeport, was one of only two settlements established in New Jersey as a part of the New Sweden colony. The oldest extant log cabin in the United States, the ''Nothnagle Log Cabin'' was built by Antti Niilonpoika (Anthony Neilson/Nelson) in Swedesboro. It is a registered National historic site, as is ''Trinity Episcopal "Old Swedes" Church''. Trinity was established as a Swedish Lutheran Church in 1703; the present building dates to 1784. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedesboro WIKI]

'''Spanish Extremadura''' 
Extremadura is an autonomous community of western Spain whose capital city is Mérida. It includes the provinces of Cáceres and Badajoz. Extremadura borders Portugal to the west, and it is an important area for wildlife, particularly with the major reserve at Monfragüe, which was designated a National Park in 2007, or the project of the International Tagus River Natural Park (Parque Natural Rio Tajo internacional). To the north it borders Castile and León (provinces of Salamanca and Ávila); to the south, it borders Andalusia (provinces of Huelva, Seville, and Córdoba); and to the east, it borders Castile-La Mancha (provinces of Toledo and Ciudad Real). From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extramadura WIKI]

'''Fiduciary''' 
See page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_41:_410-421#Page_418 418].

'''Chandleries''' [[File:BrendansIsle.jpg|200px|thumb|right|1707 map of north-west Africa, showing the "fabled" island of San Borondón west of the Canaries, ie. St. Brendan's Isle]]In non-American parts of the English speaking world a chandlery refers to a shop selling nautical items for ships and boats. This term is still in use. Also the job function and title, Chandler still exists as someone who works in the chandlery business or chandlery shop. Also, a chandlery was the office in a medieval household responsible for wax and candles, as well as the room in which the candles were kept. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandlery WIKI]

'''Greengrocers'''' 
A greengrocer or fruiterer is a retail trader in fruit and vegetables; that is, in green groceries. Greengrocer is primarily a British and Australian term, and greengrocers' shops were once common in suburbs, towns and villages. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_grocer WIKI]

'''"St. Brendan's Isle"''' 
See page [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_72:_694-705#Page_703 703].

==Page 713==
'''ubiquitous''' 
Ubiquity- The state or quality of being, or appearing to be, everywhere at once; actual or perceived omnipresence. From [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ubiquity WIKI]

'''transnoctially''' 
Across the night; beyond the surface of dreams

'''"Atlantick Company"''' 
Definitely seems to be a fictitious company here, however, this [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Telegraph_Company LINK] is interesting to read, and relevant, though comes later in time.

==Annotations Index==

{{MD PbP}}

B

2016-10-07T02:28:46Z

Hotrats: Noted anachronism of Breguet, corrected nationality

'''B. of L.''' 
728; Board of Longditude (specified 730)

<div id="babylon"></div>'''Babylon''' 
600; one of the most famous cities of antiquity. It was the capital of southern Mesopotamia (Babylonia) from the early 2nd millennium to the early 1st millennium BC and capital of the Neo-Babylonian (Chaldean) Empire in the 7th and 6th centuries BC, when it was at the height of its splendour. Its extensive ruins on the Euphrates River about 55 miles (88 kilometres) south of Baghdad lie near the modern town of al- Hillah. Babylon gets a lot of bad press from a Judeo-Christian perspective. The Tower of Babel, in the Old Testament, was located there, and the Mother of all Harlots in the Book of
Revelation. The evil twin of Jerusalem.

'''Bacchus''' 
339; The Roman god of wine and intoxication, equated with the Greek Dionysus. His festival was celebrated on March 16 and 17. The Bacchanalia, orgies in honor of Dionysus, were introduced in Rome around 200 BCE. These infamous celebrations, notorious for their sexual and criminal character, got so out of hand that they were forbidden by the Roman Senate in 186 BCE. Bacchus is also identified with the old-Italian god Liber. [http://www.pantheon.org/ Encyclopedia Mythica]

'''Bad Hats''' 
198; disreputable characters

<div id="bagpipes"></div>
'''Bagpipes''' 
usually linked to [[w#wolfe|James Wolfe]]
312; 501;

'''Baker, William''' 
672; M-D Line crewman killed by falling tree

'''Baker's Peel''' 
653; Crannarain ("Baker's Peel") is an Irish name for Ursa Major

'''Baltimore, Lord''' 
257

'''Banks, Joseph (1743-1820)''' 
770; president of the Royal Society, 1778-1820; made his name by going on the expedition to Tahiti with Captain Cook - the expedition ostensibly being to observe the 1769 [[T#transit|transit of Venus]]. His accounts of the voyage and the botany of the Pacific gave him prominence and he rose to be President of the Royal Society, friend (initially) of George III and general government scientific fix-it of the late eighteenth century.

'''Barcarole''' 
56; a gondoliers song, or a piece of music with a similar rhythm

'''Barkley''' 
577;

'''Barnes, Moses''' 
7; overseer of the axmen on M-D Line crew; 323; 435; 445; "Camp-Lawyer" 611

'''Barnett''' 
577;

'''''Bas-mondaine''''' 
668; French: The lower classes.

'''Batavia''' 
77; present-day Jakarta, the capital of Indonesia

'''Bathsheba''' 
147; From the Bible: "It happened, late one afternoon, when David arose from his couch and was walking upon the roof of the king's house, that he saw from the roof a woman bathing; and the woman was very beautiful. And David sent and inquired about the woman. And one said, 'Is not this Bathsheba, the daughter of Eliam, the wife of Uriah the Hittite?' So David sent messengers, and took her; and she came to him, and he lay with her .... And the woman conceived; and she sent and told David, 'I am with child.' (2 Samuel 11:2-5 RSV)

Of all of the troubles that King David faced during his lifetime, the incident of adultery with Bathsheba was the most grave. Bathsheba's husband was Uriah, a loyal soldier of the king. When attempts failed to make it appear that Uriah was the father of the child that his wife was expecting (2 Samuel 11:6-13), David resorted to making her a widow so that he could take her as his own wife. God forgave David, not only because David repented (2 Samuel 12:13), but moreover for the sake of the assigned role that The Chosen People were given in God's plan of salvation for all humans, all sinners. David then married Bathsheba, but the child from the adulterous incident died. Later Bathsheba had a second son, Solomon, who succeeded David as King of Israel. Solomon was the first king of Israel born to a reigning king, and was the last king of the united kingdom of Israel.

'''Battery, The''' 
399; Battery Park (to New Yorkers, The Battery) is a 21-acre (8.5 ha) public park located at the southern tip of Manhattan in New York City. The park is named for the artillery that was stationed there at various times by the Dutch and British.

<div id="leuthen"></div>'''Battle of Leuthen''' 
536; The Battle of Leuthen was a battle fought on December 5, 1757 during the [[S#seven|Seven Years' War]]. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Leuthen More from Wikipedia]

<div id="wandiwash"></div>'''Battle of Wandiwash''' 
564; decisive battle, fought on Jan. 22, 1760, in the Anglo-French struggle in
So. India during the Seven Years' War; ''See also'' [[C#coote|Coote, Eyre]]

'''Bay of All Saints''' 
161;

'''Bayley''' 
738

'''Beck, Zepho''' 
618

'''Beck, Rhodie''' 
619; wife of Zepho

'''becoach-and-six''' 
324 to harness together a Pack of lawyers like a six-horse coach

'''Bedlamite''' 
314; aka "Madman" or "Fool," named for Bedlam which is a contraction of Bethlehem Royal Hospital, the first insane asylum in England, est. 1247; 440; 729

<div id="beggars"></div>'''''Beggar's Opera''''' 
270; Written by John Gay (1685-1732), ''The Beggar's Opera'' debuted in 1728 in London. It was an immediate success, breaking all previous records and was performed more than any other play during the 18th century.(1) It was a complete departure from the popular Italian operas of its time. ''The Beggar's Opera'' used both dialogue and music to further the story. Gay took music from wherever he could find it. Forty-one of the sixty-nine airs were broadside ballads of the time. The other tunes were borrowed from contemporary composers (including Handel). To these tunes he wrote lyrics to fit his play. Instead of taking his plot from myth he wrote a story focused on the underbelly of society - thieves, whores, fences and jailers. The world of the Beggar's opera is gritty and real, it's end optimistic only because of the popular insistence that Operas must end happily.

Despite its grim reality, ''The Beggar's Opera'' is a comedy. It is a period romp that comments with brilliant satire on life. It's satire was on both society and politics. The populace and critics of the time understood [./w.html#walpole">Sir Robert Walpole], a whig and considered England's first Prime Minister, to be the subject of many of the scenes, and his play Polly was banned by Walpole for the fact. [More from [http://www.contemplator.com/history/johngay.html The Contemplator's Short History of John Gay and ''The Beggar's Opera'']]

'''''Bellezza, che chiama''''' 
416; Italian: "A beauty that beckons..."

'''Bencoolen''' 
33; aka Benkulen; (aka Fort Marlborough to the East India Co, during M&D's time) On the West coast of Sumatra, approx half way between the equator and
Krakatoa. According to J Keay in ''The Hon. Company'' "It was not a popular
destination. Only the disgraced and the truly desperate found their way
[there]." 41; 44; 47; 270-71

<div id="bernoulli"></div>'''Bernoulli, Jakob (1654-1705)''' 
135; Swiss mathematician who was the first to use the term integral. He studied the catenary, the curve of a suspended string. He was an early user of polar coordinates and discovered the isochrone; [http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Bernoulli_Jacob.html More]]

'''Besozzi, Alessandro (1702-93)''' 
Composer who created several works for oboe, including 'Divertimenti in E Minor for Oboe and Violincello' and 'Sonata, Opus. VII, No. 6; several members of the family were composers;'"oboick reveries of" 413; 668

<div id="betts"></div>'''Betts''' 
438; in the running for Astronomer Royal

<div id="bevis"></div>'''Bevis, John (1695-1771)''' 
438; This physician and amateur astronomer was the discoverer of the "Crab Nebula" in Taurus, M1 (1731). In 1769 he observed the Transit of Venus from just along the road from King George at Richmond, and published his observations in ''Philosophical Transactions''. He described the initial turbulence to Venus as "a black wafer on the surface of a drum." Bevis was also a Commissioner of Longitude under which the Nautical Almanac was produced and which included Maskelyne's instructions for observing the Transit.

<div id="bible"></div>'''Bible''' 
Garden in Genesis, 134; "an Israelite in whom
there is no guile" 278 (Pynchon says John 1:49, but it's actually John 1:47); reference to Exodus 3:14 (first edition has 4:14, but this is corrected in later printings, so apparently a typo), 486; [[L#lost|Lost Tribes of Israel]], 485; Infancy Gospel of [[T#thomas|Thomas]], 486; "Revelation exists as a Fact" 487; Adam & Eve, 615

'''Bienville, Céléron de''' 
285

'''Big Dipper''' 
652; Bear's Tail, 652; Ursa Major, 653

'''Birch, Mr. Tom''' 
75; 247; 270; 603

<div id="bird"></div>'''Bird, John''' 
12; was the creater of many astronomical instruments at Greenwich and a
member of the Royal Society. He recommended Dixon for the surveying of the
Pennsylvania/Maryland line, and he built the sector used by M&D; 13; 17; Quaker, 43; 73; 75; made Darkening Nozzles for M&D's telescope, 98; 120; 298; wrote a letter to M&D announcing Maskelyne's promotion, 436

'''Bishop of Durham''' 
43;

<div id="BishopOfDurhamClause"></div>'''Bishop of Durham Clause''' 
[[Chapter_28:_275-288#Page_282|282]]; A clause from Charles II's Charter of Carolina (1663) that invokes the extra authority traditionally given to the Prince Bishops of Durham by Westminster to rule their hinterlands.

'''Bisley''' 
Bisley is five miles east of Stroud. Chalford is about four miles
slightly west of due south from Bisley, but the line to Stonehenge runs east of
Stroud passing through Oakridge which neighbors Chalford, continuing over
the river and up the valley on the other side and on to Stonehenge. Near Calne, the line passes a smaller stone circle and an image of a horse carved into the chalky ground of a hillside; Church, 218; 292; Parish, 504

'''Blapsia''' 
492

<div id="blackboys"></div>'''Black Boys''' 
The Black Boys, also known as the Brave Fellows and the Loyal Volunteers, were members of a white settler movement in the Conococheague Valley of colonial Pennsylvania sometimes known as the Black Boys Rebellion. The Black Boys, so-called because they sometimes blackened their faces during their actions, were upset with British policy regarding American Indians following Pontiac's Rebellion. When that war came to an end in 1765, the Pennsylvania government began to reopen trade with the Native Americans who had taken part in the uprising. Many settlers of the Conococheague Valley were outraged, having suffered greatly from Indian raids during the war. The 1764 [[e#enochbrownschool|Enoch Brown School Massacre]], in which ten school children had been killed and scalped, was the most notorious example of these raids. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Boys WIKI]
Similarities to the [[p#paxtonboys|Paxton Boys]].
490; 601

'''Black Dog''' 
494; ("the mandrake, which, when tied to the tail of a
black dog, shrieks when it is torn out of the earth" - ''The
Philosophical Tree in Alchemical Studies'' (Coll. Works, Vol. 13, p. 311)

'''Blackner, Mr.''' 
117; Landlord of The Moon tavern

<div id="blackhole"></div>'''Black Hole of Calcutta''' 
Quoted from Wikipedia, The Black Hole of Calcutta was a small dungeon where troops of the Nawab of Bengal, Siraj ud-Daulah, held British prisoners of war after the capture of Fort William on June 20, 1756. John Zephaniah Holwell claimed that following the fall of the Fort, British and Anglo-Indian soldiers and civilians were held overnight in conditions so cramped that a large proportion of those held died from suffocation, heat exhaustion and crushing. He claimed that 123 prisoners died out of 146 prisoners held. See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hole_of_Calcutta WIKI].

[http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_11:_105-115#Page_109 109]; [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_14:_146-157#Page_152 152]; [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_19:_190-198#Page_196 196]; [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_40:_399-409#Page_404 404];
[http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_49:_476-483#Page_483 483];
''The Black Hole of Calcutta, or, The Peevish Wazir'', [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_57:_562-569#Page_562 562];
[http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_69:_665-677#Page_665 665].

'''Black Joke, The''' 
583; fiddle tune played at Hynes/Wheat wedding

'''Black-Powder''' 
402; "thick-set Irishman" on Long Island; 564

'''Black Watch Plaid''' 
490; The Black Watch or Royal Highland Regiment, was
a Scottish infantry regiment. It was formed (1739-40) to guard against
Scottish rebels and keep the peace. It became known as the Black Watch
because of the dark colors of its plaid regimental tartan. Amalgamated into other regiments in 2007.

'''Bland, Margaret "Meg"''' 
751; Dixon's live-in lover in later years

'''Blinky''' 
35

<div id="bliss"></div>'''Bliss''' 
436; "The Reverend Nathaniel Bliss (28 November 1700 – 2 September 1764) was a noted English astronomer of the 18th century, serving as Astronomer Royal between 1762 and 1764. Bliss was born in the Cotswolds village of Bisley in Gloucestershire and studied at Pembroke College, Oxford. He graduated B.A. in 1720 and M.A. in 1723.Rector of St Ebb's church in Oxford, he succeeded Edmond Halley as professor of geometry at Oxford University in 1742 and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society the same year. He succeeded James Bradley to become the fourth Astronomer Royal in 1762." -- [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Bliss Wikipedia]

He died in Oxford but was buried close to Halley in St Margaret's churchyard in Lee in south-east London.

'''Blondelle, S.''' 
518; at Jesuit College; 534

'''Blue Jamaica, The''' 
268; Ben Franklin's local tavern

'''Blue Mountain''' 
513; a range in SE Pennsylvania, part of Kittatinny
Mountain.

'''Boatswain's Pipe''' 
26; (pronounced "Bo's'n"): a two-note whistle used to announce senior officers coming aboard.

'''Bobotie''' 
[[Chapter 8: 77-86|82]]; South African dish: curried, minced meat with other various ingredients (e.g., dried fruits, onions), "baked with an egg-based topping … known in the [[Cape of Good Hope]] since the 17th century" [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobotie Wikipedia]

'''Bob's Your Uncle''' 
145; this is British slang that means, basically, "no problem" or "there you are"

'''''Bocsánat''''' 
591; Hungarian: "excuse me" or "I'm sorry"

'''bodice-ripper''' 
Slang for a romantic-erotic novel, especially one with a historical plot; Vrou
Vroom, 86; "Bodices are for ripping, and there's an end upon it." 419

<div id="bodine"></div>'''Bodine, Fender-Belly''' 
21; Foretopman on ''Seahorse''; 28; 55; 566; his "Bi-Lunar Exhibition" at Ft. George, 570; Bodine's descendant, Pig Bodine, in [http://gravitys-rainbow.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=B#bodine ''Gravity's Rainbow''] and [http://www.thomaspynchon.com/v/alpha/b.html#bodine ''V.'']

'''Bodkin''' 
75; a large needle, in this case for Tenebrae's embroidery.
''"For who would bear the whips and scorns of time, the oppressor's wrong, the proud man's contumely, the pangs of despised love, the law's delay, the insolence of office and the spurns that patient merit of the unworthy takes, when he himself might his quietus make with a bare bodkin?"''; Hamlet, Act III, Scene 1.

'''Bodley, Mr.''' 
558

'''Boet''' 
155; Dutch for 'brother'.

'''Boggs, Robert''' 
441; on M-D Line crew; 492

'''Bombazine''' 
251; One of the oldest fabrics known, this was a fine silk or wool fabric of plain or twill weave for formal dresses. In black, it was the traditional mourning cloth. Now made from silk warp and worsted weft with imitations made from viscose or cotton. May be fairly crisp. Used mainly for evening and wedding-gowns, if silk or viscose it is lustrous. The name comes from Latin "bombycinum" which means a silky in texture. <ref>[http://www.resil.com/otd.html The Online Textile Dictionary]</ref>

'''Bongo''' 
37

'''''Bonhomie''''' 
558; French: Easy good nature

<div id="bonk"></div>'''Bonk, Police Agent''' 
59; of the V.O.C.; 102; in drag, 154; 183; ['Bonking' is UK slang for sexual intercourse]

'''Boötes''' 
653; Greek: "the ploughman"; the constellation which contains the bright star, Arcturus

'''Boppdörfer, Baron von''' 
724; author of ''Über Bernouillis Brachistochronsprobleme'', 1702; "brachistochrone" is the curve providing the quickest descent (for an object
sliding down the curve) between two given points. Over the course of three
generations, the Bernoulli family produced many of the leading 18th century
mathematicians.

'''Boscovich, Father Roger Joseph (1711-87)''' 
44; Croatian mathematician and astronomer; 215; 222; 223; 269; 450; ''De Solis et Lunae Defectimus'', 474; 546; Theory of Repulsion, 604; [[Father Boscovich|Much More]]

<div id="boswell"></div>'''Boswell, James (1740-95)''' 
718; a Scottish writer born in Edinburgh. Although he studied law and was a member of both the Scottish and English bars, he devoted his life primarily to literary pursuits. He met [[S#sjohnson|Dr. Samuel Johnson]] in 1763 and from 1772 to 1784 was his close friend and biographer. He became a member of Johnson's literary club in 1773; 744

'''Botha Brothers''' 
60

<div id="bouguer"></div>'''Bouguer, Pierre (1698-1758)''' 
Pierre Bouguer succeeded his father Jean Bouguer at the age of 15 as royal professor of hydrography. He was a scientist who was the first to attempt to measure the density of the Earth using the deflection of a plumb line due to the attraction of a mountain. Bouguer, together with [c.html#condamine">La Condamine], made measurements in Peru in 1740 publishing his results in ''La Figure de la terre'' (1749). A more successful use of this method by the astronomer Maskelyne placed the density between 4.5 and 5. In mathematics Bouguer studied pursuit curves in 1732. He also wrote on naval manoeuvres and navigation and, in ship design, derived a formula for calculating the metacentric radius (a measure of ship stability); LeMaire in Lapp-Land with, 544

'''boundaries''' 
"all boundaries shall be erased" 406; 429; Schuylkill, 433; Susquehanna, 467;
512-13; Susquehanna, 639

'''Bouquet, General Henry (1719-65)''' 
Took part in 1758 attack on Fort Duquesne, and crushed Chief Pontiac's 1763 rebellion; his "Proclamation" 277; 307; his "Edict" 616; Colonel, 617; his Scheme, 617; "Success at Bushy Run" 661

'''Bourbons''' 
224; French Royal house, who at this time also ruled Spain. Was on
the wane under Louis 15th (1715-1774) and 16th (1774 to 1793 when he was beheaded). They were heavily influenced by the Calvinist Huguenots, hence their dislike for the Jesuits.

'''Bourquelet''' 
236

<div id="braddock"></div>
'''Braddock, Edward (1695-1755)''' 
General Edward Braddock (January 1695 –13 July 1755) was a British soldier and commander-in-chief for North America during the actions at the start of the French and Indian War (1754–1763). He is generally best remembered for his command of a disastrous expedition against French Canada in 1755. He led the attack Fort Duquesne (now Pittsburgh), on July 9, 1755 and the Battle of the Monongahela, in which he lost his life. George Washington was on that expedition, and it was supposedly there where he learned to not wear a redcoat. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Braddock WIKI] See also [[Charles Mason's Journal|Mason's Journal Entry]]. An excellent description of [http://www.britishbattles.com/braddock.htm Braddock's Defeat].

309; [[Chapter_33:_327-340#Page_330|330]]; analogy to [[w#wolfe|Wolfe]], [[Chapter_52:_499-510#Page_501|501]]; his Vistoe, 613; 697;

<div id="bradley"></div>'''Bradley, Dr. James (1693-1762)''' 
45; Astronomer Royal at the time a request for an English surveying team to
determine the Pennsylvania/Maryland border was made. Bradley was the
director of the the Greenwich Observatory. He recommended Charles Mason who
had been his assistant observer from 1756 to 1760, working closely with
Bradley on a catalogue of positions of the moon. In 1729 he published his
discovery of the [[Aberration of Light|aberration of light]], providing the first observational proof of the Copernican hypothesis that the Earth revolved around the Sun and not vice versa); 75; Astronomer Royal (A.R.), 137; 141; 173; 181; 182; death of, 184; 209
213; 437; 557; Star Catalogue, 461; 772

'''Bradley, Miss''' 
143; only child of James Bradley & Susannah Peach; infatuated with Rebekah, 186

'''Brain, Mr.''' 
228; proprietor of Cudgel & Throck

'''Brain, Mrs.''' 
235

'''Brannon's''' 
564; where Dixons with dancing girls in New York

'''Break-Neck Valley''' 
174; on St. Helena

'''Breech-clout''' 
520; clout is an Olde English word for a piece of cloth. Breech is an mid-16th Century word for the buttocks, otherwise archaic except in the sense of a baby's buttocks before or at birth; 'breeches' is an archaic term for trousers.

'''Breguet's Palsy''' 
122; imaginary disease of clocks. Swiss Breguet (1747-1823) designed a clock with a hairspring ending in an overcoil, i.e., raised and bent in towards the center to improve timekeeping (a hair spring is not the main spring which drives the clock it regulates the motion of the balance wheel which serves to control the speed of the clock). A throwaway gag, and an anachronistic reference; Breguet founded his company, now part of the Swatch group, in 1775, eight years after M&D completed their line.

<div id="brest"></div>'''Brest''' 
27; town located on the northwest tip of France and still the site of a French naval station; "Brest fleet" refers to the French fleet under the command of Count de [c.html#conflans">Conflans] that was trapped in [[Q#quiberon|Quiberon Bay]] and destroyed by [[H#hawke|Admiral Hawke's fleet]]

'''Bridgeport Dagger''' 
15

'''Briget''' 
129; St. Helena prostitute

'''''Brilliant''''' 
49; Frigate traveling with the ''Seahorse'' to Tenerife

'''Brum Kiddy''' 
767; A native of Birmingham [Brummagem, Brum - the city name as pronounced in the dense local accent]

'''Bryant, Alexander''' 
A rare error; the published Journal of M&D consistently gives the name as 'Bryan'.
333; farmer; 441; 460

'''Brynjolf, Bishop''' 
612; his gift of ancient Vellum Manuscript to Frederick the Third:

:"This Gudbrand was born in 1639 (ob. 1719), and was thus forty-three years of age when Jon Eggertsson secured the manuscript of our story in Iceland. Gudbrand's father was in his day by a long way the most learned man in Iceland, his great rival, Bishop Brynjolf, appearing on the scene first towards the close of Arngrim's life. He was a collector of manuscripts and author of standard works upon the history and antiquities of his country." <ref>[http://omacl.org/Heitharviga/preface.html The Online Medievel and Classical Library]</ref>

<div id="bubb"></div>'''Bubb Dodington, George (1691-1762)''' 
113; aka Baron Melcombe; friend of Florinda's; famous for his
Machiavellian political diary (publ. 1784), and for being the patron
of a number of poets and writers, chiefly James Thomson, Edward Young
and Henry Fielding. [[P#pope|Pope]] hated him, and immortalised him
in the "Epistle to Arbuthnot": But still the great have kindness in reserve/He help'd to bury whom he helped to starve" (ll.247-248); his name became a byword for aristocratic hauteur, tactless arrogance and amorality (c.f., Pope's 4th Moral Essay and the first Epilogue to the Satires); thus the irony in Mason's comments on him on p.114 is quite overt.

'''Buddhists''' 
543; 615

'''Bukhara''' 
669; ancient city in Uzbekistan, on the Silk Road and famous for its carpets (now more often Bokhara)

'''Bull's Eye''' 
87; a crown-piece (coin); 91; 99

'''Bumboats''' 
403(a) a scavenger's boat removing rubbish and filth from ships moored in the River Thames (b) a boat bearing fresh provisions to the ships. [The character 'Buttercup' in the comic opera 'HMS Pinafore' is described as "A Portsmouth bumboat-woman"]

'''Burgesses''' 
395; a burgess was a borough magistrate or Member of Parliament; members of a privileged class

'''Bush''' 
132; "from Bush to Oast unmediated"; this would refer to the brewing of beer, from the hops to the oast which is a conical kiln used for drying hops, malt or tobacco.

'''Bushy Run''' 
307

'''Bute, John Stuart, 3rd Earl of (1713-92)''' 
367; Bute, a Scotsman, had tutored young George since childhood, and was appointed secretary of state in 1761 when George ascended to the throne. He was George's confidant and constant companion until he was essentially cut off from the king in 1765 by those who did not approve of the consequences of his influence.

'''Butter-Bag Castle''' 
69; "butter-bag" is slang for "female breast" and was, like "butter-box", in the 16th-18th centuries, somewhat derogatory slang for a Dutchman

'''Byrd, Colonel''' 
395; surveyor who kept detailed Field-Book; "running the Line 'twixt Virginia
and Carolina" 671

==References==
<references/>

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==Page 87==

'''"Bull's Eye"''' 
(Pic?)
The Oxford English Dictionary confirms the definition provided in the text: "10. Naut. ‘A little dark cloud, reddish in the middle, chiefly appearing about the Cape of Good Hope’ (Chambers Cycl. Supp. 1753), supposed to portend a storm; hence the storm itself." The OED's usage sample relates the bull's eye to a tornado, thus, perhaps, explaining the fear of the girls on page 91.

'''actually, twain''' 
I think he's implying that it's not really in two pieces, but that the ends are no longer attached

==Page 88==

'''Elytra''' 
[R] Leathery fore wings of Coleoptera, meeting in a straight line and serving as protective covers for the hind wings when at rest; unfolded in flight; jointed in families whose adults (imagines) are apterous and incapable of flying.
 
 
The beetle's elytra visually echo the ripping of the bodice mentioned in the previous line, i.e. separating in twain to reveal that which lies beneath.

'''the English kiss''' 
Flirting with Mason and his reticence re the amorous.

==Page 89==

'''''Data'' of Biography''' 
all that material excretion which slaves see in handling our stuff.

'''lixiviated''' 
Purified via lye-bath.

Or, "healed" usually through the process of leeching.

'''hangs there in Misery''' 
Cf Buster Keaton's comic persona.

'''Beetle''' 
(Pic?)

==Page 91==

'''Light?...hellish red''' 
light darkening image that is right at home in ATD. Note that the change in light is blaimed on the Bull's Eye.

'''Kommando''' 
anachronous allusion to 20th Century NazI Germany and its Aryan beliefs? The Kommando Spezialkräfte (Special Forces Command, KSK) is part of Germany's Special Forces. It is closely modelled on the British Special Air Service (SAS).

'''Droster Republick''' 
South Africa.drosters - runaways from service contracts. South African usage.

==Page 92==

'''Cape Madeira... violet''' 
Probably a fake Madeira from South Africa, the genuine article coming from the Azores; a very heavy improperly made sweet fortified wine.

'''Transit of Venus''' 
A transit of Venus across the Sun takes place when the planet Venus passes directly between the Sun and Earth, obscuring a small portion of the Sun's disk. During a transit, Venus can be seen from Earth as a small black disk moving across the face of the Sun. The duration of such transits is usually measured in hours (the transit of 2004 lasted six hours). A transit is similar to a solar eclipse by the Moon, but, although the diameter of Venus is almost 4 times that of the Moon, Venus appears much smaller because it is much farther away from Earth. Before the space age, observations of transits of Venus helped scientists using the parallax method to calculate the distance between the Sun and the Earth. 
Venus is also the Roman goddess of love and beauty after which the planet was named.

'''Fescue... simple Indication does not quite exhaust''' 

The OED defines "fescue" as "a small stick, pin, etc. used for pointing out the letters to children learning to read; a pointer." The fescue is ebony, hefty enought to be rapped on a table, and is used literally (for "simple Indication") and figuratively ("does not quite exhaust" - there is some phallic suggestiveness in the passage). Or perhaps sinister-looking fescue = riding crop in the naughty minds of the pleasingly squirming Vroom daughters. Cf Margarita Erdmann thrashing her daughter Bianca with a steel ruler in GR.

== Page 93 ==

'''gravid Earth''' 
Gravid - "pregnant, heavy with young" (OED)

'''the Fescue become a widthless Wand of Light" 
'Widthless' - a perfect Euclidean line. Mason's ebony fescue simply "becomes" a widthless wand of light in the mind's eye as Mason instructs the girls on celestial mechanics. However, there's an interesting black/white reversal (black ebony becoming white light) that recalls imagery from AtD.

==Annotation Index==

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==Page 87==

'''"Bull's Eye"''' 
(Pic?)
The Oxford English Dictionary confirms the definition provided in the text: "10. Naut. ‘A little dark cloud, reddish in the middle, chiefly appearing about the Cape of Good Hope’ (Chambers Cycl. Supp. 1753), supposed to portend a storm; hence the storm itself." The OED's usage sample relates the bull's eye to a tornado, thus, perhaps, explaining the fear of the girls on page 91.

'''actually, twain''' 
I think he's implying that it's not really in two pieces, but that the ends are no longer attached

==Page 88==

'''Elytra''' 
[R] Leathery fore wings of Coleoptera, meeting in a straight line and serving as protective covers for the hind wings when at rest; unfolded in flight; jointed in families whose adults (imagines) are apterous and incapable of flying.
 
 
The beetle's elytra visually echo the ripping of the bodice mentioned in the previous line, i.e. separating in twain to reveal that which lies beneath.

'''the English kiss''' 
Flirting with Mason and his reticence re the amorous.

==Page 89==

'''''Data'' of Biography''' 
all that material excretion which slaves see in handling our stuff.

'''lixiviated''' 
Purified via lye-bath.

Or, "healed" usually through the process of leeching.

'''hangs there in Misery''' 
Cf Buster Keaton's comic persona.

'''Beetle''' 
(Pic?)

==Page 91==

'''Light?...hellish red''' 
light darkening image that is right at home in ATD. Note that the change in light is blaimed on the Bull's Eye.

'''Kommando''' 
anachronous allusion to 20th Century NazI Germany and its Aryan beliefs? The Kommando Spezialkräfte (Special Forces Command, KSK) is part of Germany's Special Forces. It is closely modelled on the British Special Air Service (SAS).

'''Droster Republick''' 
South Africa.drosters - runaways from service contracts. South African usage.

==Page 92==

'''Cape Madeira... violet''' 
CAPE MADEIRA" (Probably forged Madeira from South Africa.), a very heavy improperly made wine.

'''Transit of Venus''' 
A transit of Venus across the Sun takes place when the planet Venus passes directly between the Sun and Earth, obscuring a small portion of the Sun's disk. During a transit, Venus can be seen from Earth as a small black disk moving across the face of the Sun. The duration of such transits is usually measured in hours (the transit of 2004 lasted six hours). A transit is similar to a solar eclipse by the Moon, but, although the diameter of Venus is almost 4 times that of the Moon, Venus appears much smaller because it is much farther away from Earth. Before the space age, observations of transits of Venus helped scientists using the parallax method to calculate the distance between the Sun and the Earth. 
Venus is also the Roman goddess of love and beauty after which the planet was named.

'''Fescue... simple Indication does not quite exhaust''' 

The OED defines "fescue" as "a small stick, pin, etc. used for pointing out the letters to children learning to read; a pointer." The fescue is ebony, hefty enought to be rapped on a table, and is used literally (for "simple Indication") and figuratively ("does not quite exhaust" - there is some phallic suggestiveness in the passage). Or perhaps sinister-looking fescue = riding crop in the naughty minds of the pleasingly squirming Vroom daughters. Cf Margarita Erdmann thrashing her daughter Bianca with a steel ruler in GR.

== Page 93 ==

'''gravid Earth''' 
Gravid - "pregnant, heavy with young" (OED)

'''the Fescue become a widthless Wand of Light" 
'Widthless' - a perfect Euclidean line. Mason's ebony fescue simply "becomes" a widthless wand of light in the mind's eye as Mason instructs the girls on celestial mechanics. However, there's an interesting black/white reversal (black ebony becoming white light) that recalls imagery from AtD.

==Annotation Index==

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==Page 47==

'''Interdiction at sea''' 
Interdiction: Authoritative prohibition 
A court order prohibiting a party from doing a certain activity
- interdict: a sequential process that includes surveillance of often broad ocean areas''' 

'''Skanderoon''' 
Iskenderun, Turkish port, eastern Mediterranean.

'''Loxodrome''' 
Line of constant compass bearing on the surface of the Earth. A parallel of latitude is a loxodrome, but most great-circle arcs are not (the exceptions being the Equator and every meridian). Here, what you might call a bee-line.

==Page 48==

'''Caffeinist''' 
Anachronism (1830).

'''new Captain''' 
(Did the last one die of his wounds then?)

==Page 49==

'''Jolly Roger''' 

Flag with skull and crossbones, typically flown by pirates. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolly_roger WIKI]

'''Mustard-Grinder''' 
Mustarder: one who dealt in buying and selling mustard 
GRINDER: one who operates a grinding machine in any of several trades 
From [http://homepages.rootsweb.com/~sam/occupation.html Colonial Occupations, online].

==Page 50==

'''Tenerife''' 

Spanish Island off the coast of Africa. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenerife WIKI].

'''the Lizard''' 

Peninsula of Cornwall, most southerly point of Great Britain. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lizard WIKI]

'''Immortality of Ships''' 
The ship wherein Theseus and the youth of Athens returned had thirty oars, and was preserved by the Athenians down even to the time of Demetrius Phalereus, for they took away the old planks as they decayed, putting in new and stronger timber in their place, insomuch that this ship became a standing example among the philosophers, for the logical question as to things that grow; one side holding that the ship remained the same, and the other contending that it was not the same. 
--Plutarch's Life of Theseus. 
Also see Ship of Theseus. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_of_Theseus WIKI]

'''masts stepp'd in''' 

Ship construction and ritual. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mast_Stepping WIKI]

'''preventers''' 

Rope supporting another rope. [http://books.google.com/books?id=CvsOAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA66&lpg=PA66&dq=preventers+shipbuilding&source=bl&ots=PQeHD-rWyq&sig=0JtD6cHd0fKqbYclUccm8-UuiHI&hl=en&sa=X&ei=0fe-UeOIIpOw8QT_8IDwCQ&ved=0CD4Q6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=preventers%20shipbuilding&f=false Modern Shipbuilding Terms]

'''Swifters''' 

A rope used for tightening. [http://www.lexic.us/definition-of/swifter Lexic.us]

'''Futtock-Staves''' 

A bar of iron covered with leather or canvas, seized across the topmost shrouds. Probably from foothook. --Webster's New Int'l. Dictionary, 2nd Ed.

'''Sutton Pool''' 

Plymouth harbor. [http://www.plymouthdata.info/SuttonPool.htm WIKI]

==Page 52==

'''final eight bells''' 

Last bell sounded to mark the end of the Last dog watch at 20h00.

'''Hautboy''' 

Or hautbois, French for oboe (lit. 'high wood').

==Page 53==
'''Hearts of Oak''' 
More correctly, 'Heart of Oak', the anthem of the Royal Navy.

'''cheaply opiated Pint''' 
Yes, opium beer; beer cheaply made much more intoxicating.
Perhaps also 'cheap' as in underhand or sneaky.
Also found in ATD.

'''Quantz Etude''' 
Johann Joachim Quantz [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Quantz Wikipedia] (January 30, 1697–July 12, 1773) was a German flutist, flute maker and composer.

Quantz began his musical studies as a child with his uncle. He began to concentrate on the flute, performing more and more on the instrument. He gradually became known as the finest flautist in Europe, and toured France and England. He became flute teacher, flute maker and composer to Frederick II of Prussia (Frederick the Great) in 1740. He was an innovator in flute design, adding keys to the instrument to help with intonation (playing in tune), for example.

Although Quantz wrote many pieces of music, mainly for the flute (including around 300 flute concertos), he is best known today as the author of Versuch einer Anweisung die Flöte traversière zu spielen (1752), a treatise on flute playing. It is of great interest today as a source of information on performance practice and flute technique in the 18th century.

'''Etude''' An etude (from the French word étude meaning "study") is a short musical composition designed to provide practice in a particular technical skill in the performance of a solo instrument.

==Page 54==

'''Enemas of... Coffee''' 
(Cf AtD)

'''Slow-Matches''' 
Slow match, or matchcord, is rope impregnated with nitrates to make it burn slowly, evenly, and reliably despite wind or rain. When the trigger was pulled, a lever applied the burning rope to the powder in the priming pan, thus firing the gun. This drawing illustrates a musketeer aiming his gun, with the slow match smouldering at both ends. For the first few hundred years of firearms, this was the only way to shoot them. 
From the [http://www.metamuseum.com/us%5CSlowMatch/ Slow Match Website].

'''"Pat... O'Brian... acknowledg'd as the best Yarn-Spinner in all the Fleets."''' 

Patrick O'Brian (died in 2000) was a novelist mostly known for his nautical novels surrounding the Royal Navy during the Napoleonic Wars. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_O%27Brian WIKI]

==Page 55==

'''Turk's Head''' 
A knot built on a cylinder (such as a rope) and having a woven appearance on the surface. Used decoratively or to create a grip. [http://www.amazon.com/Ashley-Book-Knots-Clifford/dp/057109659X/ref=sr_1_1/103-6132115-1362208?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1186416528&sr=8-1 ''Ashley's Book of Knots''] (published in the 1940s, still in print) describes dozens of forms. "A notable practical use for the Turk's head is to mark the "king spoke" of a ship's wheel; when this spoke is upright the rudder is in a central position" ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turk's_head_knot Wikipedia]).

'''Matthew Walker''' 
A knot tied in the strands of a rope, forming a projection or knob. The Matthew Walker is generally tied in the middle of the rope; the strands are then laid up again to the end. See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Walker_knot pix on Wikipedia].

'''Mr. Higgs's Obsessedness as to Loose Ends''' 
Boatswain (pronounced "bo's'n") Higgs, on the frigate ''Seahorse'' is a pun on the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higgs_boson "Higgs boson" particle], aka "the God Particle", the existence of which was confirmed on July 10, 2012. As Mr. Higgs is obsessed with loose ends, so too were particle physicists obsessed with finding an instance of the Higgs boson particle which, although theorized in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model Standard Model of particle physics], had not, until 2012, been detected. Thus was the loose end of the Higgs boson particle finally tied, although, this being Science, the discovery is not 100% certain. Although the new particle is "consistent with" the Higgs boson, scientists are cautious as to whether it is formally identified as actually being the Higgs boson, pending further analysis.

'''Jewel Block''' 
Naut.) block at the extremity of a yard, through which the halyard of a studding sail is rove.

==Page 56==

'''perfectly beneath us''' 
Astronomy 101 would have to flunk TRP-- anywhere in the Tropics the sun will be overhead on some days. At the Equator, only on the two equinoxes.

It pays to remember that this section is narrated by the Reverend Cherrycoke. He may well be embellishing the story in unrealistic ways for the children's entertainment. I find it unlikely that Pynchon himself would make such a mistake.

==Page 57==
'''attendant Inconvenience''' 
Others' wills and preferences which complicate one's fantasies of comeliness and willingness.

Note that [[B#bodine|Fender-Belly Bodine's]] ship, the H.M.S. Inconvenience appears again in 2006 in [http://against-the-day.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=I#inconvenience ''Against the Day''].

==Annotation Index==

{{MD PbP}}

Chapter 6: 47-57

2015-08-18T09:09:04Z

Hotrats: /* Page 52 */

==Page 47==

'''Interdiction at sea''' 
Interdiction: Authoritative prohibition 
A court order prohibiting a party from doing a certain activity
- interdict: a sequential process that includes surveillance of often broad ocean areas''' 

'''Skanderoon''' 
Iskenderun, Turkish port, eastern Mediterranean.

'''Loxodrome''' 
Line of constant compass bearing on the surface of the Earth. A parallel of latitude is a loxodrome, but most great-circle arcs are not (the exceptions being the Equator and every meridian). Here, what you might call a bee-line.

==Page 48==

'''Caffeinist''' 
Anachronism (1830).

'''new Captain''' 
(Did the last one die of his wounds then?)

==Page 49==

'''Jolly Roger''' 

Flag with skull and crossbones, typically flown by pirates. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolly_roger WIKI]

'''Mustard-Grinder''' 
Mustarder: one who dealt in buying and selling mustard 
GRINDER: one who operates a grinding machine in any of several trades 
From [http://homepages.rootsweb.com/~sam/occupation.html Colonial Occupations, online].

==Page 50==

'''Tenerife''' 

Spanish Island off the coast of Africa. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenerife WIKI].

'''the Lizard''' 

Peninsula of Cornwall, most southerly point of Great Britain. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lizard WIKI]

'''Immortality of Ships''' 
The ship wherein Theseus and the youth of Athens returned had thirty oars, and was preserved by the Athenians down even to the time of Demetrius Phalereus, for they took away the old planks as they decayed, putting in new and stronger timber in their place, insomuch that this ship became a standing example among the philosophers, for the logical question as to things that grow; one side holding that the ship remained the same, and the other contending that it was not the same. 
--Plutarch's Life of Theseus. 
Also see Ship of Theseus. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_of_Theseus WIKI]

'''masts stepp'd in''' 

Ship construction and ritual. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mast_Stepping WIKI]

'''preventers''' 

Rope supporting another rope. [http://books.google.com/books?id=CvsOAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA66&lpg=PA66&dq=preventers+shipbuilding&source=bl&ots=PQeHD-rWyq&sig=0JtD6cHd0fKqbYclUccm8-UuiHI&hl=en&sa=X&ei=0fe-UeOIIpOw8QT_8IDwCQ&ved=0CD4Q6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=preventers%20shipbuilding&f=false Modern Shipbuilding Terms]

'''Swifters''' 

A rope used for tightening. [http://www.lexic.us/definition-of/swifter Lexic.us]

'''Futtock-Staves''' 

A bar of iron covered with leather or canvas, seized across the topmost shrouds. Probably from foothook. --Webster's New Int'l. Dictionary, 2nd Ed.

'''Sutton Pool''' 

Plymouth harbor. [http://www.plymouthdata.info/SuttonPool.htm WIKI]

==Page 52==

'''final eight bells''' 

Last bell sounded to mark the end of the Last dog watch at 20h00.

'''Hautboy''' 

Or hautbois, French for oboe (lit. 'high wood').

==Page 53==
'''Hearts of Oak''' 
More correctly, 'Heart of Oak', the anthem of the Royal Navy.

'''cheaply opiated Pint''' 
Yes, opium beer; cheap opium beer. Also in ATD.

'''Quantz Etude''' 
Johann Joachim Quantz [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Quantz Wikipedia] (January 30, 1697–July 12, 1773) was a German flutist, flute maker and composer.

Quantz began his musical studies as a child with his uncle. He began to concentrate on the flute, performing more and more on the instrument. He gradually became known as the finest flautist in Europe, and toured France and England. He became flute teacher, flute maker and composer to Frederick II of Prussia (Frederick the Great) in 1740. He was an innovator in flute design, adding keys to the instrument to help with intonation (playing in tune), for example.

Although Quantz wrote many pieces of music, mainly for the flute (including around 300 flute concertos), he is best known today as the author of Versuch einer Anweisung die Flöte traversière zu spielen (1752), a treatise on flute playing. It is of great interest today as a source of information on performance practice and flute technique in the 18th century.

'''Etude''' An etude (from the French word étude meaning "study") is a short musical composition designed to provide practice in a particular technical skill in the performance of a solo instrument.

==Page 54==

'''Enemas of... Coffee''' 
(Cf AtD)

'''Slow-Matches''' 
Slow match, or matchcord, is rope impregnated with nitrates to make it burn slowly, evenly, and reliably despite wind or rain. When the trigger was pulled, a lever applied the burning rope to the powder in the priming pan, thus firing the gun. This drawing illustrates a musketeer aiming his gun, with the slow match smouldering at both ends. For the first few hundred years of firearms, this was the only way to shoot them. 
From the [http://www.metamuseum.com/us%5CSlowMatch/ Slow Match Website].

'''"Pat... O'Brian... acknowledg'd as the best Yarn-Spinner in all the Fleets."''' 

Patrick O'Brian (died in 2000) was a novelist mostly known for his nautical novels surrounding the Royal Navy during the Napoleonic Wars. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_O%27Brian WIKI]

==Page 55==

'''Turk's Head''' 
A knot built on a cylinder (such as a rope) and having a woven appearance on the surface. Used decoratively or to create a grip. [http://www.amazon.com/Ashley-Book-Knots-Clifford/dp/057109659X/ref=sr_1_1/103-6132115-1362208?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1186416528&sr=8-1 ''Ashley's Book of Knots''] (published in the 1940s, still in print) describes dozens of forms. "A notable practical use for the Turk's head is to mark the "king spoke" of a ship's wheel; when this spoke is upright the rudder is in a central position" ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turk's_head_knot Wikipedia]).

'''Matthew Walker''' 
A knot tied in the strands of a rope, forming a projection or knob. The Matthew Walker is generally tied in the middle of the rope; the strands are then laid up again to the end. See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Walker_knot pix on Wikipedia].

'''Mr. Higgs's Obsessedness as to Loose Ends''' 
Boatswain (pronounced "bo's'n") Higgs, on the frigate ''Seahorse'' is a pun on the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higgs_boson "Higgs boson" particle], aka "the God Particle", the existence of which was confirmed on July 10, 2012. As Mr. Higgs is obsessed with loose ends, so too were particle physicists obsessed with finding an instance of the Higgs boson particle which, although theorized in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model Standard Model of particle physics], had not, until 2012, been detected. Thus was the loose end of the Higgs boson particle finally tied, although, this being Science, the discovery is not 100% certain. Although the new particle is "consistent with" the Higgs boson, scientists are cautious as to whether it is formally identified as actually being the Higgs boson, pending further analysis.

'''Jewel Block''' 
Naut.) block at the extremity of a yard, through which the halyard of a studding sail is rove.

==Page 56==

'''perfectly beneath us''' 
Astronomy 101 would have to flunk TRP-- anywhere in the Tropics the sun will be overhead on some days. At the Equator, only on the two equinoxes.

It pays to remember that this section is narrated by the Reverend Cherrycoke. He may well be embellishing the story in unrealistic ways for the children's entertainment. I find it unlikely that Pynchon himself would make such a mistake.

==Page 57==
'''attendant Inconvenience''' 
Others' wills and preferences which complicate one's fantasies of comeliness and willingness.

Note that [[B#bodine|Fender-Belly Bodine's]] ship, the H.M.S. Inconvenience appears again in 2006 in [http://against-the-day.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=I#inconvenience ''Against the Day''].

==Annotation Index==

{{MD PbP}}

Chapter 6: 47-57

2015-08-18T09:08:33Z

Hotrats: /* Page 52 */

==Page 47==

'''Interdiction at sea''' 
Interdiction: Authoritative prohibition 
A court order prohibiting a party from doing a certain activity
- interdict: a sequential process that includes surveillance of often broad ocean areas''' 

'''Skanderoon''' 
Iskenderun, Turkish port, eastern Mediterranean.

'''Loxodrome''' 
Line of constant compass bearing on the surface of the Earth. A parallel of latitude is a loxodrome, but most great-circle arcs are not (the exceptions being the Equator and every meridian). Here, what you might call a bee-line.

==Page 48==

'''Caffeinist''' 
Anachronism (1830).

'''new Captain''' 
(Did the last one die of his wounds then?)

==Page 49==

'''Jolly Roger''' 

Flag with skull and crossbones, typically flown by pirates. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolly_roger WIKI]

'''Mustard-Grinder''' 
Mustarder: one who dealt in buying and selling mustard 
GRINDER: one who operates a grinding machine in any of several trades 
From [http://homepages.rootsweb.com/~sam/occupation.html Colonial Occupations, online].

==Page 50==

'''Tenerife''' 

Spanish Island off the coast of Africa. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenerife WIKI].

'''the Lizard''' 

Peninsula of Cornwall, most southerly point of Great Britain. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lizard WIKI]

'''Immortality of Ships''' 
The ship wherein Theseus and the youth of Athens returned had thirty oars, and was preserved by the Athenians down even to the time of Demetrius Phalereus, for they took away the old planks as they decayed, putting in new and stronger timber in their place, insomuch that this ship became a standing example among the philosophers, for the logical question as to things that grow; one side holding that the ship remained the same, and the other contending that it was not the same. 
--Plutarch's Life of Theseus. 
Also see Ship of Theseus. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_of_Theseus WIKI]

'''masts stepp'd in''' 

Ship construction and ritual. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mast_Stepping WIKI]

'''preventers''' 

Rope supporting another rope. [http://books.google.com/books?id=CvsOAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA66&lpg=PA66&dq=preventers+shipbuilding&source=bl&ots=PQeHD-rWyq&sig=0JtD6cHd0fKqbYclUccm8-UuiHI&hl=en&sa=X&ei=0fe-UeOIIpOw8QT_8IDwCQ&ved=0CD4Q6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=preventers%20shipbuilding&f=false Modern Shipbuilding Terms]

'''Swifters''' 

A rope used for tightening. [http://www.lexic.us/definition-of/swifter Lexic.us]

'''Futtock-Staves''' 

A bar of iron covered with leather or canvas, seized across the topmost shrouds. Probably from foothook. --Webster's New Int'l. Dictionary, 2nd Ed.

'''Sutton Pool''' 

Plymouth harbor. [http://www.plymouthdata.info/SuttonPool.htm WIKI]

==Page 52==

'''final eight bells''' 

Last bell sounded to mark the end of the Last dog watch at 20h00.

'''Hautboy''' 

Or hautbois, French for oboe (lit. 'high wood').

'''a cheaply opiated pint''' 

Perhaps also 'cheap' as in underhand or sneaky.

==Page 53==
'''Hearts of Oak''' 
More correctly, 'Heart of Oak', the anthem of the Royal Navy.

'''cheaply opiated Pint''' 
Yes, opium beer; cheap opium beer. Also in ATD.

'''Quantz Etude''' 
Johann Joachim Quantz [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Quantz Wikipedia] (January 30, 1697–July 12, 1773) was a German flutist, flute maker and composer.

Quantz began his musical studies as a child with his uncle. He began to concentrate on the flute, performing more and more on the instrument. He gradually became known as the finest flautist in Europe, and toured France and England. He became flute teacher, flute maker and composer to Frederick II of Prussia (Frederick the Great) in 1740. He was an innovator in flute design, adding keys to the instrument to help with intonation (playing in tune), for example.

Although Quantz wrote many pieces of music, mainly for the flute (including around 300 flute concertos), he is best known today as the author of Versuch einer Anweisung die Flöte traversière zu spielen (1752), a treatise on flute playing. It is of great interest today as a source of information on performance practice and flute technique in the 18th century.

'''Etude''' An etude (from the French word étude meaning "study") is a short musical composition designed to provide practice in a particular technical skill in the performance of a solo instrument.

==Page 54==

'''Enemas of... Coffee''' 
(Cf AtD)

'''Slow-Matches''' 
Slow match, or matchcord, is rope impregnated with nitrates to make it burn slowly, evenly, and reliably despite wind or rain. When the trigger was pulled, a lever applied the burning rope to the powder in the priming pan, thus firing the gun. This drawing illustrates a musketeer aiming his gun, with the slow match smouldering at both ends. For the first few hundred years of firearms, this was the only way to shoot them. 
From the [http://www.metamuseum.com/us%5CSlowMatch/ Slow Match Website].

'''"Pat... O'Brian... acknowledg'd as the best Yarn-Spinner in all the Fleets."''' 

Patrick O'Brian (died in 2000) was a novelist mostly known for his nautical novels surrounding the Royal Navy during the Napoleonic Wars. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_O%27Brian WIKI]

==Page 55==

'''Turk's Head''' 
A knot built on a cylinder (such as a rope) and having a woven appearance on the surface. Used decoratively or to create a grip. [http://www.amazon.com/Ashley-Book-Knots-Clifford/dp/057109659X/ref=sr_1_1/103-6132115-1362208?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1186416528&sr=8-1 ''Ashley's Book of Knots''] (published in the 1940s, still in print) describes dozens of forms. "A notable practical use for the Turk's head is to mark the "king spoke" of a ship's wheel; when this spoke is upright the rudder is in a central position" ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turk's_head_knot Wikipedia]).

'''Matthew Walker''' 
A knot tied in the strands of a rope, forming a projection or knob. The Matthew Walker is generally tied in the middle of the rope; the strands are then laid up again to the end. See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Walker_knot pix on Wikipedia].

'''Mr. Higgs's Obsessedness as to Loose Ends''' 
Boatswain (pronounced "bo's'n") Higgs, on the frigate ''Seahorse'' is a pun on the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higgs_boson "Higgs boson" particle], aka "the God Particle", the existence of which was confirmed on July 10, 2012. As Mr. Higgs is obsessed with loose ends, so too were particle physicists obsessed with finding an instance of the Higgs boson particle which, although theorized in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model Standard Model of particle physics], had not, until 2012, been detected. Thus was the loose end of the Higgs boson particle finally tied, although, this being Science, the discovery is not 100% certain. Although the new particle is "consistent with" the Higgs boson, scientists are cautious as to whether it is formally identified as actually being the Higgs boson, pending further analysis.

'''Jewel Block''' 
Naut.) block at the extremity of a yard, through which the halyard of a studding sail is rove.

==Page 56==

'''perfectly beneath us''' 
Astronomy 101 would have to flunk TRP-- anywhere in the Tropics the sun will be overhead on some days. At the Equator, only on the two equinoxes.

It pays to remember that this section is narrated by the Reverend Cherrycoke. He may well be embellishing the story in unrealistic ways for the children's entertainment. I find it unlikely that Pynchon himself would make such a mistake.

==Page 57==
'''attendant Inconvenience''' 
Others' wills and preferences which complicate one's fantasies of comeliness and willingness.

Note that [[B#bodine|Fender-Belly Bodine's]] ship, the H.M.S. Inconvenience appears again in 2006 in [http://against-the-day.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=I#inconvenience ''Against the Day''].

==Annotation Index==

{{MD PbP}}

V

2015-08-18T08:59:14Z

Hotrats: Vrou defined

'''Vacuum''' 
44; 155; 197; 356; 363; 428; 556

'''Vampire''' 
425; Hungarian, 728

'''''Vampyr of Covent Garden''''' 
117; Gothick novel Mason names to Maskelyne

<div id="vane"></div>'''Vane, Sir Henry (1613-62) (The Younger)''' 
116; English statesman who, between 1635 and 1637, was governor of Massachusetts; After returning to England, he entered the House of Commons. Along with [[P#pym|John Pym]], he played a major part in securing the execution of the [[S#strafford|First Earl of Strafford]]; 225; 226; [[Sir Henry Vane|MORE]]

<div id="varna"></div>'''Varna, Battle of''' 
The 1444 campaign the King of Hungary, Ulaszlo I, launched against the Turks (the "infidels") in an attempt to drive them out of Europe. The Christian army was utterly destroyed; lost by [[C#caesarini|Caesarini]], 591

'''Vasquez Brothers''' 
477; have Marimba Quartet on M-D Line crew; 546

<div id="vaucanson"></div>'''Vaucanson, Jacques de (1709-82)''' 
372; He actually did make a mechanical Duck that could eat and excrete. Perhaps his most significant automata were his automatic looms, because years later, Jacquard would invent the punched card so as to ''program'' Vaucanson's looms; 450; 668; ''See also'' [[D#duck|Duck]]; [http://www.stanford.edu/group/SHR/4-2/text/mazlish.html More]

'''Vector of Desire''' 
96; how DePugh LeSpark describes a telescope; [[Vector of Desire|Eymological Musings]]

<div id="veery">'''Veery Brothers'''</div>
289; Cosmo & Damian, professional effigy-makers in Philadelphia; Yes, and what effigies, if they're connected, as one would assume, to the Catholic saints Cosmo (Cosmas) and Damian, twin brothers from 3rd century CE Asia Minor who were martyred. But the connection becomes clearer when one considers that St. Cosmo (Cf. Randolph St. Cosmo in [http://against-the-day.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/ ''Against the Day'']) became known as "the modern Priapus," the Greek god of sensuality, his symbol the phallus. The Fete of St. Cosmo and Damiano as late as 1780, was celebrated at Iserni, in Naples, replete with "ex voti" phalli, made of wax, which the women offer up, asking "Blessed St.Cosmo, let it be like this." And Cosmo, you see, is "a rare Wax Artist, our Cosmo is." [http://against-the-day.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=St._Cosmo Much more on this page on the ''Against the Day'' wiki...]; And as far as "Veery," there's the bird:
:The Veery, a secretive bird, lives in dense shade. The beautiful song of the Veery sounds best at dusk, as it echoes through the deepening gloom of the forest. The bird is rather difficult to see, but it can be lured into view by an imitation of the squeaking of a bird in distress. Its diet is evenly divided between insects obtained on the ground and fruit. It migrates at night, the flock keeping together in dark skies by means of a "contact call" characteristic of the species. Experiments on other thrushes show that their vision in shade or twilight is better than that of most other birds. [http://www.enature.com/flashcard/show_flash_card.asp?recordNumber=BD0266]

'''Veevle''' 
53; on crew of ''Seahorse''; notorious for his reluctance to wake up for guard shifts

'''Vendue''' 
511; an auction; 682

'''Venus''' 
27; 137; 138; "from a Machine" 668

'''Verger''' 
8; church caretaker

'''Vesuvius, Mt.''' 
235

'''Vineland''' 
633; 634

'''Vinovium''' 
218

<div id="VirginiaResolves"></div>'''Virginia Resolves [Resolutions]''' 
The Virginia Resolves were a series of resolutions passed [29 May 1965] by the Virginia House of Burgesses in response to the Stamp Act of 1765. The Stamp Act had been passed by the British Parliament to help pay off some of its debt from its various wars, including the French and Indian War fought in part to protect the American colonies.

The resolves claimed that in accordance with long established British law, Virginia was subject to taxation only by a parliamentary assembly to which Virginians themselves elected representatives. Since no colonial representatives were elected to the Parliament the only assembly legally allowed to raise taxes would be the Virginia General Assembly. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Resolves WIKI]

prelude to, [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_39:_391-398#VirginiaResolutions 395];

'''''Vis centrifuga''''' 
555; Latin: "centrifugal force"

'''''Vis Fulgoris''''' 
685; Latin: "power of lightning"

'''''Vis Inertiae''''' 
708; Latin: "power of inertia"

'''''Vis Martis''''' 
765; Latin: "power of Mars"

'''Visto''' 
234; To facilitate sighting and marking, the surveyors employed axmen to clear
a rough corridor, the Visto, "8 or 9 yards wide" along the points of their
periodic observations and measurements; "Gravity along the Visto, is become
locally less important than Rapture" 651; "upon the Atlantick Sea" 712

<div id="viudas"></div>'''Viudas de Cristo, Las''' 
420, 518; Spanish: "The Widows of Christ"; ''See also'' [[W#widows|Widows of Christ]]

<div id="voam"></div>'''Voam, Professor''' 
321; "camp naturalist" & "Philosophical Operator" on M-D Line crew; FYI: In Pennsylvania and New Jersey there's an organization called VOAM Electric Cooperative Inc. and VOM is the abbreviation for Volt-Ohm Meter; 425; 550; 619

'''V.O.C.''' 
58; Dutch: "'''V'''erenigde '''O'''ostindische '''C'''ompagnie" (Dutch East India Company); 69

'''Void''' 
179; 183; 288; Vacancy, 709

'''Volcano, Captain''' 
402; sobriquet of "Amy's" "Uncle"; in Montague's, 564

'''Voltaire (1694-1778)''' 
372; one of the greatest French authors and embodiment of the spirit of the Age of Reason; "remark about Gas and As-tronomers" 385; "Thorns and Angels" 568; writing about the Mechanickal Duck, 668

'''Vongolli''' 
707; Italian: vongole = clam; "French-Shawanese half-breed Renegado" who is
M&D's "sidekick"; reminiscent of [http://gravitys-rainbow.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=G#goll Von Göll in ''Gravity's Rainbow'']

'''Vortices''' 
220; Vortices were an attempt by Continental philosophers and mathematicians to explain how space could be continuously occupied by solid matter (i.e. with no gaps) and yet allow movement. Atomic theories were deemed unacceptable because either they required space between atoms with nothing to fill it or they required solid atoms which interlocked and tesselated to fill space but thereby disallowed any movement; 556; [http://www.goddess.org/vortices/vortex.html Of Further Interest...]

'''Vowtay Brothers''' 
100; Company writers

'''Vroom, Cornelius''' 
60; Dutch: "vroom" = "pious" or "godly"; patriarch of the 5-person Vroom family. Also similar to the name of a 15th century Dutch painter [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelis_Vroom Cornelis Vroom].

Also cf The sound of 'warum' (why) in German in GR: '...her teeth halt on her lower lip, and the warum (varoom, a Plasticman sound) hovers trapped in her mouth.'

'''Vroom, Jemima ("Jet")''' 
60; Dutch: "vroom" = "pious" or "godly"; 16-year-old daughter of Cornelius & Johanna; the three daughters are
named after Job's three beautiful daughters in the Bible.

'''Vroom, Kezia ("Greet")''' 
60; Dutch: "vroom" = "pious" or "godly"; middle daughter of Cornelius & Johanna; the three daughters are named after Job's three beautiful daughters in the Bible.

'''Vroom, Kerrenhappuch ("Els")''' 
60: Dutch: "vroom" = "pious" or "godly"; 12-year-old daughter of Cornelius & Johanna; the three daughters are named after Job's three beautiful daughters in the Bible.

'''Vroom, Johanna ("Vrou" ie 'Mrs.', like Frau in German)''' 
60; Dutch: "vroom" = "pious" or "godly"; wife of Cornelius; ripping her bodice in front of Mason, 87

{{MD Alpha Nav}}

V

2015-08-18T08:57:39Z

Hotrats: Vroom GR reference

'''Vacuum''' 
44; 155; 197; 356; 363; 428; 556

'''Vampire''' 
425; Hungarian, 728

'''''Vampyr of Covent Garden''''' 
117; Gothick novel Mason names to Maskelyne

<div id="vane"></div>'''Vane, Sir Henry (1613-62) (The Younger)''' 
116; English statesman who, between 1635 and 1637, was governor of Massachusetts; After returning to England, he entered the House of Commons. Along with [[P#pym|John Pym]], he played a major part in securing the execution of the [[S#strafford|First Earl of Strafford]]; 225; 226; [[Sir Henry Vane|MORE]]

<div id="varna"></div>'''Varna, Battle of''' 
The 1444 campaign the King of Hungary, Ulaszlo I, launched against the Turks (the "infidels") in an attempt to drive them out of Europe. The Christian army was utterly destroyed; lost by [[C#caesarini|Caesarini]], 591

'''Vasquez Brothers''' 
477; have Marimba Quartet on M-D Line crew; 546

<div id="vaucanson"></div>'''Vaucanson, Jacques de (1709-82)''' 
372; He actually did make a mechanical Duck that could eat and excrete. Perhaps his most significant automata were his automatic looms, because years later, Jacquard would invent the punched card so as to ''program'' Vaucanson's looms; 450; 668; ''See also'' [[D#duck|Duck]]; [http://www.stanford.edu/group/SHR/4-2/text/mazlish.html More]

'''Vector of Desire''' 
96; how DePugh LeSpark describes a telescope; [[Vector of Desire|Eymological Musings]]

<div id="veery">'''Veery Brothers'''</div>
289; Cosmo & Damian, professional effigy-makers in Philadelphia; Yes, and what effigies, if they're connected, as one would assume, to the Catholic saints Cosmo (Cosmas) and Damian, twin brothers from 3rd century CE Asia Minor who were martyred. But the connection becomes clearer when one considers that St. Cosmo (Cf. Randolph St. Cosmo in [http://against-the-day.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/ ''Against the Day'']) became known as "the modern Priapus," the Greek god of sensuality, his symbol the phallus. The Fete of St. Cosmo and Damiano as late as 1780, was celebrated at Iserni, in Naples, replete with "ex voti" phalli, made of wax, which the women offer up, asking "Blessed St.Cosmo, let it be like this." And Cosmo, you see, is "a rare Wax Artist, our Cosmo is." [http://against-the-day.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=St._Cosmo Much more on this page on the ''Against the Day'' wiki...]; And as far as "Veery," there's the bird:
:The Veery, a secretive bird, lives in dense shade. The beautiful song of the Veery sounds best at dusk, as it echoes through the deepening gloom of the forest. The bird is rather difficult to see, but it can be lured into view by an imitation of the squeaking of a bird in distress. Its diet is evenly divided between insects obtained on the ground and fruit. It migrates at night, the flock keeping together in dark skies by means of a "contact call" characteristic of the species. Experiments on other thrushes show that their vision in shade or twilight is better than that of most other birds. [http://www.enature.com/flashcard/show_flash_card.asp?recordNumber=BD0266]

'''Veevle''' 
53; on crew of ''Seahorse''; notorious for his reluctance to wake up for guard shifts

'''Vendue''' 
511; an auction; 682

'''Venus''' 
27; 137; 138; "from a Machine" 668

'''Verger''' 
8; church caretaker

'''Vesuvius, Mt.''' 
235

'''Vineland''' 
633; 634

'''Vinovium''' 
218

<div id="VirginiaResolves"></div>'''Virginia Resolves [Resolutions]''' 
The Virginia Resolves were a series of resolutions passed [29 May 1965] by the Virginia House of Burgesses in response to the Stamp Act of 1765. The Stamp Act had been passed by the British Parliament to help pay off some of its debt from its various wars, including the French and Indian War fought in part to protect the American colonies.

The resolves claimed that in accordance with long established British law, Virginia was subject to taxation only by a parliamentary assembly to which Virginians themselves elected representatives. Since no colonial representatives were elected to the Parliament the only assembly legally allowed to raise taxes would be the Virginia General Assembly. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Resolves WIKI]

prelude to, [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_39:_391-398#VirginiaResolutions 395];

'''''Vis centrifuga''''' 
555; Latin: "centrifugal force"

'''''Vis Fulgoris''''' 
685; Latin: "power of lightning"

'''''Vis Inertiae''''' 
708; Latin: "power of inertia"

'''''Vis Martis''''' 
765; Latin: "power of Mars"

'''Visto''' 
234; To facilitate sighting and marking, the surveyors employed axmen to clear
a rough corridor, the Visto, "8 or 9 yards wide" along the points of their
periodic observations and measurements; "Gravity along the Visto, is become
locally less important than Rapture" 651; "upon the Atlantick Sea" 712

<div id="viudas"></div>'''Viudas de Cristo, Las''' 
420, 518; Spanish: "The Widows of Christ"; ''See also'' [[W#widows|Widows of Christ]]

<div id="voam"></div>'''Voam, Professor''' 
321; "camp naturalist" & "Philosophical Operator" on M-D Line crew; FYI: In Pennsylvania and New Jersey there's an organization called VOAM Electric Cooperative Inc. and VOM is the abbreviation for Volt-Ohm Meter; 425; 550; 619

'''V.O.C.''' 
58; Dutch: "'''V'''erenigde '''O'''ostindische '''C'''ompagnie" (Dutch East India Company); 69

'''Void''' 
179; 183; 288; Vacancy, 709

'''Volcano, Captain''' 
402; sobriquet of "Amy's" "Uncle"; in Montague's, 564

'''Voltaire (1694-1778)''' 
372; one of the greatest French authors and embodiment of the spirit of the Age of Reason; "remark about Gas and As-tronomers" 385; "Thorns and Angels" 568; writing about the Mechanickal Duck, 668

'''Vongolli''' 
707; Italian: vongole = clam; "French-Shawanese half-breed Renegado" who is
M&D's "sidekick"; reminiscent of [http://gravitys-rainbow.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=G#goll Von Göll in ''Gravity's Rainbow'']

'''Vortices''' 
220; Vortices were an attempt by Continental philosophers and mathematicians to explain how space could be continuously occupied by solid matter (i.e. with no gaps) and yet allow movement. Atomic theories were deemed unacceptable because either they required space between atoms with nothing to fill it or they required solid atoms which interlocked and tesselated to fill space but thereby disallowed any movement; 556; [http://www.goddess.org/vortices/vortex.html Of Further Interest...]

'''Vowtay Brothers''' 
100; Company writers

'''Vroom, Cornelius''' 
60; Dutch: "vroom" = "pious" or "godly"; patriarch of the 5-person Vroom family. Also similar to the name of a 15th century Dutch painter [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelis_Vroom Cornelis Vroom].

Also cf The sound of 'warum' (why) in German in GR: '...her teeth halt on her lower lip, and the warum (varoom, a Plasticman sound) hovers trapped in her mouth.'

'''Vroom, Jemima ("Jet")''' 
60; Dutch: "vroom" = "pious" or "godly"; 16-year-old daughter of Cornelius & Johanna; the three daughters are
named after Job's three beautiful daughters in the Bible.

'''Vroom, Kezia ("Greet")''' 
60; Dutch: "vroom" = "pious" or "godly"; middle daughter of Cornelius & Johanna; the three daughters are named after Job's three beautiful daughters in the Bible.

'''Vroom, Kerrenhappuch ("Els")''' 
60: Dutch: "vroom" = "pious" or "godly"; 12-year-old daughter of Cornelius & Johanna; the three daughters are named after Job's three beautiful daughters in the Bible.

'''Vroom, Johanna ("Vrou")''' 
60; Dutch: "vroom" = "pious" or "godly"; wife of Cornelius; ripping her bodice in front of Mason, 87

{{MD Alpha Nav}}

Chapter 3: 14-29

2015-08-18T08:42:39Z

Hotrats: half a crown defined

==Page 14==

'''''Spiritual Day-Book''''' 
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Whitefield George Whitefield] (1714-1770) was a preacher in the Church of England and one of the leaders of the Methodist movement. He was a pioneer in the commercialization of religion and seen by many as the most powerful leader of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Awakening Great Awakening] in America. Whitefield popularized the concept of a spiritual day-book:

:Whitefield's familiary with a shopkeeper's daybook provided another metaphor for his faith. He urged his followers to take an accounting of their spiritual lives. "I think a good tradesman whether he deals largely or not, will take care to keep his day-book well," Whitefield explained, adding, "if a man will not keep his day-book well it is ten to one but he loses a good deal when he comes to count up his things at Christmas." Then applying the lesson to converts, the evangelist continued, "now I take it for granted, a good spiritual tradesman will keep his spiritual day-book well." A good Christian will be able to look at his accounts at the end of a day and proclaim, "I have died a little more to the world than yesterday, [and] this day I hope that I have been a little more alive to God than I was yesterday." <ref>''Pedlar in Divinity: George Whitefield and the Transatlantic Revivals, 1737-1770'', Frank Lambert, Princeton University Press, 1994, p.50</ref>

'''Day's Fatigue''' 
Foreshadows the leitmotif of [http://against-the-day.pynchonwiki.com/wiki ''Against the Day'']. The working day against which, etc., etc.

'''waking Traverse was done''' 
Not sure if the meaning has held constant, but modern day surveyors use the noun TRAverse (with the emphasis on the 1st syllable) to refer not to a line, but to a loop or geometric figure created by measuring the angle & distance from one point to another. By closing the loop and measuring the angle & distance back to the original point, the surveyor can determine the accuracy of the measurements (the loop should close completely, without any deviation from the measurements) and apply a correction, if necessary. Use of the word in this way describes each day as a forward progress (traVERSE) in addition to a circular return (TRAverse) --incredibly poignant.

Traverse is the main family name in [http://against-the-day.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/ ''Against the Day'']. Descendants of Webb Traverse appear in [http://vineland.pynchonwiki.com/wiki ''Vineland''].

'''yet another Term in the Contract between the City and oneself''' 
A reference to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_contract Social Contracts], the implied agreements by which people form nations and maintain a social order. This means that the people give up some rights to a government in order to receive social order. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes Thomas Hobbes] (1588-1679), [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke John Locke] (1632-1704), and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau Jean-Jacques Rousseau] (1712-1778) are the most famous philosophers of contractarianism, which formed the theoretical groundwork of democracy.

Pynchon has always been wary of cities, crushing the individual (the charismatic, the Life Force) in the pursuit of a rationalized and efficient system. Cf. the [http://gravitys-rainbow.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=C#dactylic City Dactylic in ''Gravity's Rainbow''] ""the city of the future where every soul is known, and there is noplace to hide." Cf., also, the [http://gravitys-rainbow.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Routinization_of_Charisma Routinization of Charisma in ''Gravity's Rainbow''].

==Page 15==

'''Wapping High Street''' 
The area was first settled by Saxons, from whom it takes its name (meaning literally "[the place of] Wæppa's people"). It developed along the embankment of the Thames, hemmed in by the river to the south and the now-drained Wapping Marsh to the north. This gave it a peculiarly narrow and constricted shape, consisting of little more than the axis of Wapping High Street and some north-south side streets. John Stow, the 16th century historian, described it as a "continual street, or a filthy strait passage, with alleys of small tenements or cottages, built, inhabited by sailors' victuallers." [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wapping Wikipedia entry...]

'''Tyburn''' 
The village [of Tyburn] was notorious for centuries as the site of the Tyburn gallows, London's principal location for public executions by hanging. Executions took place at Tyburn from the 12th to the 18th century (with the prisoners processed from Newgate Prison in the City). Located near Marble Arch in present-day London. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyburn%2C_London Wikipedia entry...]

'''the Motrix of Honest Mirth''' 
The ''vis motrix'' is a term meaning "moving force" or "soul." Here we could equate it to 'Engine' or 'Stimulus'.

Immanual Kant, in the decades before the publication of the ''Critique of Pure Reason'', was a metaphysical dualist who offered a positive account of mind/body interaction. ''Thoughts of the True Estimation of Living Forces'' (1747), his first philosophical work, contains an argument that the mind/body problem presupposed several false and interrelated assumptions, all of which fell under the general view that the essential force of body is ''vis motrix''. Kant argued that the traditional ''vis motrix'' view, which was defended by Wolff and other post-Leibnizian German rationalists, appealed to an unexplanatory and metaphysically incoherent conception of force. [http://philosophy.uwaterloo.ca/MindDict/kant.html]

'''Dixon's Joke''' 
We can only assume that TP intends Dixon's 'joak' to fail, to heighten the characters' mutual discomfort; Mason's response is no kind of punchline, and scarcely seems to justify Dixon's assumption that he has 'heard it before', unless the punchline was too vulgar to be repeated in company.

==Page 16==

'''Corsican accent''' 
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsica Corsica] is the fourth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily, Sardinia, and Cyprus). The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsican_language Corsican language] has strong similarities to Italian.

:In the French ''bourgeoisie'' any dialect other than "educated" Parisian French is regarded as inferior and excites hilarity; and of the many dialects, the Belgian and Corsican accents are regarded as the ugliest and funniest.<ref>''Race and Ethnicity: Essays in Comparative Sociology'', Pierre L. Van den Berghe; Basic Books, 1970, p.4</ref>

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France Napoléon Bonaparte], who was born on Corsica, was 9 years old when his family left for France and although he learned French, he was never able to shake his strong Corsican accent.

==Page 17==

'''Ha-Ha''' 
Ha-ha (garden)
The ha-ha or sunken fence is a type of boundary to a garden, pleasure-ground, or park, designed not to interrupt the view and to be invisible until closely approached. The ha-ha consists of a trench, the inner side of which is perpendicular and faced with stone, with the outer slope face sloped and turfed - making it in effect a sunken fence. The ha-ha is a feature in the landscape gardens laid out by Charles Bridgeman, the originator of the ha-ha, according to Horace Walpole (Walpole 1780) and by William Kent and was an essential component of the "swept" views of Capability Brown.

'''Aristarchus''' 
Aristarchus (310 BC - c. 230 BC) was a Greek astronomer and mathematician, born on the island of Samos, in ancient Greece. He is considered the first person to propose a heliocentric model of the solar system, placing the Sun, not the Earth, at the center of the known universe (hence he is sometimes known as the "Greek Copernicus").

'''the other fellow''' 
It appears that Dixon is just rambling on a list of Astronomers and can't remember a particular name. Galileo? Copernicus? Tycho Brahe? Take your pick.

==Page 18==
'''Vine with Corn, beware the Morn''' 
An early version of such modern sayings as, "Beer before liquor, never sicker." Mixing types of drink has long been known to produce unwelcome effects.

'''mirror'd Lanthorns''' 
"Lanthorn" (pronounced "lantern") is an archaic, chiefly British, spelling of "lantern." It is derived from horn, of which the sides were once made. When horns are soaked in hot water for a time they become soft and flexible, much as fingernails do when they are kept in dishwater. These flexible horns can be cut and flattened out to make many translucent plastic-like objects.
"Lant" comes from the Latin ''lanterna'' ("lamp," "torch") which is derived from the Greek ''lampter'' ("torch")" from ''lampein'' ("to shine").

[[image:norfolk_terrier.jpg|right|thumb|125px|Norfolk Terrier]]'''Norfolk Terrier''' 
The grand entrance of the Learnèd English Dog. It appears that the name is an anachronism in ''Mason & Dixon'': [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Terrier The Norfolk Terrier] is the smallest of the working Terriers. Prior to 1960, when it gained recognition as an independent breed, it was a variety of the Norwich Terrier, distinguished from the Norwich by its "drop", or folded ears.

:In the 1880s, British sportsmen developed a working terrier of East Anglia, England. The Norwich Terrier and later the drop-eared variety now know as the Norfolk Terrier, were believed to have been developed by crossing Cairn Terriers, small, short-legged Irish Terrier breeds and the small red terriers used by the Gypsy ratters of Norfolk. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Terrier Wikipedia]

==Page 19==

'''''Ministerial''''' 
1. Of, relating to, or characteristic of a minister of religion or of the ministry. 2. Of or relating to administrative and executive duties and functions of government. 3. Law Of, relating to, or being a mandatory act or duty admitting of no personal discretion or judgment in its performance. 4. Acting or serving as an agent; instrumental. From the American Heritage Dictionary.

'''Where the Bee Sucks''' 
A song from Shakespeare's [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_tempest ''The Tempest''] set to music by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Johnson_(composer) Robert Johnson], the lutenist to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_I_of_England James I], in the 1659 ''Cheerful Ayres or Ballads''. In ''The Tempest'', after he is set free by Prospero, Ariel sings "Where the Bee Sucks":

:Where the bee sucks, there suck I 
:In a cowslip's bell I lie; 
:There I couch when owls do cry. 
:On the bat's back I do fly 
:After summer merrily. 
:Merrily, merrily shall I live now 
:Under the blossom that hangs on the bough.

The reference to Ariel and ''The Tempest'' foreshadows the L.E.D.'s discourse on how "Dogs learn'd to act as human as possible" in order to avoid being killed for food by humans ([[#Page 22|p. 22]]). A brief analysis of Ariel's character: [http://www.cliffsnotes.com/WileyCDA/LitNote/The-Tempest-Character-Analyses-Ariel.id-130,pageNum-46.html]

:Ariel is a spirit of the air who, because he refused to serve the witch, Sycorax, was imprisoned in a tree until rescued by Prospero. Ariel willingly carries out Prospero’s wishes because he is eager to be free. Although he wants his freedom in exchange, Ariel approaches his tasks with enthusiasm, quickly doing what is asked and promptly reporting any activities that he observes. Early in the play, Ariel reports the plot to murder Prospero, and later, he assists in punishing Prospero’s enemies. Ariel’s obedience is an important symbol of Prospero’s humanity, because he ameliorates Prospero’s role on the island and humanizes the action that Prospero takes against his old adversaries. Finally, Ariel’s willing obedience of Prospero’s wishes stands in stark contrast to Caliban’s cursing and plotting against the same master.

[http://www.contemplator.com/tunebook/england/beesucks.htm Read & Listen...]

'''Integral of One over (Book) d (Book)''' 
Freshman calculus gag. The antiderivative or integral of the function 1/x is the function logarithm of x. Written (integral sign) 1/x dx = log x. Substitute (Book) for x. Answer: log (Book) = logbook.

The same gag appears in GR: 'integral of 1 over cabin d cabin = Log cabin + c = houseboat'.

'''Pistoles''' 
The French name given to a Spanish gold coin in use in 1537; it was a double escudo, the gold unit. The name was also given to the Louis d'Or of Louis XIII of France, and to other European gold coins of about the value of the Spanish coin. One pistole was worth approximately ten livres. In Dumas' ''The Three Musketeers'', set in the 1620s, we learn that thirty-five pistoles and twenty crowns make 465 livres.

'''Gate-Ways to Futurity''' 
Windows into the future.

'''Metempsychosis''' 
Metempsychosis is a philosophical term in the Greek language referring to the belief of transmigration of the soul, especially its reincarnation after death. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metempsychosis Wikipedia entry...]

==Page 20==

'''upstart Chapels''' 
upstart: Suddenly raised to a position of consequence. 2. Self-important; presumptuous. Amer Her Dict.

'''singing Catches''' 
A Catch is a canonic, often rhythmically intricate composition for three or more voices, popular especially in the 17th and 18th centuries. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catch_%28music%29 Wikipedia entry...]

==Page 21==

'''Fender-Belly''' 
Fender: a soft bag or cushion hung from the side of a ship to protect it from the stones or piles of a wharf. Fender-Belly has such a cushion in front. A Bodine of some sort appears in almost every TP work.

'''Coconut-Ale''' 
A Beer made with, or flavoured with, coconut milk.

'''Macaronis''' 
A British and American subculture inspired by the fashion of continential Europe eps. that of Italy. The term comes from the Itallian "maccherone" which means "boorish fool" but was taken on by the British to mean over the top fashionable.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaroni_%28fashion%29 Macaroni]
They would often speak in an affected manner and mix Latin into their speech.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaronic_verse Macaronic Verse]

'''Lunarians''' 
A Lunarian is an member of the movement of astronomers who felt that the solution to the Logitude prize lay in the development of lunar tables describing the moons of Jupiter. Famous Lunarians included Nevil Maskelyne; here it seems to be only a vague term of abuse.

'''Hostlers''' 
Singular...One who is employed to tend horses, especially at an inn. 2. One who services a large vehicle or engine, such as a locomotive. Middle English, from Anglo-Norman hostiler.

'''Glim-Jacks''' 
The ''1811 Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue'', originally by Francis Grose,
defines a glim-jack as a link-boy. A [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link-boy link-boy] (or link boy or linkboy) was a boy who carried a flaming torch to light the way for pedestrians at night. Linkboys were common in London in the days before street lighting. The linkboy's fee was commonly one farthing, and the torch was often made from burning pitch and tow.

In [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thieves%27_cant thieves' cant] (a secret language which was formerly used by thieves, beggars and hustlers of various kinds in English-speaking countries), a linkboy was known as a "Glym Jack" ("glym" meant "light") or a "moon-curser" (as their services would not be required on a moonlit night). Employing a linkboy could be dangerous, as some would lead their clients to dark alleyways, where they could be beset by footpads.

==Page 22==

'''The L.E.D. blinks, shivers, nods in a resign'd way.''' 
L.E.D., here the "Learnèd English Dog", is also the abbreviation for [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode "light-emitting diodes"], which do blink on a regular basis.

'''state of holy Insanity''' 
the second time an Eastern religious practice is linked to insanity. Rev.
Cherrycoke, [[Chapter_1:_5-11#Page 10|page 10]]. Ecstasy or real madness or both?

'''praeternatural... supernatural''' 
Praeternatural: Beyond or different from what is natural, or according to the regular course of things, but not clearly supernatural or miraculous; strange; inexplicable; extraordinary; uncommon; irregular; abnormal

'''tail-wagging Scheherazades''' 
In ''A Thousand and One Nights'' (or ''Arabian Nights''), Scheherazade tells a story to the king (her husband) each night in order to stay her execution. Each night she ends in the middle of a tale, so that the King postpones her execution out of curiosity to hear the story's end.

'''Algernon''' 
Algernon is the name of a laboratory mouse in the novel (and short story) of Daniel Keyes, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowers_for_Algernon Flowers for Algernon] (1966), where the mouse undergoes surgery to increase his intelligence by artificial means. The story is told as a series of progress reports written by Charlie, who originally has an IQ of 68 and is the first human test subject for the surgery. Charlie – the same way as the mouse – shows spectacular progress in the beginning, only to regress later to his original state and die shortly after. Keyes in his turn took the name Algernon from the English poet [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algernon_Swinburne Algernon Charles Swinburne] (1837-1909), a decadent master of verse, who in his late life suffered mental and physical breakdown due to his alcoholism, algolagnia and excitable character.

Here, it is little more than shorthand denoting an upper-class dilettante - Derek is surely addressing his friend, not the dog - but it can hardly be accidental that the name arises in the context of a miraculous increase of intelligence in an animal.

'''Macaroni Italian Style [...] Fop Fricasée''' 
The Terrier (the Learnèd English Dog) is futuristically punning on the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maccaroni_%28fashion%29 Macaronis] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fop Fops] mentioned on [[#Page 21|page 21]], as macaroni the food wasn't introduced in the U.S. until years later when [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson Thomas Jefferson] did so in 1789, when he returned home after serving as ambassador to France, bringing his "macaroni machine" with him.

==Page 23==

'''Hydrophobia''' An old name for [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabies rabies] and thus an understandable concern for the LED. Perhaps also sheer bravado in the interests of not being kidnapped - a small dog has no other threat against a group of eager sailors.

'''fathom''' 
Six feet. Sea depth is conventionally given in fathoms.

'''Bahf''' 
Bath, properly Royal Bath Spa, a genteel town in Somerset (originally the Roman Aqua Sulis); but an unlikely place to find Bodine's roots. Bodine's speech, with his elision ('Li'oo doggie', 'all 'e way', 'you take i' ') and the substitution of F for TH is archetypal London dialect, unlike Mason's, whose rhotic 'R's reflect his West Country upbringing (Stroud and Bath are not far apart linguistically).

'''"a British Dog, Sir. No one owns me"'''. 
Cf. Rev Cherrycoke, page 10.

'''a-lop''' 
Lopsided. (One OED cite from 1865)

==Page 24==

'''the Point''' 

Portsmouth Point, see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_Point Wiki entry].

'''Welsh Main''' 
"...in which eight pairs were matched, the eight victors being again paired, then four, and finally the last surviving pair" [http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Cock-fighting EB11-cockfighting]

==Page 25==

'''Fulhams''' 
"Loaded dice are called high and lowmen, or high and low fulhams, by Ben Jonson and other writers of his time; either because they were made at Fulham, or from that place being the resort of sharpers" ([http://www.fromoldbooks.org/Grose-VulgarTongue/f/fulhams.html ''Grose's Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue''], 1811)

'''Three-Threads''' 
* “half common Ale, and half Stout or double Beer” ([http://www.fromoldbooks.org/NathanBailey-CantingDictionary/T/THREE-Threads.html ''Canting Dictionary''] [thieving slang], 1737)
* “Half common ale, mixed with stale and double beer” ([http://www.fromoldbooks.org/Grose-VulgarTongue/t/three-threads.html ''Grose’s Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue''], 1811)

'''Euphroe''' 
“A nautical term for blocks of wood with holes in them” (Levy, Toby. [http://www.themodernword.com/pynchon/levy_mason_and_dixon.pdf ''MD3PAD'' PDF]. p. 8). The holes are used for running and securing line. The term usually refers specifically to the crowfeet dead-eyes. See photos 2-6 in this series of [http://forum.aceboard.net/15916-2168-6568-0-Photos-format-plus-eleve-photo-album-larger-format-photos.htm#id83555 pix].

'''Hepsie''' 
Diminutive of [http://www.cutebabyname.com/hepsie.html Hephzibah.]Mother of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manasseh Manasseh] in the Old Testament(see [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=12&chapter=21&version=9 2 Kings 21:1]).

'''smoaks''' 
The usage here means "to divine" or "to read into," from the ancient practice of divining the future through the interpretation of smoke rising from a fire.

From ''Chambers's Encyclopedia'' (1868):

:Capnomancy (formed from the Greek ''capnos'', smoke, and ''manteia'', divination) was practiced by the ancients in two different ways - either they threw grains of jasmine or poppy on the burning coals, and watched the motions and the density of the smoke that rose from them, or they watched the smoke of sacrifices. This latter kind of C. was most generally employed, and that to which the greatest importance was attached. If the smoke was thin, and ascended in a right line, instead of being blown back by the breeze, or spreading over the altar, the augury was good. It was also believed that the inhalation of the smoke rising from the victims or from the fire which consumed them, gifted the priests with prophetic inspiration. [http://www.webspinning.com.au/home/lambertj/public_html/c.man.html]

==Page 26==

''''pert''' 
Shortened form of 'apert' (open, bold).

==Page 27==

'''half a crown''' 
A high-value coin, worth two shillings and sixpence (one eighth of a pound) or 12 1/2 pence in modern currency. In M&D's time, worth about £13 ($20), so a substantial fee. Until 1919, made of silver, thereafter half silver until 1946 when cupro-nickel was used. Discontinued shortly before decimalization in 1970.

==Page 28==

'''share quarters''' 
Bodine's comment would suggest that the girls were indeed close.

'''Mauve''' 
The colour Mauve wasn't discovered until the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauve 1830s.] However [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malva "Malva"] (the source for the word)or "Mallow" was one of the oldest known plants.

'''H.M.S. [[I#Inconvenience|Inconvenience]]''' 
[[B#bodine|Fender-Belly Bodine's]] former ship (to appear again in 2006 in [http://against-the-day.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=I#inconvenience ''Against the Day''])

==References==
<references />

{{MD PbP}}

C

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Hotrats:

'''C. of E.''' 
250; Church of England

'''Cabot''' 
141; Giovanni Caboto (c. 1450 – c. 1499), known in English as John Cabot, an Italian navigator and explorer commonly credited as the first early modern European to discover the North American mainland, in 1497

<div id="caeserini"></div>'''Caesarini, Cardinal''' 
591; began Transylvanian Crusade; Official emissary for Pope Eugenius IV in
mid-15th century. In 1444, encouraged the king of Hungary, Ulaszlo I, to violate the [[S#szeged|Truce of Szeged]] and attack the Turks in an attempt to save Constantinople from the Ottoman Empire.

'''Cagliostro, Alessandro Conte (1743-95)''' 
358; Italian adventurer, magican, and alchemist who travelled cities of Europe posing as physician, mesmerist, necromancer, and Freemason. Cagliostro claimed to know the secret of the philosopher's stone as well as miraculous philtres and potions. He was implicated in the Diamond Necklace affair, imprisoned and acquitted but left for Rome in 1789, where Inquisition charged him with heresy and sorcery and condemned him to die, but his sentence was commuted to life in prison where he died in a dungeon.

'''Calathumpians''' 
582; Slang: "beggars"

'''calendar reform''' 
''See'' [[E#eleven|Eleven Missing Days]]

<div id="Calverts"></div>'''Calverts''' 
268; Sir George Calvert (1580-1632), the first Lord Baltimore, was granted the colonial territory of Maryland by James I, but he died just prior to the charter being granted in 1632; Frederick Calvert, the sixth Lord Baltimore (from 1751 to 1777), was the man during the surveying of the M-D Line; Frederick, 301; Calvert agents, 337; Dixon's Calvert connections, 393

'''Cannibalism''' 
384; 386

'''Canny Bob''' 
734; "chased by the Romans"

'''Cape Constantia''' 
165; wine

'''Cape Henlopen''' 
258; at the mouth of Delaware Bay, opposite Cape May, NJ. The beginning of the Mason-Dixon line is about twenty miles south of Cape Henlopen, at the Fenwick Island lighthouse.

'''Capella''' 
310; a binary Latitude-Star - Capella (She-Goat) is the topmost star in the Constellation Auriga (The Charioteer); 332

'''Caput Draconis''' 
188; London's Zenith-star

'''Carillon''' 
244 A tune played on bells, or a keyboard arranged to do so.

'''Cariño''' 
431

'''Carnatic''' 
131; region SE India between Eastern Ghats and Coromandel coast now in Andhra
Pradesh and Karnataka. It's coastline is in Andhra Pradesh, and is on the Bay of Bengal.

'''Carpenter, John''' 
672; M-D Line crewman killed by a falling tree

'''Cartagena and Minorca''' 
729; A reference to the [[S#seven|Seven Years War]], which began in 1756. Britain became involved because of competition with France for colonies in India and America. Minorca was taken from the British by a large French fleet; Admiral John Byng was sent to the rescue, but was forced to retreat to Gibraltar. This is the same year as the [[B#blackhole|Black Hole of Calcutta]], instigated by the Nawwab of Bengal, which gave the British reason to intervene. Robert Clive retook Calcutta, and won control of Bengal, India's richest province, the following year, thus laying the foundations of the British Empire in India.

'''Casanova''' 
260

'''Caseifaction''' 
167; the act of turning into cheese. As a side note, Casein, the predominant milk protein, is used to make [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galalith|Galalith] an early plastic, otherwise known as artificial horn, and used in button making. Its early production was centered in Stroud, close by.

'''Castle Rock''' 
175; on St. Helena

'''''casus belli''''' 
675; Latin: "occasion of war" - an event that allegedly justifies war or conflict

'''Catawba''' 
675; tribe at war with Iriquois

'''Catfish, Chief''' 
673; Delaware tribe; 680

'''Cavendish, Henry''' 
730; "error he pointed out regarding the Allegheny Mountains"

'''Cecil County''' 
469; Cecil is the North
Eastern-most county in Maryland, with Cecilton close to the Tangent Line near its Southern border and including Octarara in its North West corner. It
is bounded by the Susquehanna and Sassafras Rivers on its West and
South sides and by the Line and the Tangent Line on its North and East. The emblem of Cecil Country is apparently a depiction of a male & female [d.html#duck">duck</a> flying together.

'''Celebes''' 
311; perfumes of; Now known as Sulawesi, this is an island off E. Borneo

'''Céléron''' 
548; his Lead Plates 

:The lead plates of Céléron de Bienville, referenced by George Washington, are real. In a show of force to Pennsylvania traders who had begun settling more and more west into the French-owned Ohio River Valley, de Bienville sailed down the Ohio River by way of the Scioto River in August 1749. Along the way at strategic points he buried leaden plates inscribed with the declaration of title to the lands.

'''Celts''' 
310

'''''ceteris paribus''''' 
503; Latin: "other things being equal"

<div id="chain"></div>'''Chain of Being, Great''' 
365, 417-18, 438; The Western Middle Ages conception of culture that describes Being as like a great chain with the top representing perfection in the highest degree (aka God) and the bottom representing the least possible perfection, which is nothingness (but not Evil). The chain in its entirety represents all degrees of perfection from the highest and fullest to the lowest and least; it is complete. Traditionally, it was also fixed; only God (e.g., Lucifer's fall and various miracles) and alchemists could cause a reordering.

In 1761, a book called ''Natural History of Animals'' by George Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon (commonly refered to as "Buffon") (1707-1788), used the chain to justify colonization, placing Europeans above the natives they ruled. <ref>[http://www.purifymind.com/GeorgeLeclerc.htm Read more...]</ref>

See also: [http://www.earlham.edu/suber/courses/re/chain.htm The Great Chain of Being], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_chain_of_being Wikipedia entry]

An astute reader on the [http://waste.org/mail/?list=pynchon-l&month=9712&msg=22416&sort=author Pynchon L] pointed out links to Hawthorne's ''Ethan Brand'': "He had lost his hold of the magnetic chain of humanity. He was no longer a brother-man, opening the chambers or the dungeons of our common nature by the key of holy sympathy, which gave him a right to share in all its secrets; he was now a cold observer, looking on mankind as the subject of his experiment, and, at length, converting man and woman to be his puppets, and pulling the wires that moved them to such degrees of crime as were demanded for his study."

'''Chalford''' 
184; where Bradley dies

'''Cham, The''' 
744; aka Dr. Johnson

'''Chancery''' 
257;

'''Chandler's Dogs''' 
403

'''Changhaienne, La''' 
27

'''Chantry, Mr.''' 
304; lawyer in Philadelphia

'''Chaos Theory''' 
281; 364

'''Chapman''' 
674

'''Chapter-Ring''' 
147; a ringlike band on the dial of a clock which bears the numerals or other sympbols of the hours

<div id="charles-l"></div>'''Charles I (1600-49)''' 
550; king of England and Ireland, 1625-49;

'''Charles II (1630-85)''' 
335; king of Scotland and England from 1660; brother of James II (aka Duke of
York), 336; 721

'''Charles' Wain''' 
653; aka Ursa Major, referring to King Charles of France

'''Charter'd Companies''' 
252; The lord proprietors of England's colonial trading companies claimed special protections over their incorporated businesses, extended through their divinely granted authority, including permanency of incorporation, limited liability, and the legal authority to be free from community and worker interference. These protections were initially limited by the American colonists, whose intent in this area was to create a nation where the citizenry were the government and the government controlled the corporations--by ensuring that, if a corporation violated its agreement to obey all laws, to serve the public good, and to cause no harm, its charter would be revoked.

'''Chatfield''' 
41; "There's something wrong with our bloody [not "dam'd"] ships today, Chatfield" - David Beatty (1st Earl Beatty), British Admiral of the Fleet (1916 - 1919), at the Battle of Jutland in 1916; quoted in Winston Churchill's ''The World Crisis 1916-1918'' (1927) pt. 1, p. 129.

'''Chauncy''' 
251

'''Chen, Miss''' 
628; "operatick Personage"

'''Cheroot, Zoot''' 
766

'''Cherrycoke, Elizabeth ("Zab")''' 
759; Wicks' sister who is married to J. Wade LeSpark; ''See'' [[L#zab|LeSpark, Elizabeth]]

'''Cherrycoke, Reverend Wicks''' 
6; the storyteller who, in a situation modeled on Scheherazade's in the ''Arabian Nights'', may remain at the home of Ives LeSpark as long as he can keep the children (and of course the "Sultan" himself) entertained with his tale; Scheherazade, who married the murderous King Schahriyar, was able to extend her life by telling the king an enchanting story which remained incomplete at the end of each telling; the name "Wicks" also dovetails nicely with [[T#tenebrae|Tenebrae]] and has other interesting [[Reverend Wicks Cherrycoke|Etymological musings]]; on the ''Seahorse'', 35; 85; ''Spiritual Day-Book'', 275; ''Christ and History'', 349; [http://www.meru.org/Posters/lampwick.html Lamp & Wick]

'''chess''' 
55; 294

'''Chesterfield, Lord''' 
193; 557

'''Chester-le-Street''' 
243; town about 10 miles N of Durham

<div id="Chew"></div>'''Chew, Benjamin''' '''
327; one of the Commissioners appointed by Lord Baltimore to settle the boundary dispute between Maryland and Pennsylvania; 436

'''Chippendale''' 
336, 413, 421; Mr. Chippendale: Thomas Chippendale (ca June 5, 1718 - November 1779) ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Chippendale Wikipedia]), a legendary "London cabinet-maker and furniture designer," whose designs--to this untrained poster's eyes--appear extraordinarily ornate?

'''Chisel, Le''' 
27; 28

'''Christ, Jesus H.''' 
26; 101; 231; 260-61; 264; 288; ''Christ and History'', 349; Eucharistic
Sacrament, 384, 385; 409; Widows of, 419; goes away, 480-81; making Golems,
486; Holy Trinity, 495; Ascent to Christ, 511; 520; Wolf of Jesus, 522; Return,
568; Birth, 631; loaves and fishes, 700; 726

'''Chronometer''' 
213; a very exact timepiece, usu. for use in determining longitude at sea. Now can mean any accurate timepiece; 321

'''Chronoscope''' 
177: primarily a timing device for reaction-time experiments, used to measure time during extremely brief intervals

'''''Cicinielli''''' 

235; Neopolitan fish dish

'''Cilial Excursion''' 
283 Cilia are hairs, or medically, eyelashes; so perhaps a wink.

'''Cilice''' 
230; Jesuit chastity belt, a wire girdle with sharp metallic points to irritate the skin; from Latin (''cilicia'': course garment made from haircloth); 520

:'''Cilice:''' a spiked chain worn around the upper thigh for two hours each day, except for Church feast days, Sundays, and certain times of the year. This is perhaps the most shocking of the corporal mortifications, and generally Opus Dei members are extremely hesitant to admit that they use them. It is a painful mortification which leaves small prick holes in the flesh, and makes the Opus Dei members tentative about wearing swim suits wherever non-Opus Dei members may be. <ref>[http://www.odan.org/archives_corporal.htm Opus Dei Website]</ref>

'''Circumferentor''' 
241; 301; an instrument used in surveying to measure horizontal angles

'''Cities''' 
289; 292; 309; 344; of Earth, 385; London, 391; "great Mother-City" 522; 548;
"Anti-City" 609; 671; night-time, 749; in Chaos, 750; 771

'''Clasper, Henry''' 
100

<div id="clive"></div>'''Clive of Plassy, Robert, Lord (1725-74)''' 
74; aka "Clive of India"; English soldier and administrator who joined the East India Company in Madras. He attempted suicide, failed at it, and eventually distinguished himself against the French-Indian forces in Madras and, after marrying Margaret Maskelyne, returned to Britain a hero; he returned to India and avenged the Black Hole of Calcutta incident by retaking Calcutta and, at Plassy, he defeated the Nawab of Bengal. He returned to India several more times to aid the East India Company, but ultimately drew the opprobrium of parliament and committed suicide; brother-in-law of N. Maskelyne; 130; 160; 187; [[Dr. Johnson#clive|Dr. Johnson 'pon]]

'''Clocks''' 
121-24; 155

'''Clonfert''' 
134; location of monastery founded by Saint Brendan

'''Cloud Hill''' 
193

'''Clovis''' 
297; working on Obs in Philadelphia; Clovis could be a reference to the first Frankish King. Under the Romans that big area between the Channel and the Alps was known as Gaul, after the Celts living there. Clovis and his Franks were a conquering Germanic tribe, and Clovis is more or less considered history's first Frenchman.

'''Coal''' 
219; 418; 468

<div id="cobra"></div>'''Cobra''' 
550; "Once it was a Cyst, growing within the Brain of a Cobra"; [[/pynchon/mason-dixon/extra/cobra.html">Discussion</a>]; ''See also'' [d.html#dasp">Capt. Dasp</a>

'''Cockfield Fell''' 
504; near where Dixon lived and which he avoided; Cockfield is a small village just a few miles north of [[S#staindrop|Staindrop]] and a
few miles West of Bishop Auckland in County Durham. Staindrop is a lovely
little village with Raby Castle just on its edge. The Cockfield road heads out into open land and is quite bleak by contrast with the comfortable and
civilized feel of Staindrop.

'''Cock Lane Ghost''' 
183; in London; 359; 747

'''Cocks of Strasbourg and Lyon''' 
376; other Mechanickal Fowl

'''Coffee''' 
"administering Enemas of Lucas the Cook's notorious Coffee" 54; 356; 467; "ingenious College Coffee Machine" 515

'''College of William and Mary''' 
571; Nathe McClean attending, 573

'''collier''' 
26; a ship that transports coal

'''Columbus, Christopher (1451-1506)''' 487; First European to discover America; b. Genoa, Italy. In Portugal, he became a master mariner and was determined to reach India by sailing west. After eight years of supplication, he received the backing of the Spanish monarchs Ferdinand V and Isabella I. On Oct. 12, 1492, his ships, the Niña, Pinta, and Santa Maria, reached Watling Island, in the Bahama group; later they touched Cuba and Hispaniola. He was made an admiral and governor general of all new lands. In 1493 he set sail with 17 ships, exploring Puerto Rico and the Leeward Islands, and founding a colony in Hispaniola. In 1498 he explored Venezuela, realizing that he had found a continent. Because of disreputable conditions in Hispaniola, he was replaced as governor in 1500 and returned to Spain in chains. On his last voyage (1502) he reached Central America. Although he is considered a master navigator today, he died in neglect, almost forgotten.

'''Complexity Theory''' 
373; e.g. the Mechanickal Duck

'''Comte de St.-Germain''' 
358

<div id="condamine"></div>'''Condamine, Charles Marie de La (1701-74)''' 
544; French scientist and member of the Académie Royale des Sciences, studied at the Jesuit College of Louis-le-Grand in Paris. In April 1735 La
Condamine made a successful expedition to Peru with [[B#bouguer|Bouguer]] and [[L#lemaire|LeMaire]] to measure the length of a degree of meridian at the equator; LeMaire in Peru with, 544; <ref>[http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/La_Condamine.html Online Biography]</ref>

'''Conestoga''' 
304; site of Indian Massacre; Waggons, 638; [[Lancaster & Conestoga|MORE]]

<div id="conflans"></div>'''Conflans''' 
27; Hubert de Brienne, Count de Conflans, was commander of the French fleet trapped by [[H#hawke|Admiral Hawke's]] fleet in Quiberon Bay and soundly defeated in 1759

'''Conococheague''' 
499

'''Conoloways''' 
608; "The Tonoloways (a.k.a. Conolloway) Settlement was the site of numerous
disputes - both with Indians and Governments, the latter due to conflicts over
the state line between Maryland and Pennsylvania - a state line which
Tonoloways straddled, not always successfully, as is shown below. To research
the Combs of Tonoloways, it has been necessary to first become familiar with
the county organizations of both Pennsylvania and Maryland." From a now-defunct website.

<div id="consubstantiate"></div>'''consubstantiate''' 
367; the union of the Christ's body with the Eucharist (as opposed to transubstantiate)

'''Continentals''' 
294

'''Cooch Girls''' 
21; Slang: belly dancers, or by extension prostitutes

'''Cookworthy, Mr.''' 
61

'''Cookie''' 
243

<div id="coote"></div>'''Coote, Eyre (1726-83)''' 
Commander of the East India Company forces in Bengal commander-in
charge in India. He led the British against the French in the Battle of
Wandiwash; Battle of Wandiwash, 564; ''See also'' [[B#wandiwash|Battle of Wandiwash]]

From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyre_Coote Wikipedia]: In 1756 a part of the regiment, then quartered at Madras, was sent forward to join Robert Clive in his operations against Calcutta which had recently been captured by captured by the forces of the Nawab of Bengal, which had been followed by the [[b#blackhole|Black Hole of Calcutta]]. The city was reoccupied without difficulty in January 1757. However, Coote and Clive argued so violently over who should reoccupy Fort William that they almost fired at each other, which began a lifelong rivalry and hatred between the two men.

analogy to Mason, [[Chapter_49:_476-483#page_478|478]]; [[Chapter_57:_562-569#page_564|564]]

'''Cope, Mr.''' 
7; chain-man on M-D Line crew; 445; impersonating M&D with Darby, 471

'''Copernicus, Nicholas (1473-1543)''' 
545; Polish astronomer who, in 1530, completed his ''De Revolutionibus'' which
proved that the sun was the centre of the universe; it was published in 1543,
just prior to his death

'''Copley Medal''' 
708; John Singleton Copley (1738-1815) is considered by many to be
America's first great artist although he ended up living and
dying in London. He mainly painted Tories, and was ineffectually involved in some negotiations with the "violent Sons of Liberty" in the run up to the Boston Tea Party. His painting "Paul Revere" is considered to be (in the words of Robert Hughes in ''American Visions'') "one of the icons of American identity." His "The Death of Chatham" depicts the death by stroke of the Pitt the Elder.

'''coprophagously''' 
428; shit-eating

'''Coracles''' 
487; a kind of boat made of animal skins that has been in use since ancient times

'''Corf''' 
439; A large basket formerly used for conveying, hoisting, or delivering, mineral coal or ore

'''Cornwallis''' 
264; "surrender of"

'''Cotswold Waggon''' 
168; carries the Great Octuple Cheese

'''Cousins''' 
259

'''Covent Garden''' 
136; "Covent" is a corruption of "Convent"; the garden and burial ground attached
to the convent or Abbey of Westminster; in the 18th century, with its numerous
coffee-houses and taverns, it was a favored hang-out of poets, actors and
artists; it was also the site of the Covent Garden Theatre which opened in 1732;
518; 527; 643; 674

'''Crapaud, Jean''' 
11; Slang for a Frenchman (''crapaud'' = toad, frog)

'''Crawfford, Hugh''' 
600; M&D's interpreter; 646; 648; dulcimer tune, 670

'''Creature''' 
''See'' [[G#Golems|Golems]]

'''Creeping Nick''' 
680; Mason's horse

<div id="cresap"></div>'''Cresap, Thomas''' 
276; [[S#smith|Samuel Smith's]] adversary, aka "The Beast of Baltimore" and "The Maryland Monster". Cresap was a surveyor and a defender of the Calvert's boundary claims. In 1736, Smith, a Pennsylvanian, burnt Cresap's home to the ground while attempting to arrest him for the murder of Knoles Daunt. Once arrested, Cresap was taken by Smith and his men to a Philadelphia jail (upon entering Rhiladelphia, Cresap is said to have exclaimed to George Aston, one of his guards, "Damn it, Aston, this is one of the Prettyest Towns in Maryland"). Apparently, Cresap was so obnoxious that the Pennsylvanians quickly asked him to leave the prison and return home. He replied that he refused to leave until he was ordered to by the King. The order came on August 18, 1737. Kenneth P. Bailey, Cresap's biographer, seems to indirectly connect the "Maryland Monster" nickname with this event. (Thanks to Keith Woodward) [[Charles Mason's Journal#cresap|Mason's Journal Entry]]; [[Thomas Cresap|Cresap Biography]]; Grandfather, 584; 638

'''Crochet''' 
702; personal quirk

'''Crofter's hut''' 
522

'''Cromorne, Reverend''' 
197; French: "crooked horn"; alternative spelling in English for krummhorn

'''Cromwell, Oliver''' 
226

'''Crooked Finger Inn''' 
687; in Delaware

'''Crosier, Sister''' 
519; a Jesuit

'''Cross Keys, The''' 
341; where M&D stay in Lancaster

'''Crusade''' 
588

'''''Cryptoscope''''' 
301

'''Cudgel and Throck''' 
227; Emerson's "local" in County Durham; a cudgel is a short heavy club; a throck is a spell that causes plants to grow, or also seen defined as "the piece of Timber on which the Suck is fixed, on a plough."

'''Cumberland''' 
586

'''Cygnus''' 
673; Latin: the Swan, a constellation

<div id="cymry"></div>'''Cymry''' 
600; from Cymru, Welsh name for Wales; Welsh name for the Welsh people; the Celtic
peoples considered themselves to be individual nations, and not part of some greater "Celtic" nation. The Welsh thought of themselves as Cymry or
Britons, the Irish thought of themselves as Gael, etc. [[Hugh Gadarn|MORE...]]; ''See also'' [[H#hu|Hu Gadarn]]

===References===
<references/>

{{MD Alpha Nav}}

C

2015-08-09T20:39:12Z

Hotrats:

'''C. of E.''' 
250; Church of England

'''Cabot''' 
141; Giovanni Caboto (c. 1450 – c. 1499), known in English as John Cabot, an Italian navigator and explorer commonly credited as the first early modern European to discover the North American mainland, in 1497

<div id="caeserini"></div>'''Caesarini, Cardinal''' 
591; began Transylvanian Crusade; Official emissary for Pope Eugenius IV in
mid-15th century. In 1444, encouraged the king of Hungary, Ulaszlo I, to violate the [[S#szeged|Truce of Szeged]] and attack the Turks in an attempt to save Constantinople from the Ottoman Empire.

'''Cagliostro, Alessandro Conte (1743-95)''' 
358; Italian adventurer, magican, and alchemist who travelled cities of Europe posing as physician, mesmerist, necromancer, and Freemason. Cagliostro claimed to know the secret of the philosopher's stone as well as miraculous philtres and potions. He was implicated in the Diamond Necklace affair, imprisoned and acquitted but left for Rome in 1789, where Inquisition charged him with heresy and sorcery and condemned him to die, but his sentence was commuted to life in prison where he died in a dungeon.

'''Calathumpians''' 
582; Slang: "beggars"

'''calendar reform''' 
''See'' [[E#eleven|Eleven Missing Days]]

<div id="Calverts"></div>'''Calverts''' 
268; Sir George Calvert (1580-1632), the first Lord Baltimore, was granted the colonial territory of Maryland by James I, but he died just prior to the charter being granted in 1632; Frederick Calvert, the sixth Lord Baltimore (from 1751 to 1777), was the man during the surveying of the M-D Line; Frederick, 301; Calvert agents, 337; Dixon's Calvert connections, 393

'''Cannibalism''' 
384; 386

'''Canny Bob''' 
734; "chased by the Romans"

'''Cape Constantia''' 
165; wine

'''Cape Henlopen''' 
258; at the mouth of Delaware Bay, opposite Cape May, NJ. The beginning of the Mason-Dixon line is about twenty miles south of Cape Henlopen, at the Fenwick Island lighthouse.

'''Capella''' 
310; a binary Latitude-Star - Capella (She-Goat) is the topmost star in the Constellation Auriga (The Charioteer); 332

'''Caput Draconis''' 
188; London's Zenith-star

'''Carillon''' 
244

'''Cariño''' 
431

'''Carnatic''' 
131; region SE India between Eastern Ghats and Coromandel coast now in Andhra
Pradesh and Karnataka. It's coastline is in Andhra Pradesh, and is on the Bay of Bengal.

'''Carpenter, John''' 
672; M-D Line crewman killed by a falling tree

'''Cartagena and Minorca''' 
729; A reference to the [[S#seven|Seven Years War]], which began in 1756. Britain became involved because of competition with France for colonies in India and America. Minorca was taken from the British by a large French fleet; Admiral John Byng was sent to the rescue, but was forced to retreat to Gibraltar. This is the same year as the [[B#blackhole|Black Hole of Calcutta]], instigated by the Nawwab of Bengal, which gave the British reason to intervene. Robert Clive retook Calcutta, and won control of Bengal, India's richest province, the following year, thus laying the foundations of the British Empire in India.

'''Casanova''' 
260

'''Caseifaction''' 
167; the act of turning into cheese. As a side note, Casein, the predominant milk protein, is used to make [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galalith|Galalith] an early plastic, otherwise known as artificial horn, and used in button making. Its early production was centered in Stroud, close bye.

'''Castle Rock''' 
175; on St. Helena

'''''casus belli''''' 
675; Latin: "occasion of war" - an event that allegedly justifies war or conflict

'''Catawba''' 
675; tribe at war with Iriquois

'''Catfish, Chief''' 
673; Delaware tribe; 680

'''Cavendish, Henry''' 
730; "error he pointed out regarding the Allegheny Mountains"

'''Cecil County''' 
469; Cecil is the North
Eastern-most county in Maryland, with Cecilton close to the Tangent Line near its Southern border and including Octarara in its North West corner. It
is bounded by the Susquehanna and Sassafras Rivers on its West and
South sides and by the Line and the Tangent Line on its North and East. The emblem of Cecil Country is apparently a depiction of a male & female [d.html#duck">duck</a> flying together.

'''Celebes''' 
311; perfumes of; Now known as Sulawesi, this is an island off E. Borneo

'''Céléron''' 
548; his Lead Plates 

:The lead plates of Céléron de Bienville, referenced by George Washington, are real. In a show of force to Pennsylvania traders who had begun settling more and more west into the French-owned Ohio River Valley, de Bienville sailed down the Ohio River by way of the Scioto River in August 1749. Along the way at strategic points he buried leaden plates inscribed with the declaration of title to the lands.

'''Celts''' 
310

'''''ceteris paribus''''' 
503; Latin: "other things being equal"

<div id="chain"></div>'''Chain of Being, Great''' 
365, 417-18, 438; The Western Middle Ages conception of culture that describes Being as like a great chain with the top representing perfection in the highest degree (aka God) and the bottom representing the least possible perfection, which is nothingness (but not Evil). The chain in its entirety represents all degrees of perfection from the highest and fullest to the lowest and least; it is complete. Traditionally, it was also fixed; only God (e.g., Lucifer's fall and various miracles) and alchemists could cause a reordering.

In 1761, a book called ''Natural History of Animals'' by George Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon (commonly refered to as "Buffon") (1707-1788), used the chain to justify colonization, placing Europeans above the natives they ruled. <ref>[http://www.purifymind.com/GeorgeLeclerc.htm Read more...]</ref>

See also: [http://www.earlham.edu/suber/courses/re/chain.htm The Great Chain of Being], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_chain_of_being Wikipedia entry]

An astute reader on the [http://waste.org/mail/?list=pynchon-l&month=9712&msg=22416&sort=author Pynchon L] pointed out links to Hawthorne's ''Ethan Brand'': "He had lost his hold of the magnetic chain of humanity. He was no longer a brother-man, opening the chambers or the dungeons of our common nature by the key of holy sympathy, which gave him a right to share in all its secrets; he was now a cold observer, looking on mankind as the subject of his experiment, and, at length, converting man and woman to be his puppets, and pulling the wires that moved them to such degrees of crime as were demanded for his study."

'''Chalford''' 
184; where Bradley dies

'''Cham, The''' 
744; aka Dr. Johnson

'''Chancery''' 
257;

'''Chandler's Dogs''' 
403

'''Changhaienne, La''' 
27

'''Chantry, Mr.''' 
304; lawyer in Philadelphia

'''Chaos Theory''' 
281; 364

'''Chapman''' 
674

'''Chapter-Ring''' 
147; a ringlike band on the dial of a clock which bears the numerals or other sympbols of the hours

<div id="charles-l"></div>'''Charles I (1600-49)''' 
550; king of England and Ireland, 1625-49;

'''Charles II (1630-85)''' 
335; king of Scotland and England from 1660; brother of James II (aka Duke of
York), 336; 721

'''Charles' Wain''' 
653; aka Ursa Major, referring to King Charles of France

'''Charter'd Companies''' 
252; The lord proprietors of England's colonial trading companies claimed special protections over their incorporated businesses, extended through their divinely granted authority, including permanency of incorporation, limited liability, and the legal authority to be free from community and worker interference. These protections were initially limited by the American colonists, whose intent in this area was to create a nation where the citizenry were the government and the government controlled the corporations--by ensuring that, if a corporation violated its agreement to obey all laws, to serve the public good, and to cause no harm, its charter would be revoked.

'''Chatfield''' 
41; "There's something wrong with our bloody [not "dam'd"] ships today, Chatfield" - David Beatty (1st Earl Beatty), British Admiral of the Fleet (1916 - 1919), at the Battle of Jutland in 1916; quoted in Winston Churchill's ''The World Crisis 1916-1918'' (1927) pt. 1, p. 129.

'''Chauncy''' 
251

'''Chen, Miss''' 
628; "operatick Personage"

'''Cheroot, Zoot''' 
766

'''Cherrycoke, Elizabeth ("Zab")''' 
759; Wicks' sister who is married to J. Wade LeSpark; ''See'' [[L#zab|LeSpark, Elizabeth]]

'''Cherrycoke, Reverend Wicks''' 
6; the storyteller who, in a situation modeled on Scheherazade's in the ''Arabian Nights'', may remain at the home of Ives LeSpark as long as he can keep the children (and of course the "Sultan" himself) entertained with his tale; Scheherazade, who married the murderous King Schahriyar, was able to extend her life by telling the king an enchanting story which remained incomplete at the end of each telling; the name "Wicks" also dovetails nicely with [[T#tenebrae|Tenebrae]] and has other interesting [[Reverend Wicks Cherrycoke|Etymological musings]]; on the ''Seahorse'', 35; 85; ''Spiritual Day-Book'', 275; ''Christ and History'', 349; [http://www.meru.org/Posters/lampwick.html Lamp & Wick]

'''chess''' 
55; 294

'''Chesterfield, Lord''' 
193; 557

'''Chester-le-Street''' 
243; town about 10 miles N of Durham

<div id="Chew"></div>'''Chew, Benjamin''' '''
327; one of the Commissioners appointed by Lord Baltimore to settle the boundary dispute between Maryland and Pennsylvania; 436

'''Chippendale''' 
336, 413, 421; Mr. Chippendale: Thomas Chippendale (ca June 5, 1718 - November 1779) ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Chippendale Wikipedia]), a legendary "London cabinet-maker and furniture designer," whose designs--to this untrained poster's eyes--appear extraordinarily ornate?

'''Chisel, Le''' 
27; 28

'''Christ, Jesus H.''' 
26; 101; 231; 260-61; 264; 288; ''Christ and History'', 349; Eucharistic
Sacrament, 384, 385; 409; Widows of, 419; goes away, 480-81; making Golems,
486; Holy Trinity, 495; Ascent to Christ, 511; 520; Wolf of Jesus, 522; Return,
568; Birth, 631; loaves and fishes, 700; 726

'''Chronometer''' 
213; a very exact timepiece, usu. for use in determining longitude at sea. Now can mean any accurate timepiece; 321

'''Chronoscope''' 
177: primarily a timing device for reaction-time experiments, used to measure time during extremely brief intervals

'''''Cicinielli''''' 

235; Neopolitan fish dish

'''Cilial Excursion''' 
283 Cilia are hairs, or medically, eyelashes; so perhaps a wink.

'''Cilice''' 
230; Jesuit chastity belt, a wire girdle with sharp metallic points to irritate the skin; from Latin (''cilicia'': course garment made from haircloth); 520

:'''Cilice:''' a spiked chain worn around the upper thigh for two hours each day, except for Church feast days, Sundays, and certain times of the year. This is perhaps the most shocking of the corporal mortifications, and generally Opus Dei members are extremely hesitant to admit that they use them. It is a painful mortification which leaves small prick holes in the flesh, and makes the Opus Dei members tentative about wearing swim suits wherever non-Opus Dei members may be. <ref>[http://www.odan.org/archives_corporal.htm Opus Dei Website]</ref>

'''Circumferentor''' 
241; 301; an instrument used in surveying to measure horizontal angles

'''Cities''' 
289; 292; 309; 344; of Earth, 385; London, 391; "great Mother-City" 522; 548;
"Anti-City" 609; 671; night-time, 749; in Chaos, 750; 771

'''Clasper, Henry''' 
100

<div id="clive"></div>'''Clive of Plassy, Robert, Lord (1725-74)''' 
74; aka "Clive of India"; English soldier and administrator who joined the East India Company in Madras. He attempted suicide, failed at it, and eventually distinguished himself against the French-Indian forces in Madras and, after marrying Margaret Maskelyne, returned to Britain a hero; he returned to India and avenged the Black Hole of Calcutta incident by retaking Calcutta and, at Plassy, he defeated the Nawab of Bengal. He returned to India several more times to aid the East India Company, but ultimately drew the opprobrium of parliament and committed suicide; brother-in-law of N. Maskelyne; 130; 160; 187; [[Dr. Johnson#clive|Dr. Johnson 'pon]]

'''Clocks''' 
121-24; 155

'''Clonfert''' 
134; location of monastery founded by Saint Brendan

'''Cloud Hill''' 
193

'''Clovis''' 
297; working on Obs in Philadelphia; Clovis could be a reference to the first Frankish King. Under the Romans that big area between the Channel and the Alps was known as Gaul, after the Celts living there. Clovis and his Franks were a conquering Germanic tribe, and Clovis is more or less considered history's first Frenchman.

'''Coal''' 
219; 418; 468

<div id="cobra"></div>'''Cobra''' 
550; "Once it was a Cyst, growing within the Brain of a Cobra"; [[/pynchon/mason-dixon/extra/cobra.html">Discussion</a>]; ''See also'' [d.html#dasp">Capt. Dasp</a>

'''Cockfield Fell''' 
504; near where Dixon lived and which he avoided; Cockfield is a small village just a few miles north of [[S#staindrop|Staindrop]] and a
few miles West of Bishop Auckland in County Durham. Staindrop is a lovely
little village with Raby Castle just on its edge. The Cockfield road heads out into open land and is quite bleak by contrast with the comfortable and
civilized feel of Staindrop.

'''Cock Lane Ghost''' 
183; in London; 359; 747

'''Cocks of Strasbourg and Lyon''' 
376; other Mechanickal Fowl

'''Coffee''' 
"administering Enemas of Lucas the Cook's notorious Coffee" 54; 356; 467; "ingenious College Coffee Machine" 515

'''College of William and Mary''' 
571; Nathe McClean attending, 573

'''collier''' 
26; a ship that transports coal

'''Columbus, Christopher (1451-1506)''' 487; First European to discover America; b. Genoa, Italy. In Portugal, he became a master mariner and was determined to reach India by sailing west. After eight years of supplication, he received the backing of the Spanish monarchs Ferdinand V and Isabella I. On Oct. 12, 1492, his ships, the Niña, Pinta, and Santa Maria, reached Watling Island, in the Bahama group; later they touched Cuba and Hispaniola. He was made an admiral and governor general of all new lands. In 1493 he set sail with 17 ships, exploring Puerto Rico and the Leeward Islands, and founding a colony in Hispaniola. In 1498 he explored Venezuela, realizing that he had found a continent. Because of disreputable conditions in Hispaniola, he was replaced as governor in 1500 and returned to Spain in chains. On his last voyage (1502) he reached Central America. Although he is considered a master navigator today, he died in neglect, almost forgotten.

'''Complexity Theory''' 
373; e.g. the Mechanickal Duck

'''Comte de St.-Germain''' 
358

<div id="condamine"></div>'''Condamine, Charles Marie de La (1701-74)''' 
544; French scientist and member of the Académie Royale des Sciences, studied at the Jesuit College of Louis-le-Grand in Paris. In April 1735 La
Condamine made a successful expedition to Peru with [[B#bouguer|Bouguer]] and [[L#lemaire|LeMaire]] to measure the length of a degree of meridian at the equator; LeMaire in Peru with, 544; <ref>[http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/La_Condamine.html Online Biography]</ref>

'''Conestoga''' 
304; site of Indian Massacre; Waggons, 638; [[Lancaster & Conestoga|MORE]]

<div id="conflans"></div>'''Conflans''' 
27; Hubert de Brienne, Count de Conflans, was commander of the French fleet trapped by [[H#hawke|Admiral Hawke's]] fleet in Quiberon Bay and soundly defeated in 1759

'''Conococheague''' 
499

'''Conoloways''' 
608; "The Tonoloways (a.k.a. Conolloway) Settlement was the site of numerous
disputes - both with Indians and Governments, the latter due to conflicts over
the state line between Maryland and Pennsylvania - a state line which
Tonoloways straddled, not always successfully, as is shown below. To research
the Combs of Tonoloways, it has been necessary to first become familiar with
the county organizations of both Pennsylvania and Maryland." From a now-defunct website.

<div id="consubstantiate"></div>'''consubstantiate''' 
367; the union of the Christ's body with the Eucharist (as opposed to transubstantiate)

'''Continentals''' 
294

'''Cooch Girls''' 
21; Slang: prostitutes

'''Cookworthy, Mr.''' 
61

'''Cookie''' 
243

<div id="coote"></div>'''Coote, Eyre (1726-83)''' 
Commander of the East India Company forces in Bengal commander-in
charge in India. He led the British against the French in the Battle of
Wandiwash; Battle of Wandiwash, 564; ''See also'' [[B#wandiwash|Battle of Wandiwash]]

From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyre_Coote Wikipedia]: In 1756 a part of the regiment, then quartered at Madras, was sent forward to join Robert Clive in his operations against Calcutta which had recently been captured by captured by the forces of the Nawab of Bengal, which had been followed by the [[b#blackhole|Black Hole of Calcutta]]. The city was reoccupied without difficulty in January 1757. However, Coote and Clive argued so violently over who should reoccupy Fort William that they almost fired at each other, which began a lifelong rivalry and hatred between the two men.

analogy to Mason, [[Chapter_49:_476-483#page_478|478]]; [[Chapter_57:_562-569#page_564|564]]

'''Cope, Mr.''' 
7; chain-man on M-D Line crew; 445; impersonating M&D with Darby, 471

'''Copernicus, Nicholas (1473-1543)''' 
545; Polish astronomer who, in 1530, completed his ''De Revolutionibus'' which
proved that the sun was the centre of the universe; it was published in 1543,
just prior to his death

'''Copley Medal''' 
708; John Singleton Copley (1738-1815) is considered by many to be
America's first great artist although he ended up living and
dying in London. He mainly painted Tories, and was ineffectually involved in some negotiations with the "violent Sons of Liberty" in the run up to the Boston Tea Party. His painting "Paul Revere" is considered to be (in the words of Robert Hughes in ''American Visions'') "one of the icons of American identity." His "The Death of Chatham" depicts the death by stroke of the Pitt the Elder.

'''coprophagously''' 
428; shit-eating

'''Coracles''' 
487; a kind of boat made of animal skins that has been in use since ancient times

'''Corf''' 
439; A large basket formerly used for conveying, hoisting, or delivering, mineral coal or ore

'''Cornwallis''' 
264; "surrender of"

'''Cotswold Waggon''' 
168; carries the Great Octuple Cheese

'''Cousins''' 
259

'''Covent Garden''' 
136; "Covent" is a corruption of "Convent"; the garden and burial ground attached
to the convent or Abbey of Westminster; in the 18th century, with its numerous
coffee-houses and taverns, it was a favored hang-out of poets, actors and
artists; it was also the site of the Covent Garden Theatre which opened in 1732;
518; 527; 643; 674

'''Crapaud, Jean''' 
11; Slang for a Frenchman (''crapaud'' = toad, frog)

'''Crawfford, Hugh''' 
600; M&D's interpreter; 646; 648; dulcimer tune, 670

'''Creature''' 
''See'' [[G#Golems|Golems]]

'''Creeping Nick''' 
680; Mason's horse

<div id="cresap"></div>'''Cresap, Thomas''' 
276; [[S#smith|Samuel Smith's]] adversary, aka "The Beast of Baltimore" and "The Maryland Monster". Cresap was a surveyor and a defender of the Calvert's boundary claims. In 1736, Smith, a Pennsylvanian, burnt Cresap's home to the ground while attempting to arrest him for the murder of Knoles Daunt. Once arrested, Cresap was taken by Smith and his men to a Philadelphia jail (upon entering Rhiladelphia, Cresap is said to have exclaimed to George Aston, one of his guards, "Damn it, Aston, this is one of the Prettyest Towns in Maryland"). Apparently, Cresap was so obnoxious that the Pennsylvanians quickly asked him to leave the prison and return home. He replied that he refused to leave until he was ordered to by the King. The order came on August 18, 1737. Kenneth P. Bailey, Cresap's biographer, seems to indirectly connect the "Maryland Monster" nickname with this event. (Thanks to Keith Woodward) [[Charles Mason's Journal#cresap|Mason's Journal Entry]]; [[Thomas Cresap|Cresap Biography]]; Grandfather, 584; 638

'''Crochet''' 
702; personal quirk

'''Crofter's hut''' 
522

'''Cromorne, Reverend''' 
197; French: "crooked horn"; alternative spelling in English for krummhorn

'''Cromwell, Oliver''' 
226

'''Crooked Finger Inn''' 
687; in Delaware

'''Crosier, Sister''' 
519; a Jesuit

'''Cross Keys, The''' 
341; where M&D stay in Lancaster

'''Crusade''' 
588

'''''Cryptoscope''''' 
301

'''Cudgel and Throck''' 
227; Emerson's "local" in County Durham; a cudgel is a short heavy club; a throck is a spell that causes plants to grow, or also seen defined as "the piece of Timber on which the Suck is fixed, on a plough."

'''Cumberland''' 
586

'''Cygnus''' 
673; Latin: the Swan, a constellation

<div id="cymry"></div>'''Cymry''' 
600; from Cymru, Welsh name for Wales; Welsh name for the Welsh people; the Celtic
peoples considered themselves to be individual nations, and not part of some greater "Celtic" nation. The Welsh thought of themselves as Cymry or
Britons, the Irish thought of themselves as Gael, etc. [[Hugh Gadarn|MORE...]]; ''See also'' [[H#hu|Hu Gadarn]]

===References===
<references/>

{{MD Alpha Nav}}

Chapter 22: 215-227

2015-08-09T20:25:27Z

Hotrats: /* Page 222 */ 'De litteraria' correctly translated

==Page 215==
'''Fr. Boscovich''' [[Image:Boscovich.gif|thumb|Father Boscovich|right]]
Roger Joseph Boscovich (18 May 1711 – 13 February 1787) was a physicist, astronomer, mathematician, philosopher, diplomat, poet, Jesuit, and according to some a polymath from Ragusa (today Dubrovnik, in Croatia), who lived for a time in France, England and some Italian states. He is famous for his atomic theory and made many important contributions to astronomy, including the first geometric procedure for determining the equator of a rotating planet from three observations of a surface feature and for computing the orbit of a planet from three observations of its position. In 1753 he also discovered the absence of atmosphere on the Moon... Note: like Maskelyne, there is a lunar crater named after him. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boscovich WIKI]

'''Loyolan Image... Stiletto-Waver... which distinguishes ''El Autentico''''' 
Saint Ignatius of Loyola (Basque: Loiolako Inazio, Eneko Loiolakoa, Spanish: Ignacio de Loyola), (1491 – July 31, 1556) was a Spanish knight, who became a hermit and priest, founding the Society of Jesus and becoming its first Superior General. Ignatius and the Jesuits became major figures in the Counter-Reformation, where the Catholic Church worked to reform itself from within and countered the theology of Protestantism. After his death he was beatified and then on March 12, 1622, was canonized. The feast day of Ignatius is celebrated on July 31 — he is the patron saint of soldiers, the Society of Jesus, the Basque Country, the provinces of Guipúzcoa and Biscay, among other things. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola WIKI].

'''Hob Headless''' 
A hobgoblin. More info on this particular one in history, [http://www.nemain.co.uk/index.php/european-legendary-creatures/236-hob-headless.html here].

==Page 216==
'''Haggis''' 
n. A Scottish dish consisting of a mixture of the minced heart, lungs, and liver of a sheep or calf mixed with suet, onions, oatmeal, and seasonings and boiled in the stomach of the slaughtered animal.

'''William Emerson a Wizard''' 
William Emerson (14 May 1701 - 20 May 1782), English mathematician, was born at Hurworth, near Darlington... He had a small estate in Weardale called Castle Gate situated not far from Eastgate where he would repair to work throughout the Summer on projects as disparate as stonemasonry and watchmaking. Unsuccessful as a teacher, he devoted himself entirely to studious retirement. Possessed of remarkable energy and forthrightness of speech, Emerson published many works which are singularly free from errata. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Emerson_(mathematician) WIKI].

[I know that Emerson has already been noted, but for flow of use, wanted to annotate again here, it being the first time the reader "sees" Emerson]

'''Dr. Mesmer''' 
Franz Anton Mesmer (born Friedrich Anton Mesmer; May 23, 1734 – March 5, 1815) was a German physician and astrologist, who discovered what he called magnétisme animal (animal magnetism) and other spiritual forces often grouped together as mesmerism. The evolution of Mesmer's ideas and practices led Scottish surgeon James Braid to develop hypnosis in 1842. Mesmer's name is the root of the English verb "mesmerize". From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Mesmer WIKI].

==Page 218==
'''Ley-Lines''' 
Anachronism: The concept of ley lines was first proposed by Alfred Watkins. On 30 June 1921, Watkins visited Blackwardine in Herefordshire, and went riding a horse near some hills in the vicinity of Bredwardine, when he noted that many of the footpaths there seemed to connect one hilltop to another in a straight line. He was studying a map when he noticed places in alignment. "The whole thing came to me in a flash", he later told his son. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley_line WIKI]

'''Bisley Church''' 
The 13th century church, St John the Baptist, was donated to the village by the Abbey monks over 600 years ago. The church features a medieval bell and a 15th century porch which is said to have been built from a single oak tree. A nearby spring was once known as the 'Holy Well of St John the Baptist', and was said to have medicinal powers. Its waters were used for local baptisms until the early 20th century. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisley,_Surrey WIKI] - A more informative link [http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~engsurry/bisley/church.htm HERE].

'''Great Badminton''' 
Badminton House is a large country house in Gloucestershire, England, and has been the principal seat of the Dukes of Beaufort since the late 17th century, when the family moved from Raglan Castle, which had been ruined in the English Civil War. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton_House WIKI]

'''Long Barrow''' 
A long barrow is a prehistoric monument dating to the early Neolithic period. They are rectangular or trapezoidal earth mounds traditionally interpreted as collective tombs. Long barrows are also typical for several Celtic, Slavic, and Baltic cultures of Northern Europe of the 1st millennium AD. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_barrow WIKI].

==Page 219==
'''Roman Palimpsest''' 
A palimpsest is a manuscript page from a scroll or book that has been scraped off and used again. The word "palimpsest" comes through Latin from Greek παλιν + ψαω = (palin "again" + psao "I scrape"), and meant "scraped (clean and used) again." Romans wrote on wax-coated tablets that could be smoothed and reused, and a passing use of the rather bookish term "palimpsest" by Cicero seems to refer to this practice. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palimpsest WIKI]. Also appears in GR.

'''Brigantum''' 
Isurium Brigantum was a town in the Roman province of Britannia. Today it is known as Aldborough, in North Yorkshire, England. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isurium_Brigantum WIKI].

'''Mithras''' 
The Mithraic Mysteries or Mysteries of Mithras (also Mithraism) was a mystery religion which became popular among the military in the Roman Empire, from the 1st to 4th centuries AD. Information on the cult is based mainly on interpretations of monuments. These depict Mithras as born from a rock and sacrificing a bull. His worshippers had a complex system of 7 grades of initiation, with ritual meals. Little else is known for certain. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithras WIKI].

'''Chaldrons''' 
A chaldron (also chauldron or chalder) was a dry English measure of volume, not a weight, mostly used for coal; the word itself is an obsolete spelling of cauldron. It was used from the 13th century until 1963 when it was abolished by the Weights and Measures Act.

==Page 220==
'''Euler''' 
Leonhard Paul Euler (15 April 1707 – 18 September 1783) was a pioneering Swiss mathematician and physicist who spent most of his life in Russia and Germany. He made important discoveries in fields as diverse as calculus and graph theory. He also introduced much of the modern mathematical terminology and notation, particularly for mathematical analysis, such as the notion of a mathematical function. He is also renowned for his work in mechanics, fluid dynamics, optics, and astronomy. The asteroid 2002 Euler was named in his honor. He was a devout Christian (and believer in biblical inerrancy) who wrote apologetics and argued forcefully against the prominent atheists of his time. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler WIKI].

'''The first book he publish'd was upon Fluxions.''' 
Newton's name for the form of differential calculus he developed was the "Method of Fluxions", see [http://www.archive.org/details/methodoffluxions00newt].

==Page 221==
'''Dodman''' 
The 'inventor' of ley lines, Alfred Watkins (see above, p.218 re: Ley-Lines), thought that in the words "dodman" and the builder's "hod" there was a survival of an ancient British term for a surveyor. Watkins felt that the name came about because the snail's two horns resembled a surveyor's two surveying rods. Watkins also supported this idea with an etymology from 'doddering ' along and 'dodge' (akin, in his mind, to the series of actions a surveyor would carry out in moving his rod back and forth until it accurately lined up with another one as a backsight or foresight) and the Welsh verb 'dodi' meaning to lay or place. He thus decided that The Long Man of Wilmington was an image of an ancient surveyor. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodman WIKI].

==Page 222==
'''St. Omer''' 
Godfrey of Saint-Omer (also known as Gaufred, Godefroi, or Godfrey de St Omer, Saint Omer) was a French knight, one of the founding members of the Knights Templar in 1119. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_de_Saint-Omer WIKI].

'''De Litteraria Expeditions et Soforthia''' 
A reference to Christopher Maire and Roger Boscovitch's book, ''De Litteraria Expeditione Per Pontificiam Ditionem Ad Dimetiendos Duos Meridiani Gradus'' (A report on the expedition to measure through the dominions of the Pope two degrees of the meridian). The 'et Soforthia' is an elaborate ''et cetera'', an acknowledgement of the rest of the long title.

'''Rome to Rimini''' 
The Via Flaminia was a Roman road leading from Rome to Ariminum (Rimini), and was the most important route to the north. It was constructed by Gaius Flaminius during his censorship (220 BC)... The importance of the ancient Via Flaminia is twofold: during the period of Roman expansion in the 3rd century BC and 2nd century BC, the Flaminia became, with the cheaper sea route, a main axis of transportation by which wheat from the Po valley supplied Rome and central Italy; during the period of Roman decline, the Flaminia was the main road leading into the heartland of Italy: it was taken by Julius Caesar at the beginning of the civil war, but also by various barbarian hordes, Byzantine generals, etc. A number of major battles were therefore fought on or near the Via Flaminia, for example at Sentinum (near the modern Sassoferrato) and near Tadinum (the modern Gualdo Tadino). In the early Middle Ages, the road, controlled by the Eastern Empire, was a civilizing influence, and accounted for much of what historians call the "Byzantine corridor". From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_Flaminia WIKI]

==Page 223==
'''mio caro Ruggiero''' 
my dear Roger (Italian)

'''Ragusa''' 
Ragusa (Sicilian: Rausa) is a city in southern Italy. It is the capital of the province of Ragusa, on the island of Sicily, with around 75,000 inhabitants. It is built on a wide limestone hill between two deep valleys, Cava San Leonardo and Cava Santa Domenica. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragusa,_Italy WIKI].

==Page 224==
'''Maria Theresa... our last Protector''' 
Maria Theresa (13 May 1717 – 29 November 1780) was the only female ruler of the Habsburg dominions and the last of the House of Habsburg. She was the sovereign of Austria, Hungary, Croatia, Bohemia, Mantua, Milan, Lodomeria and Galicia, the Austrian Netherlands, and Parma. By marriage, she was Grand Duchess of Tuscany, Duchess of Lorraine, German Queen and Holy Roman Empress. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria WIKI].

Though originally the Jesuits' "protector", it wouldnt be for long: Her relationship with the Jesuits was of complex nature. Members of this order educated her, served as her confessors and supervised the religious education of her eldest son. The Jesuits were powerful and influential in the early years of Maria Theresa's reign. However, the queen's ministers managed to convince her that they pose danger to her monarchical authority. Not without much hesitation and regret, she issued a decree which removed them from all the institutions of the monarchy and carried it out thoroughly. She forbade the publication of Pope Clement XIII's bull which was in favour of the Jesuits and promptly confiscated their property when Pope Clement XIV suppressed the order.

'''Bourbons''' 
The French royal family that ruled from 1589, were ousted in the revolution, restored after Napoleon's abdication, and finally removed in the July revolution of 1830. A cadet branch, the House of Orléans, ruled for a further 18 years (1830–1848), until it too was overthrown. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Bourbon#The_Bourbon_Restoration MORE AT WIKIPEDIA]

==Page 225==
'''Calvert''' 
Frederick Calvert, 6th Baron Baltimore (February 6, 1731–September 4, 1771) was an English nobleman and last in the line of Barons Baltimore. When his father died in 1751, he inherited the Proprietary Governorship of the Province of Maryland. The province was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Calvert,_6th_Baron_Baltimore WIKI].

'''Raby Castle''' 
A castle built by John Neville starting about 1367. Purchased from the Crown by Sir Henry Vane the Elder in 1626. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raby_Castle WIKI].

'''Tale of Sir Henry Vane the younger''' 
Sir Henry Vane (1613 – June 14, 1662), son of Henry Vane the Elder, served as a statesman and Member of Parliament in a career spanning England and Massachusetts. A constant theme of his life was religious tolerance. He was a leading Parliamentarian during the English Civil War. Vane served on the Council of State during the Interregnum, but refused to take the oath which expressed approval of the king's execution. At the Restoration in 1660, after much debate in Parliament, he was exempted from the Indemnity and Oblivion Act. In 1662, he was tried for high treason, found guilty, and beheaded on Tower Hill. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Vane_the_Younger WIKI].

==Page 226==
'''Jacobites''' 
Jacobitism was (and, to a limited extent, remains) the political movement dedicated to the restoration of the Stuart kings to the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland. The movement took its name from the Latin form Jacobus of the name of King James II and VII. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobitism WIKI].

'''Cromwell''' 
Richard Cromwell (4 October 1626 – 12 July 1712) was the third son of Oliver Cromwell, and was the second Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland, for just under nine months, from 3 September 1658 until 25 May 1659. Cromwell's enemies dubbed him Tumbledown Dick or Queen Dick for his indecisive character. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Cromwell WIKI]

'''Restoration''' 
The English Restoration, often shortened to the Restoration, began in 1660 when the English, Scottish and Irish monarchies were all restored under Charles II after the Commonwealth of England that followed the English Civil War... The Protectorate, which had preceded the English Restoration and followed the Commonwealth, might have continued if Oliver Cromwell's son Richard had been capable of carrying on his father's policies. Richard Cromwell's main weakness was that he did not have the confidence of the army. After seven months the army removed him and on 6 May 1659 it reinstalled the Rump Parliament. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Restoration WIKI].

'''William of Orange''' 
William III (14 November 1650 – 8 March 1702) was a sovereign Prince of Orange by birth. From 1672 he governed as Stadtholder William III of Orange over Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Guelders, and Overijssel of the Dutch Republic. From 1689 he reigned as William III over England and Ireland, and as William II over Scotland. He is informally known in Northern Ireland and Scotland as "King Billy". A member of the House of Orange-Nassau, William won the English, Scottish and Irish crowns following the Glorious Revolution, in which his uncle and father-in-law James II was deposed. In England, Scotland and Ireland, William ruled jointly with his wife, Mary II, until her death on 28 December 1694. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_III_of_England WIKI].

'''Hanovers''' 
The House of Hanover (the Hanoverians) is a Germanic royal dynasty which has ruled the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg, the Kingdom of Hanover, the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland. It succeeded the House of Stuart as monarchs of Great Britain and Ireland in 1714 and held that office until the death of Victoria in 1901. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Hanover WIKI]

'''Stuart Charters''' 
The practice in Stuart charters of specifying by name the members of the governing body and holders of special offices opened the way to a "purging" of the hostile spirits when new charters were required. There were also rather vaguely worded clauses authorizing the dismissal of officers for misconduct, though as a rule the appointments were for life. When under the Stuarts and under the Commonwealth political and religious feeling ran high in the boroughs, use was made of these clauses both by the majority on the council and by the central government to mould the character of the council by a drastic "purging." Another means of control first used under the Commonwealth was afforded by the various acts of parliament, which subjected all holders of municipal office to the test of an oath. Under the Commonwealth there was no improvement in the methods used by the central government to control the boroughs. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_borough_status_in_England_and_Wales#Charters WIKI].

'''Pym''' 
John Pym (1584 – 8 December 1643) was an English parliamentarian, leader of the Long Parliament and a prominent critic of James I and then Charles I. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pym WIKI]

Regarding the convo they are having here: Sir Henry Vane Jr. was instrumental in the impeachment of the Earl of Strafford. He passed to John Pym some copied notes of his father's, of a Privy Council meeting. He claimed that these demonstrated that Strafford had an intention to use the Irish Army to subjugate England. The evidence, when examined, turned out to be second-hand, ambiguous, and hotly disputed. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Vane_the_Younger WIKI]

==Page 227==
'''Jansenists''' 
Jansenism was a branch of Catholic thought (condemned by Pope Innocent X in 1655) that arose in the frame of the Counter-Reformation and the aftermath of the Council of Trent (1545-1563). It emphasized original sin, human depravity, the necessity of divine grace, and predestination. Originating in the writings of the Dutch theologian Cornelius Otto Jansen, Jansenism formed a distinct movement within the Catholic Church from the 16th to 18th centuries, and found its most important stronghold in the Parisian convent of Port-Royal, haven of many important theologians and writers (Antoine Arnauld, Pierre Nicole, Blaise Pascal, Jean Racine, etc.).

The term itself was coined by its Jesuit opponents, who accused them of being close to Calvinists, as Jansenists identified themselves as rigorous followers of Augustinism. Several propositions supported by Jansenists, in particular concerning the relationship between human's free will and "efficacious grace", were condemned by the Pope, and the movement thus deemed heretical. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jansenists WIKI].

'''Ramillies Wig''' 
See this [http://www.umich.edu/~ece/student_projects/self-improvement/men'sdress.htm#midM LINK] for a pic of our boy David Garrick wearing a Ramillies wig.

==Annotation Index==

{{MD PbP}}

Chapter 22: 215-227

2015-08-09T20:05:06Z

Hotrats: /* Page 219 */

==Page 215==
'''Fr. Boscovich''' [[Image:Boscovich.gif|thumb|Father Boscovich|right]]
Roger Joseph Boscovich (18 May 1711 – 13 February 1787) was a physicist, astronomer, mathematician, philosopher, diplomat, poet, Jesuit, and according to some a polymath from Ragusa (today Dubrovnik, in Croatia), who lived for a time in France, England and some Italian states. He is famous for his atomic theory and made many important contributions to astronomy, including the first geometric procedure for determining the equator of a rotating planet from three observations of a surface feature and for computing the orbit of a planet from three observations of its position. In 1753 he also discovered the absence of atmosphere on the Moon... Note: like Maskelyne, there is a lunar crater named after him. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boscovich WIKI]

'''Loyolan Image... Stiletto-Waver... which distinguishes ''El Autentico''''' 
Saint Ignatius of Loyola (Basque: Loiolako Inazio, Eneko Loiolakoa, Spanish: Ignacio de Loyola), (1491 – July 31, 1556) was a Spanish knight, who became a hermit and priest, founding the Society of Jesus and becoming its first Superior General. Ignatius and the Jesuits became major figures in the Counter-Reformation, where the Catholic Church worked to reform itself from within and countered the theology of Protestantism. After his death he was beatified and then on March 12, 1622, was canonized. The feast day of Ignatius is celebrated on July 31 — he is the patron saint of soldiers, the Society of Jesus, the Basque Country, the provinces of Guipúzcoa and Biscay, among other things. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola WIKI].

'''Hob Headless''' 
A hobgoblin. More info on this particular one in history, [http://www.nemain.co.uk/index.php/european-legendary-creatures/236-hob-headless.html here].

==Page 216==
'''Haggis''' 
n. A Scottish dish consisting of a mixture of the minced heart, lungs, and liver of a sheep or calf mixed with suet, onions, oatmeal, and seasonings and boiled in the stomach of the slaughtered animal.

'''William Emerson a Wizard''' 
William Emerson (14 May 1701 - 20 May 1782), English mathematician, was born at Hurworth, near Darlington... He had a small estate in Weardale called Castle Gate situated not far from Eastgate where he would repair to work throughout the Summer on projects as disparate as stonemasonry and watchmaking. Unsuccessful as a teacher, he devoted himself entirely to studious retirement. Possessed of remarkable energy and forthrightness of speech, Emerson published many works which are singularly free from errata. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Emerson_(mathematician) WIKI].

[I know that Emerson has already been noted, but for flow of use, wanted to annotate again here, it being the first time the reader "sees" Emerson]

'''Dr. Mesmer''' 
Franz Anton Mesmer (born Friedrich Anton Mesmer; May 23, 1734 – March 5, 1815) was a German physician and astrologist, who discovered what he called magnétisme animal (animal magnetism) and other spiritual forces often grouped together as mesmerism. The evolution of Mesmer's ideas and practices led Scottish surgeon James Braid to develop hypnosis in 1842. Mesmer's name is the root of the English verb "mesmerize". From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Mesmer WIKI].

==Page 218==
'''Ley-Lines''' 
Anachronism: The concept of ley lines was first proposed by Alfred Watkins. On 30 June 1921, Watkins visited Blackwardine in Herefordshire, and went riding a horse near some hills in the vicinity of Bredwardine, when he noted that many of the footpaths there seemed to connect one hilltop to another in a straight line. He was studying a map when he noticed places in alignment. "The whole thing came to me in a flash", he later told his son. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley_line WIKI]

'''Bisley Church''' 
The 13th century church, St John the Baptist, was donated to the village by the Abbey monks over 600 years ago. The church features a medieval bell and a 15th century porch which is said to have been built from a single oak tree. A nearby spring was once known as the 'Holy Well of St John the Baptist', and was said to have medicinal powers. Its waters were used for local baptisms until the early 20th century. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisley,_Surrey WIKI] - A more informative link [http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~engsurry/bisley/church.htm HERE].

'''Great Badminton''' 
Badminton House is a large country house in Gloucestershire, England, and has been the principal seat of the Dukes of Beaufort since the late 17th century, when the family moved from Raglan Castle, which had been ruined in the English Civil War. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton_House WIKI]

'''Long Barrow''' 
A long barrow is a prehistoric monument dating to the early Neolithic period. They are rectangular or trapezoidal earth mounds traditionally interpreted as collective tombs. Long barrows are also typical for several Celtic, Slavic, and Baltic cultures of Northern Europe of the 1st millennium AD. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_barrow WIKI].

==Page 219==
'''Roman Palimpsest''' 
A palimpsest is a manuscript page from a scroll or book that has been scraped off and used again. The word "palimpsest" comes through Latin from Greek παλιν + ψαω = (palin "again" + psao "I scrape"), and meant "scraped (clean and used) again." Romans wrote on wax-coated tablets that could be smoothed and reused, and a passing use of the rather bookish term "palimpsest" by Cicero seems to refer to this practice. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palimpsest WIKI]. Also appears in GR.

'''Brigantum''' 
Isurium Brigantum was a town in the Roman province of Britannia. Today it is known as Aldborough, in North Yorkshire, England. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isurium_Brigantum WIKI].

'''Mithras''' 
The Mithraic Mysteries or Mysteries of Mithras (also Mithraism) was a mystery religion which became popular among the military in the Roman Empire, from the 1st to 4th centuries AD. Information on the cult is based mainly on interpretations of monuments. These depict Mithras as born from a rock and sacrificing a bull. His worshippers had a complex system of 7 grades of initiation, with ritual meals. Little else is known for certain. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithras WIKI].

'''Chaldrons''' 
A chaldron (also chauldron or chalder) was a dry English measure of volume, not a weight, mostly used for coal; the word itself is an obsolete spelling of cauldron. It was used from the 13th century until 1963 when it was abolished by the Weights and Measures Act.

==Page 220==
'''Euler''' 
Leonhard Paul Euler (15 April 1707 – 18 September 1783) was a pioneering Swiss mathematician and physicist who spent most of his life in Russia and Germany. He made important discoveries in fields as diverse as calculus and graph theory. He also introduced much of the modern mathematical terminology and notation, particularly for mathematical analysis, such as the notion of a mathematical function. He is also renowned for his work in mechanics, fluid dynamics, optics, and astronomy. The asteroid 2002 Euler was named in his honor. He was a devout Christian (and believer in biblical inerrancy) who wrote apologetics and argued forcefully against the prominent atheists of his time. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler WIKI].

'''The first book he publish'd was upon Fluxions.''' 
Newton's name for the form of differential calculus he developed was the "Method of Fluxions", see [http://www.archive.org/details/methodoffluxions00newt].

==Page 221==
'''Dodman''' 
The 'inventor' of ley lines, Alfred Watkins (see above, p.218 re: Ley-Lines), thought that in the words "dodman" and the builder's "hod" there was a survival of an ancient British term for a surveyor. Watkins felt that the name came about because the snail's two horns resembled a surveyor's two surveying rods. Watkins also supported this idea with an etymology from 'doddering ' along and 'dodge' (akin, in his mind, to the series of actions a surveyor would carry out in moving his rod back and forth until it accurately lined up with another one as a backsight or foresight) and the Welsh verb 'dodi' meaning to lay or place. He thus decided that The Long Man of Wilmington was an image of an ancient surveyor. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodman WIKI].

==Page 222==
'''St. Omer''' 
Godfrey of Saint-Omer (also known as Gaufred, Godefroi, or Godfrey de St Omer, Saint Omer) was a French knight, one of the founding members of the Knights Templar in 1119. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_de_Saint-Omer WIKI].

'''De Litteraria Expeditione et Soforthia''' 
This translates to "about letter military operation and soforthia," so maybe: "you've studied about the letter of military operation and so forth." '''....?''' 

I think it is "The literature of the crusades and so forth."

'''Rome to Rimini''' 
The Via Flaminia was a Roman road leading from Rome to Ariminum (Rimini), and was the most important route to the north. It was constructed by Gaius Flaminius during his censorship (220 BC)... The importance of the ancient Via Flaminia is twofold: during the period of Roman expansion in the 3rd century BC and 2nd century BC, the Flaminia became, with the cheaper sea route, a main axis of transportation by which wheat from the Po valley supplied Rome and central Italy; during the period of Roman decline, the Flaminia was the main road leading into the heartland of Italy: it was taken by Julius Caesar at the beginning of the civil war, but also by various barbarian hordes, Byzantine generals, etc. A number of major battles were therefore fought on or near the Via Flaminia, for example at Sentinum (near the modern Sassoferrato) and near Tadinum (the modern Gualdo Tadino). In the early Middle Ages, the road, controlled by the Eastern Empire, was a civilizing influence, and accounted for much of what historians call the "Byzantine corridor". From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_Flaminia WIKI]

==Page 223==
'''mio caro Ruggiero''' 
my dear Roger (Italian)

'''Ragusa''' 
Ragusa (Sicilian: Rausa) is a city in southern Italy. It is the capital of the province of Ragusa, on the island of Sicily, with around 75,000 inhabitants. It is built on a wide limestone hill between two deep valleys, Cava San Leonardo and Cava Santa Domenica. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragusa,_Italy WIKI].

==Page 224==
'''Maria Theresa... our last Protector''' 
Maria Theresa (13 May 1717 – 29 November 1780) was the only female ruler of the Habsburg dominions and the last of the House of Habsburg. She was the sovereign of Austria, Hungary, Croatia, Bohemia, Mantua, Milan, Lodomeria and Galicia, the Austrian Netherlands, and Parma. By marriage, she was Grand Duchess of Tuscany, Duchess of Lorraine, German Queen and Holy Roman Empress. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria WIKI].

Though originally the Jesuits' "protector", it wouldnt be for long: Her relationship with the Jesuits was of complex nature. Members of this order educated her, served as her confessors and supervised the religious education of her eldest son. The Jesuits were powerful and influential in the early years of Maria Theresa's reign. However, the queen's ministers managed to convince her that they pose danger to her monarchical authority. Not without much hesitation and regret, she issued a decree which removed them from all the institutions of the monarchy and carried it out thoroughly. She forbade the publication of Pope Clement XIII's bull which was in favour of the Jesuits and promptly confiscated their property when Pope Clement XIV suppressed the order.

'''Bourbons''' 
The French royal family that ruled from 1589, were ousted in the revolution, restored after Napoleon's abdication, and finally removed in the July revolution of 1830. A cadet branch, the House of Orléans, ruled for a further 18 years (1830–1848), until it too was overthrown. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Bourbon#The_Bourbon_Restoration MORE AT WIKIPEDIA]

==Page 225==
'''Calvert''' 
Frederick Calvert, 6th Baron Baltimore (February 6, 1731–September 4, 1771) was an English nobleman and last in the line of Barons Baltimore. When his father died in 1751, he inherited the Proprietary Governorship of the Province of Maryland. The province was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Calvert,_6th_Baron_Baltimore WIKI].

'''Raby Castle''' 
A castle built by John Neville starting about 1367. Purchased from the Crown by Sir Henry Vane the Elder in 1626. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raby_Castle WIKI].

'''Tale of Sir Henry Vane the younger''' 
Sir Henry Vane (1613 – June 14, 1662), son of Henry Vane the Elder, served as a statesman and Member of Parliament in a career spanning England and Massachusetts. A constant theme of his life was religious tolerance. He was a leading Parliamentarian during the English Civil War. Vane served on the Council of State during the Interregnum, but refused to take the oath which expressed approval of the king's execution. At the Restoration in 1660, after much debate in Parliament, he was exempted from the Indemnity and Oblivion Act. In 1662, he was tried for high treason, found guilty, and beheaded on Tower Hill. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Vane_the_Younger WIKI].

==Page 226==
'''Jacobites''' 
Jacobitism was (and, to a limited extent, remains) the political movement dedicated to the restoration of the Stuart kings to the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland. The movement took its name from the Latin form Jacobus of the name of King James II and VII. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobitism WIKI].

'''Cromwell''' 
Richard Cromwell (4 October 1626 – 12 July 1712) was the third son of Oliver Cromwell, and was the second Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland, for just under nine months, from 3 September 1658 until 25 May 1659. Cromwell's enemies dubbed him Tumbledown Dick or Queen Dick for his indecisive character. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Cromwell WIKI]

'''Restoration''' 
The English Restoration, often shortened to the Restoration, began in 1660 when the English, Scottish and Irish monarchies were all restored under Charles II after the Commonwealth of England that followed the English Civil War... The Protectorate, which had preceded the English Restoration and followed the Commonwealth, might have continued if Oliver Cromwell's son Richard had been capable of carrying on his father's policies. Richard Cromwell's main weakness was that he did not have the confidence of the army. After seven months the army removed him and on 6 May 1659 it reinstalled the Rump Parliament. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Restoration WIKI].

'''William of Orange''' 
William III (14 November 1650 – 8 March 1702) was a sovereign Prince of Orange by birth. From 1672 he governed as Stadtholder William III of Orange over Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Guelders, and Overijssel of the Dutch Republic. From 1689 he reigned as William III over England and Ireland, and as William II over Scotland. He is informally known in Northern Ireland and Scotland as "King Billy". A member of the House of Orange-Nassau, William won the English, Scottish and Irish crowns following the Glorious Revolution, in which his uncle and father-in-law James II was deposed. In England, Scotland and Ireland, William ruled jointly with his wife, Mary II, until her death on 28 December 1694. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_III_of_England WIKI].

'''Hanovers''' 
The House of Hanover (the Hanoverians) is a Germanic royal dynasty which has ruled the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg, the Kingdom of Hanover, the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland. It succeeded the House of Stuart as monarchs of Great Britain and Ireland in 1714 and held that office until the death of Victoria in 1901. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Hanover WIKI]

'''Stuart Charters''' 
The practice in Stuart charters of specifying by name the members of the governing body and holders of special offices opened the way to a "purging" of the hostile spirits when new charters were required. There were also rather vaguely worded clauses authorizing the dismissal of officers for misconduct, though as a rule the appointments were for life. When under the Stuarts and under the Commonwealth political and religious feeling ran high in the boroughs, use was made of these clauses both by the majority on the council and by the central government to mould the character of the council by a drastic "purging." Another means of control first used under the Commonwealth was afforded by the various acts of parliament, which subjected all holders of municipal office to the test of an oath. Under the Commonwealth there was no improvement in the methods used by the central government to control the boroughs. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_borough_status_in_England_and_Wales#Charters WIKI].

'''Pym''' 
John Pym (1584 – 8 December 1643) was an English parliamentarian, leader of the Long Parliament and a prominent critic of James I and then Charles I. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pym WIKI]

Regarding the convo they are having here: Sir Henry Vane Jr. was instrumental in the impeachment of the Earl of Strafford. He passed to John Pym some copied notes of his father's, of a Privy Council meeting. He claimed that these demonstrated that Strafford had an intention to use the Irish Army to subjugate England. The evidence, when examined, turned out to be second-hand, ambiguous, and hotly disputed. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Vane_the_Younger WIKI]

==Page 227==
'''Jansenists''' 
Jansenism was a branch of Catholic thought (condemned by Pope Innocent X in 1655) that arose in the frame of the Counter-Reformation and the aftermath of the Council of Trent (1545-1563). It emphasized original sin, human depravity, the necessity of divine grace, and predestination. Originating in the writings of the Dutch theologian Cornelius Otto Jansen, Jansenism formed a distinct movement within the Catholic Church from the 16th to 18th centuries, and found its most important stronghold in the Parisian convent of Port-Royal, haven of many important theologians and writers (Antoine Arnauld, Pierre Nicole, Blaise Pascal, Jean Racine, etc.).

The term itself was coined by its Jesuit opponents, who accused them of being close to Calvinists, as Jansenists identified themselves as rigorous followers of Augustinism. Several propositions supported by Jansenists, in particular concerning the relationship between human's free will and "efficacious grace", were condemned by the Pope, and the movement thus deemed heretical. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jansenists WIKI].

'''Ramillies Wig''' 
See this [http://www.umich.edu/~ece/student_projects/self-improvement/men'sdress.htm#midM LINK] for a pic of our boy David Garrick wearing a Ramillies wig.

==Annotation Index==

{{MD PbP}}

Chapter 20: 199-206

2015-08-09T19:57:09Z

Hotrats: /* Page 203 */ spelling

==Page 199==
'''pongee gown''' 
Embroidered white silk pongee gown with sweetheart neckline, trimmed at neckline with tulle ruffle matching the deep tulle flounce of the skirt

'''Sally Lunn''' 
Sally Lunn's is the oldest house in Bath.It's famous for the Sally Lunn bun (served here since 1680).Sally Lunn. Lunn, Sally (supp. fl. 1680x1800), supposed baker.

==Page 200==
'''a certain ''subterranean Rotation''''' 
Rebekah turning in her grave

==Page 201==
[[Image:Harrisons-chronometer.jpg|thumb|caption|Harrison's H5 Chronometer|right|175px]]
'''Mr. Harrison's Watch''' 
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Harrison John Harrison] (March 24, 1693–March 24, 1776) was an English clockmaker who revolutionized and extended the possibility of safe long distance sea travel in the Age of Sail by inventing a long-sought and critically-needed key piece in the problem of accurately establishing the East-West position, or longitude, of a ship at sea. The problem was so intractable that the English Parliament offered a huge fortune for the day (£20,000, roughly £6 million in 2007 terms),[1] for a solution.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Harrison

==Page 203==
'''but by me''' This is a direct quote from Jesus: "I am the way, the truth, and the life: no man cometh unto the Father, but by me" (John 14:6). This connection between Jesus and Mason's father begins in [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_8:_77-86#Page_86 chapter 8].

'''I warned you of Sam Peach''' Oh no he didn't! A rare instance of plot leakage. The conversation in which Mason's father tells him that Sam Peach is not his friend (p.208, a few pages later, though chronologically much earlier, before Mason marries Rebekah), is a 'subjunctive' or possible one: 'Had he gone to his father, this might have been the conversation'.

==Page 204==
'''He believes that bread is alive''' This is perhaps another way to describe the Catholic idea of transubstantiation. See also [http://masondixon.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_8:_77-86#Page_86 chapter 8].

==Page 205==
'''Succedaneum''' 
A substitute, replacement for something else, particularly of a medicine used in place of another. From [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/succedaneum WIKI]

==Annotation Index==

{{MD PbP}}

Mason & Dixon

2015-08-09T19:49:54Z

Hotrats: /* External links */ dead link removed

{{infobox Book |
| name = 'Mason & Dixon'
| image = [[Image:mason-dixon-cvr.jpg|200px|''Mason & Dixon'' book cover]]
| image_caption =
| author = [[Thomas Pynchon]]
| publisher = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Holt_and_Company Henry Holt and Company]
| release_date = 1997
| pages =
| isbn = ISBN 0-8050-3758-6
| preceded_by = [http://vineland.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/ ''Vineland'']
| followed_by = [http://against-the-day.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/ ''Against the Day'']
}}

'''''Mason & Dixon''''', an epic postmodernist novel by [[Thomas Pynchon]] first published in 1997, centers on the collaboration of the historical [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Mason Charles Mason] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_Dixon Jeremiah Dixon] in their astronomical and surveying exploits in Cape Colony, Saint Helena, Great Britain and along the Mason-Dixon line in British North America on the eve of the American Revolutionary War.

Intermingled with Mason and Dixon's biographies, history, fantasy, legend, speculation, and outright fabrication, this novel offers not "the" story of Mason and Dixon, but "a" story of Mason and Dixon through the narrative focal point of one Rev. Wicks Cherrycoke, a clergyman of dubious orthodoxy, who attempts to entertain and divert his extended family on a cold December evening — partly for amusement, and partly to keep his coveted status as a guest in the house.

== Plot summary and structure ==

The novel's scope takes in aspects of established Colonial American history including the call of the West, the often ignored histories of women, Native Americans, and slaves, plus excursions into geomancy, Deism, a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/hollow_Earth hollow Earth], and — perhaps — alien abduction. The novel also contains philosophical discussions and parables of automata/robots, the afterlife, slavery, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/feng_shui feng shui] and others. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington George Washington], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin Benjamin Franklin], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevil_Maskelyne Nevil Maskelyne], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Johnson Samuel Johnson], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson Thomas Jefferson], and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Harrison John Harrison's] marine chronometer all make appearances. Pynchon provides an intricate conspiracy theory involving [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuits Jesuits] and their Chinese converts, which may or may not be occurring within the nested and ultimately inexact narrative structure.

Rather than a mistake or flaw on Pynchon's part, this narrative structure is constructed to be inexact in a (perhaps paradoxically) precise fashion; it demonstrates the fragility, rather than the secure foundations, of any historical record, and indeed, history itself. The Cherrycoke narrative shifts internally from one point of view to another, often relating events from the view of people Cherrycoke has never met. His story shifts its emphasis based on which members of his family are in the room — veering toward the adventure-heroic when the young twin boys are listening, veering away from the homoerotic at the insistence of more prudish (and richer) relatives. Also, a parallel story read by two cousins, an erotic 'captured by Indians' narrative, works its way into the main thread of Cherrycoke's story, further blurring and finally obliterating the line between objective history and subjectivity — what "really happened" is nothing more than a construction of several narrators, perhaps one of whom directly is the author.

Pynchon employs the spelling, grammar, and syntax of an actual late 18th century document, further emphasizing the novel's intended anachronism. While making the novel difficult to read without effort (at least on the first and second readings), Pynchon's use of language soon develops into a readable pattern, emphasizing that the style that went into [http://gravitys-rainbow.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/ ''Gravity's Rainbow''] had not dimmed in the twenty-four years between publications. No less Pynchon's attention to detail, be it accents, customs, dress, travel — it is so cunning that once Pynchon starts describing objects such as coaches that are bigger on the inside than the outside that the "fabulous" becomes "natural".

However, like a science-fiction film, the novel does not rely on its "special effects". In the end it is a sad, touching story of two people who were "mates", as Doctor Isaac Mason puts it. John Krewson, writing for ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Onion The Onion] A.V. Club,'' observed "Whatever meanings and complex messages may lie hidden in Pynchon's text can, for now, be left to develop subconsciously as the reader enjoys the more immediate rewards of the work of a consummate storyteller. Pynchon is one, and he never quite lets you forget that while this might be an epic story, it's an epic story told to wide-eyed children who are up past their bedtime."

==Quotes==

*"Facts are but the Play-things of lawyers,—Tops and Hoops, forever a-spin.... Alas, the Historian may indulge no such idle Rotating. History is not Chronology, for that is left to lawyers, nor is Remembrance, for Remembrance belongs to the People. History can as little pretend to the Veracity of the one, as claim the Power of the other,—her Practitioners, to survive, must soon learn the arts of the quidnunc, spy and Taproom Wit, that there may ever continue more than one life-line back into a Past we risk, each day, losing our forbears in forever,— not a Chain of single Links, for one broken Link could lose us All, rather, a great disorderly Tangle of Lines, long and short, weak and strong, vanishing into the Mnemonick Deep, with only their Destination in common." ([[35: 349-361,#Page 349|p.349]])

*"...Who claims Truth, Truth abandons. History is hir'd, or coerc'd, only in Interests that must ever prove base. She is too innocent, to be left within the reach of anyone in Power, who need but touch her, and all her Credit is in the instant vanish'd, as if it had never been. She needs rather to be tended lovingly and honorably by fabulists and counterfeiters, Ballad-Mongers and Cranks of ev'ry Radius, Masters of Disguise to provide her the Costume, Toilette, and Bearing, and Speech nimble enough to keep her beyond the Desires, or even the Curiosity, of Government..." ([[35: 349-361,#Page 350|p.350]])

==Similar or related works of fiction==
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sot-Weed_Factor ''The Sot-Weed Factor''] (1960) by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Barth John Barth]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Hundred_Years_of_Solitude ''One Hundred Years of Solitude''] (1967, English trans. 1970) by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Garcia_García Márquez García Márquez]
* ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libra_(novel) ''Libra''] (1988) by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_DeLillo Don DeLillo]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baudolino ''Baudolino''] (2000) by [http://en.wikipedia.orgwiki/wiki/Umberto_Eco Umberto Eco] where another confabulator relates tales of dubious historical authenticity
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Baroque_Cycle ''The Baroque Cycle''] (2003-4) by [http://en.wikipedia.org/Neal_Stephenson Neal Stephenson]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing_to_Philadelphia_%28song%29 ''Sailing to Philadelphia''] (2000) by [http://en.wikipedia.org/Mark_Knopfler Mark Knopfler], a song based on the story.

== See also ==
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mason-Dixon_Line Mason-Dixon Line]

Main Page

2015-08-09T19:46:30Z

Hotrats: /* External Links */ removed dead links

[[Image:MD_cover_sm.jpg|300px|right]]<big>'''Welcome to the ''Mason & Dixon'' Wiki'''</big>

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This is the Wiki for [[Thomas Pynchon]]'s ''Mason & Dixon''.

Besides using the Alphabetical Index and the page-by-page annotation, you can take a look at [[Mason & Dixon covers|''Mason & Dixon'' covers]] or read the [[Mason & Dixon Reviews|reviews]].

==How to Use this Wiki==

There are two major ways to use this wiki. The first is the '''''Mason & Dixon'' Alphabetical Index''', used to keep track of the myriad characters, real and imagined, as well as events, arcana, and lots of other stuff. The second is the '''Spoiler-Free Annotations by Page''', which allows the reader to look up and contribute allusions and references while reading the book, in a convenient and spoiler-free manner. These two sections are so far almost entirely different, but we're working on integrating them.

Apart from those, it's up to you!

==Alphabetical Index==
Information on the characters, events, and everything else in ''Mason & Dixon'', organized alphabetically:{{MD_Alpha_Nav}}

==Page by Page Annotations==
{{MD PbP}}

==Dixon's Original Hand Drawn Map Of The Line And Important Points Along The Way==
Zoomable map at the [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/map_item.pl?data=/home/www/data/gmd/gmd384/g3841/g3841f/ct002075.jp2 Library of Congress] or a very large detailed scan [https://jscholarship.library.jhu.edu/handle/1774.2/34999?show=full here]

== Featured Quote ==
[[file:bob-levin_redroom.jpg|thumb|75px|left]]
"As soon as I finished, I wanted to (a) immediately re-read it; (b) enroll in a one semester course devoted to nothing but its study; or ( c) stick it on the shelf and have nothing to do with it again. “Mason & Dixon” is a great novel; and I say this without having understood what seemed any more than, oh, ten percent."




== Pynchon Wiki Help and Contributor Guidelines==

[[Help:Contents|'''Click here for help with editing and creating pages.''']]

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==External Links==

* [http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=YqwtZmpFo8MC&dq=%22thomas+pynchon%22&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=6Mu9bzoXl-&sig=csHyXTpgXGKdfW7KSn0j2lHudHM&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=12&ct=result '''Search the contents of ''Mason & Dixon''''' (Google)]
* [http://www.thomaspynchon.com/ ThomasPynchon.com]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mason_%26_Dixon Wikipedia ''Mason & Dixon'' page]
* [http://pynchonoid.blogspot.com/ Pynchonoid Blog]
* [http://www.waste.org/pynchon-l/ Pynchon-L]

===Reading Notes/Guides===
* [http://www.swarthmore.edu/Humanities/pschmid1/engl52b/m-d1.html Peter Schmidt’s ''Mason & Dixon'' Reading Notes]
* [[Dinn's Notes|"Dinn's Notes" from the Pynchon-L Group Read]]

===Historical Resources===
* [http://www.udel.edu/johnmack/mason_dixon/ A Brief History of the Mason-Dixon Survey]

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==Gallery==
Below are some of the images you will find on the ''Mason & Dixon'' Wiki. {{Special:Newimages}}

Thanks, and enjoy...

Chapter 27: 266-274

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==Page 266==
'''Sprout Penn''' 
Franklin is refering to John Penn here (see particularly the final sentence below). From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Penn_(governor) WIKI]: In 1763, Thomas Penn sent his nephew John Penn back to Pennsylvania to take over the governorship of the colony from Hamilton. The Penns were not displeased with Hamilton, but John Penn was finally prepared to claim a place in family affairs. He took the oath of office as governor—officially "lieutenant governor"—on 31 October 1763. The new governor faced many challenges: Pontiac's Rebellion, the Paxton Boys, border disputes with other colonies, controversy over the taxation of Penn family lands, and the efforts of the Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly, led by Benjamin Franklin, to have the Penn proprietary government replaced with a royal government.

'''Mr. Allen''' 
Andrew Allen (June 1740 – March 7, 1825) was a lawyer and official from the Province of Pennsylvania. Born into an influential family, Allen initially favored the colonial cause in the American Revolution, and represented Pennsylvania in the Second Continental Congress in 1775 and 1776. Like many other wealthy elites in Pennsylvania, however, he resisted radical change, and became a Loyalist after the Declaration of Independence and the Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Allen WIKI]

'''Milton''' 
John Milton (9 December 1608 – 8 November 1674) was an English poet, author, polemicist and civil servant for the Commonwealth of England. He is best known for his epic poem ''Paradise Lost'' and for his treatise condemning censorship, ''Areopagitica''. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton WIKI]

'''the tinted lenses of Spectacles of his own Invention''' Benjamin Franklin invented [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifocals bifocals], but he seems to get credit here for also inventing sun glasses.

It is thought that the Chinese were the first to use tinted "sunglasses" to aid in treating conjunctivitis, however, apparently the 17th century is when tinted lenses first became popular. See this [http://www.antiquespectacles.com/history/ages/through_the_ages.htm LINK] for an extremely thorough essay (with photos etc) on the history of glasses.

'''Godfrey's Cordial''' 
Noisy or demanding babies could be sedated with easily-available alcohol and/or opiates. Godfrey's Cordial—known colloquially as "Mother's Friend", (a syrup containing opium) — was a popular choice, but there were several other similar preparations. Many children died as a result of such dubious practices: "Opium killed far more infants through starvation than directly through overdose." [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amelia_Dyer WIKI]

'''Bateman's Drops''' 
The use of invented names began early. In 1726 a patent was also granted to the makers of "Dr. Bateman's Pectoral Drops"; at least on the documents that survive, there was no Dr. Bateman. This was the enterprise of a Benjamin Okell and a group of promoters who owned a warehouse and a print shop to promote the product. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_medicine WIKI]

'''Hooper's Female Pills''' 
See [http://historywired.si.edu/object.cfm?ID=39 LINK]

==Page 267==
'''Daffy's Elixir''' 
[[Image:Daffys Elixir.jpg|thumb|Empty bottle of Daffy's Elixir|right]]
Daffy's Elixir is a name that has been given to several quack medicines over the years. One of the earliest of these elixirs was invented by clergyman Thomas Daffy (? - 1680) in 1647, named elixir salutis (lit. elixir of salvation) and promoted as a generic cure-all. A recipe for "True Daffy" from 1700 lists the following ingredients: aniseed, brandy, cochineal, elecampane, fennel seed, jalap, manna, parsley seed, raisin, rhubarb, saffron, senna and spanish liquorice. Chemical analysis has shown this to be a laxative made mostly from alcohol. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daffy%27s_Elixir WIKI] - Another informative [http://www.redmilearchive.freeuk.com/daffy.html LINK] here

'''one more Station of the Cross to be put up with''' 
Reminds us of Mason's time back on the windy side of St. Helena.

'''Laudanum''' 
Laudanum, also known as opium tincture or thebaic tincture is an alcoholic herbal preparation containing approximately 10% opium and 1% morphine. It is made by combining ethanol with opium latex or powder. Laudanum contains almost all of the opium alkaloids, including morphine and codeine. A potent narcotic by virtue of its high morphine concentration, laudanum was historically used to treat a variety of ailments, but its principal use was as an analgesic and antitussive. Until the early 20th century, laudanum was sold without a prescription and was a constituent of many patent medicines. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laudanum WIKI]

'''Dr. Paracelsus''' 
Paracelsus (born Phillip von Hohenheim, 11 November or 17 December 1493 in Einsiedeln, Switzerland – 24 September 1541 in Salzburg, Austria) was a Renaissance physician, botanist, alchemist, astrologer, and general occultist. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracelsus WIKI]

'''your preferr'd Ratio of Jalap to Senna''' 
Playful parallel to indica and sativa

'''''Bacchic'' Leaning''' 
In classical mythology, Dionysus or Dionysos is the god of wine, the inspirer of ritual madness and ecstasy, and a major figure of Greek mythology, and one of the twelve Olympians, among whom Greek mythology treated as a late arrival... He was also known as Bacchus, the name adopted by the Romans and the frenzy he induces, bakkheia. He is the patron deity of agriculture and the theater. He was also known as the Liberator (Eleutherios), freeing one from one's normal self, by madness, ecstasy, or wine. The divine mission of Dionysus was to mingle the music of the aulos and to bring an end to care and worry. Scholars have discussed Dionysus' relationship to the "cult of the souls" and his ability to preside over communication between the living and the dead. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysus WIKI]

==Page 268==
''' quite thoroughly charmed by your Glass Armonica ''' 
Having observed glasses played as instruments, Franklin invented his armonica, consisting of a series of glass bowls mounted on a spinning rod; the first performance on the instrument was given by Marianne Davies. Several composers wrote for the instrument, among them Mozart; see [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dE_MZzvigd4].

'''Miss Davies''' 
Marianne Davies (various birth and death years reported) was the first person to publicly perform on the glass harmonica (also known as the armonica). Since her first performance of the glass harmonica was in 1762, her date of birth can be assumed to be at least approximately 1745 or earlier, assuming she performed at age 15 or older. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marianne_Davies WIKI]

==Page 270==
'''''The Beggar's Opera''''' 
The Beggar's Opera is a ballad opera in three acts written in 1728 by John Gay. It is one of the watershed plays in Augustan drama and is the only example of the once thriving genre of satirical ballad opera to remain popular today. Ballad operas were satiric musical plays that used some of the conventions of opera, but without recitative. The lyrics of the airs in the piece are set to popular broadsheet ballads, opera arias, church hymns and folk tunes of the time. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beggar%27s_Opera WIKI]

'''"Phlogiston and Electric Fir-r-re" 
The phlogiston theory, first stated in 1667 by Johann Joachim Becher, is a defunct scientific theory that posited the existence of a fire-like element called "phlogiston" that was contained within combustible bodies, and released during combustion. The theory was an attempt to explain oxidation processes such as combustion and the rusting of metals. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phlogiston WIKI]

'''Hadley the Quadrant's Eponym''' 
John Hadley (April 16, 1682 Bloomsbury, London; born to Katherine FitzJames and George Hadley – February 14, 1744, East Barnet, Hertfordshire) was an English mathematician, inventor of the octant and precursor to the sextant around 1730. In 1717 he became member ( and later vice-president ) of the Royal Society of London. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hadley WIKI]

'''Mr. Short''' 
James Short (June 10 O.S. (June 21 N.S.) 1710 – June 15, 1768) was a British mathematician, optician and telescope maker. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Short WIKI]

'''Dr. Morton''' 
James Douglas, 14th Earl of Morton KT FRS (1702 – 12 October 1768), was a Scottish representative peer who became president of the Royal Society (24 March 1764), and was a distinguished patron of science, and particularly of astronomy. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Douglas,_14th_Earl_of_Morton WIKI]

==Page 271==
'''Carpenters Wharf''' 
now covered by Highway 95. Many coffee houses and taverns were there including the famous [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tun_Tavern Tun Tavern] which was built by Sam Carpenter, the namesake for the Wharf. 

'''London Coffee House''' 
Located at [http://www.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&q=S+Front+St+AND+Market+St++Philadelphia,+PA&ie=UTF8&om=1&z=15&iwloc=addr Front and Market]. It was a meeting place for Tories during the war. [http://www.explorepahistory.com/hmarker.php?markerId=36 historical market info on London Coffee House]

==Page 272==
'''long-rehears'd Claque''' 
A claque is a group paid to arrive and cheer/clap/etc.

'''the inherent Vice of Glass''' 
The term 'inherent vice' is a legal tenet referring to a "hidden defect (or the very nature) of a good or property which of itself is the cause of (or contributes to) its deterioration, damage, or wastage." [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inherent_Vice Is also the name of Pynchon's seventh novel.]

==Page 273==
'''Decolletages''' 
Low-cut ladies garment

'''Col Washington''' 
Who? George Washington (February 22, 1732 [O.S. February 11, 1731] – December 14, 1799) was the commander of the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783) and served as the first President of the United States of America (1789–1797). For his central role in the formation of the United States, he is often referred to as the father of his country. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington WIKI]

'''At dawn they are led... they ride all night, and neither sleeps''' 
Some time leakage here - where did the whole day go? However, it would take at least a day and a night to make the trip; the modern route on Highway 95 is 170 miles (273 km), the 18th C coach route would be much longer.

'''Mount Vernon''' 
Mount Vernon, located near Alexandria, Virginia, was the plantation home of the first President of the United States, George Washington. The mansion is built of wood in neoclassical Georgian architectural style, and the estate is located on the banks of the Potomac River. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Vernon WIKI]

==Annotation Index==

{{MD PbP}}